Article(id=1149733269933047894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0195-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0209, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723824000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-17, revisedDate=1729699200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047372563, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047372563, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047372563, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047372563, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=195, endPage=202, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733270138568793, articleId=1149733269933047894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Impact of median strip facilities on spatial right of way of roads under shy away effects, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to seek the best way of laying median strip facilities,four typical forms of median strips in China were established through driving simulation,and trajectory and speed-related data were extracted. Based on the horizontal right of way in the road spatial right of way,the road utilisation rate was selected as an indicator to analyse the difference characteristics between the actual right of way and the nominal right of way. The results show that the overall range of fluctuations in driver trajectories at different height facilities is significantly different. Among the rightward offsets triggered by the shy away effect,the trajectory offset reaches the maximum in the reboundable traffic cylinders scenario R5,followed by the traffic separate railings R7 and raised pavement markers R2,which are larger than that of the double yellow line scenario R1 without the facility. While adding facilities triggers a shy away effect in drivers,a certain degree of lateral offset can improve road utilisation rate,up to 11.15%,which was found in R5. At the same time,the installation of the facility inhibits the speed of drivers,achieving a two-way improvement in traffic safety and traffic design. Finally,the width of the median strip to satisfy the maximum nominal right-of-way utilisation was calculated to be 0.844 m and the facility's height to be 138.62 cm.

, correspAuthors=Zhigang DU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Ying CHEN, Zhigang DU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149733278975967535, articleId=1149733269933047894, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=规避效应下中央分隔设施对道路空间路权的影响, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为寻求最佳的中央分隔设施布设方式,通过驾驶仿真建立中国常见的4种中分带形式,提取轨迹、速度相关数据;以道路空间路权中的横向路权为基础,选取道路利用率为指标,分析实际路权与名义路权的差异特性。结果表明:不同高度设施下的驾驶人轨迹整体波动范围具有显著性差异。由规避效应所触发的向右偏移中,弹性交通柱场景R5下的轨迹偏移达到最大,其次是交通隔离栏R7、突起路标R2,均大于未设置设施的双黄线场景R1;虽然设施的增设触发驾驶人的规避效应,但一定程度的横向偏移可以提高道路利用率,最高可提升11.15%,出现在R5中;同时,设施的设置抑制驾驶人的行车速度,可实现交通安全与交通设计的双向提高;最终计算得出,满足最大限度名义路权利用率的中分带宽度为0.844 m,设施高度为138.62 cm。

, correspAuthors=杜志刚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**杜志刚(1977—),男,湖北武汉人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事驾驶人因与隧道交安等方面的研究。E-mail:
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陈 莹 (1996—),女,安徽合肥人,博士研究生,研究方向为道路交通安全、驾驶行为等。Email:

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陈 莹 (1996—),女,安徽合肥人,博士研究生,研究方向为道路交通安全、驾驶行为等。Email:

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陈 莹 (1996—),女,安徽合肥人,博士研究生,研究方向为道路交通安全、驾驶行为等。Email:

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Evaluating safety risk of locating above ground utility structures in the highway right-of-way[J]. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 2012, 49:419-428., articleTitle=Evaluating safety risk of locating above ground utility structures in the highway right-of-way, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167742975661580810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, awardId=52072291, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52072291), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167742972876562909, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167742972884951518, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, companyId=1167742972876562909, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430063,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167742972893340127, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, companyId=1167742972876562909, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=武汉理工大学 交通与物流工程学院,湖北 武汉 430063)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167742974059356660, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Lateral and longitudinal rights of way, figureFileSmall=h14ncS6YWQMfmPhQb/fknQ==, figureFileBig=2DzzmgPg/W7ie/GExYrkzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974126465525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=图1, caption=横、纵向路权, figureFileSmall=h14ncS6YWQMfmPhQb/fknQ==, figureFileBig=2DzzmgPg/W7ie/GExYrkzA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974176797174, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Nominal and actual right of way, figureFileSmall=7dIevcVCuj/618FdR/8tCA==, figureFileBig=pEiHk6ooBeO1mseM05Fn5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974222934519, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=图2, caption=名义路权与实际路权, figureFileSmall=7dIevcVCuj/618FdR/8tCA==, figureFileBig=pEiHk6ooBeO1mseM05Fn5A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974273266168, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Facility, figureFileSmall=fExm6/4cCjxeUzj+FMb5jQ==, figureFileBig=jVyd6rnoLLAQPNXngOfzfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974327792121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=图3, caption=设施, figureFileSmall=fExm6/4cCjxeUzj+FMb5jQ==, figureFileBig=jVyd6rnoLLAQPNXngOfzfA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974403289594, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Distribution range of 5th and 95th trajectory offset, figureFileSmall=ljxDo6Db+S9efS42AK5zIQ==, figureFileBig=PJnTFnkWQ5SrLS/GJv1IyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974457815547, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=图4, caption=轨迹偏移5th与95th分布范围, figureFileSmall=ljxDo6Db+S9efS42AK5zIQ==, figureFileBig=PJnTFnkWQ5SrLS/GJv1IyA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167742974520730108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Test road and facility parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路侧设施种类 编号 道路参数 设施参数
双黄线 R1 双向六车道,车道
宽3.5 m,长 500 m,
坡度0°。限制速度
50 km/h
宽0.15 m,两标线中间间隔 0.2 m
突起路标 R2 高25mm,间隔8 m布设一处,直径0.15m,搭配双黄线
弹性交通柱 R3 高60 cm,柱体直径0.22 m,间隔2m,搭配双黄线
R4 高75 cm,柱体直径0.22 m,间隔2m,搭配双黄线
R5 高90 cm,柱体直径0.22 m,间隔2m,搭配双黄线
交通隔离栏 R6 高1.1 m,底座宽0.38 m,搭配双黄线
R7 高1.2 m,底座宽0.38 m,搭配双黄线
R8 高1.3 m,底座宽0.38 m,搭配双黄线
), ArticleFig(id=1167742974575256061, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验道路与设施参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路侧设施种类 编号 道路参数 设施参数
双黄线 R1 双向六车道,车道
宽3.5 m,长 500 m,
坡度0°。限制速度
50 km/h
宽0.15 m,两标线中间间隔 0.2 m
突起路标 R2 高25mm,间隔8 m布设一处,直径0.15m,搭配双黄线
弹性交通柱 R3 高60 cm,柱体直径0.22 m,间隔2m,搭配双黄线
R4 高75 cm,柱体直径0.22 m,间隔2m,搭配双黄线
R5 高90 cm,柱体直径0.22 m,间隔2m,搭配双黄线
交通隔离栏 R6 高1.1 m,底座宽0.38 m,搭配双黄线
R7 高1.2 m,底座宽0.38 m,搭配双黄线
R8 高1.3 m,底座宽0.38 m,搭配双黄线
), ArticleFig(id=1167742974629782014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

ANOVA results on different-height reboundable traffic cylinders

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
显著性 R3 R4 R5
轨迹 R3 0.201 0.044*
R4 0.201 0.453
速度 R3 0.507 0.308
R4 0.507 0.721
), ArticleFig(id=1167742974692696575, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同高度的弹性交通柱ANOVA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
显著性 R3 R4 R5
轨迹 R3 0.201 0.044*
R4 0.201 0.453
速度 R3 0.507 0.308
R4 0.507 0.721
), ArticleFig(id=1167742974780776960, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

ANOVA results on different-height traffic separate railings

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
显著性 R6 R7 R8
轨迹 R6 0.553 0.020*
R7 0.553 0.080
速度 R6 0.874 0.584
R7 0.874 0.481
), ArticleFig(id=1167742974843691521, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同高度的交通隔离栏ANOVA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
显著性 R6 R7 R8
轨迹 R6 0.553 0.020*
R7 0.553 0.080
速度 R6 0.874 0.584
R7 0.874 0.481
), ArticleFig(id=1167742974919188994, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Offsets ANOVA results across scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分位数 场景 R1 R2 R5 R7
所有
数据
R1 0.537 0.000* 0.000*
R2 0.537 0.000* 0.000*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
5th R1 0.001* 0.000* 0.104
R2 0.001* 0.000* 0.000*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.009*
95th R1 0.149 0.000* 0.023*
R2 0.149 0.000* 0.399
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.004*
50th R1 0.787 0.000* 0.002*
R2 0.787 0.000* 0.005*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.003*
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975003075075, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同场景下的偏移量的差异性ANOVA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分位数 场景 R1 R2 R5 R7
所有
数据
R1 0.537 0.000* 0.000*
R2 0.537 0.000* 0.000*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
5th R1 0.001* 0.000* 0.104
R2 0.001* 0.000* 0.000*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.009*
95th R1 0.149 0.000* 0.023*
R2 0.149 0.000* 0.399
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.004*
50th R1 0.787 0.000* 0.002*
R2 0.787 0.000* 0.005*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.003*
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975116321284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Speed ANOVA results across scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分位数 场景 R1 R2 R5 R7
所有数据 R1 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
R2 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
50th R1 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
R2 0.000* 0.033* 0.823
R5 0.000* 0.033* 0.056
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975275704837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

不同场景下速度的ANOVA检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分位数 场景 R1 R2 R5 R7
所有数据 R1 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
R2 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
R5 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
50th R1 0.000* 0.000* 0.000*
R2 0.000* 0.033* 0.823
R5 0.000* 0.033* 0.056
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975342813702, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Correlation between velocity and offset

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 R1 R2 R5 R7
相关性 0.164** 0.045** -0.108** 0.358**
显著性 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975393145351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

速度与轨迹的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 R1 R2 R5 R7
相关性 0.164** 0.045** -0.108** 0.358**
显著性 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975439282696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Average of nominal and actual right of way

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 双黄
线
突起
路标
弹性交
通柱
交通隔
离栏
侧向净距/m 0.250 0.400 0.400 0.400
中间带宽/m 0.500 0.950 1.020 1.180
设施高度/cm 0.000 2.500 90.000 120.000
名义路权/m 3.500
实际路权/m 2.323 2.445 2.468 2.407
道路利用率/% 66.358 69.857 70.508 68.785
), ArticleFig(id=1167742975502197257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269933047894, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

名义路权与实际路权平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 双黄
线
突起
路标
弹性交
通柱
交通隔
离栏
侧向净距/m 0.250 0.400 0.400 0.400
中间带宽/m 0.500 0.950 1.020 1.180
设施高度/cm 0.000 2.500 90.000 120.000
名义路权/m 3.500
实际路权/m 2.323 2.445 2.468 2.407
道路利用率/% 66.358 69.857 70.508 68.785
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规避效应下中央分隔设施对道路空间路权的影响
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陈莹 , 杜志刚 **
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(12): 195-202
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(12): 195-202
规避效应下中央分隔设施对道路空间路权的影响
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陈莹 , 杜志刚**
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学 交通与物流工程学院,湖北 武汉 430063
  • 陈 莹 (1996—),女,安徽合肥人,博士研究生,研究方向为道路交通安全、驾驶行为等。Email:

通讯作者:

**杜志刚(1977—),男,湖北武汉人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事驾驶人因与隧道交安等方面的研究。E-mail:
Impact of median strip facilities on spatial right of way of roads under shy away effects
Ying CHEN , Zhigang DU**
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation and Logistics Engineering,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430063,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0209
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为寻求最佳的中央分隔设施布设方式,通过驾驶仿真建立中国常见的4种中分带形式,提取轨迹、速度相关数据;以道路空间路权中的横向路权为基础,选取道路利用率为指标,分析实际路权与名义路权的差异特性。结果表明:不同高度设施下的驾驶人轨迹整体波动范围具有显著性差异。由规避效应所触发的向右偏移中,弹性交通柱场景R5下的轨迹偏移达到最大,其次是交通隔离栏R7、突起路标R2,均大于未设置设施的双黄线场景R1;虽然设施的增设触发驾驶人的规避效应,但一定程度的横向偏移可以提高道路利用率,最高可提升11.15%,出现在R5中;同时,设施的设置抑制驾驶人的行车速度,可实现交通安全与交通设计的双向提高;最终计算得出,满足最大限度名义路权利用率的中分带宽度为0.844 m,设施高度为138.62 cm。

规避效应  /  中央分隔设施  /  空间路权  /  设施高度  /  驾驶行为

In order to seek the best way of laying median strip facilities,four typical forms of median strips in China were established through driving simulation,and trajectory and speed-related data were extracted. Based on the horizontal right of way in the road spatial right of way,the road utilisation rate was selected as an indicator to analyse the difference characteristics between the actual right of way and the nominal right of way. The results show that the overall range of fluctuations in driver trajectories at different height facilities is significantly different. Among the rightward offsets triggered by the shy away effect,the trajectory offset reaches the maximum in the reboundable traffic cylinders scenario R5,followed by the traffic separate railings R7 and raised pavement markers R2,which are larger than that of the double yellow line scenario R1 without the facility. While adding facilities triggers a shy away effect in drivers,a certain degree of lateral offset can improve road utilisation rate,up to 11.15%,which was found in R5. At the same time,the installation of the facility inhibits the speed of drivers,achieving a two-way improvement in traffic safety and traffic design. Finally,the width of the median strip to satisfy the maximum nominal right-of-way utilisation was calculated to be 0.844 m and the facility's height to be 138.62 cm.

shy away effect  /  median strip facility  /  spatial right of way  /  facility height  /  driving behaviour
陈莹, 杜志刚. 规避效应下中央分隔设施对道路空间路权的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 195 -202 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0209
Ying CHEN, Zhigang DU. Impact of median strip facilities on spatial right of way of roads under shy away effects[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 195 -202 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0209
交通障碍改变了驾驶人主观风险感知,同时触发了保护与危险意识[1]。主观风险感知提升时,驾驶人则做好了迎接更多风险的准备,表现出更高的速度和更激进的驾驶操作。而保护意识和危险意识提高时,会通过降低速度来限制他们与固定物体或其他车辆碰撞的风险[2]。由此可知:路侧设施,相当于一种路侧障碍物,其设置对驾驶人因、驾驶任务的两面性影响,需要通过外界其他因素的协同控制,来达到设施设置的最优作用效果。因此,了解驾驶人在不同交通障碍物下的驾驶特性,并从道路空间路权的角度分析不同障碍物设置实质性的影响,从而判定出达到最优作用效果的设施设置状态,是现阶段交通设施安全研究所缺乏,也是亟待解决的问题。
狭义路侧指路面边线外缘,即路面边线开始到路权边界线。而广义路侧指行车道范围之外,路权限之内的区域[3]。现有对于路侧研究,主要集中在狭义路侧范围(道路右侧),分为2大方面:①根据轨迹偏移与行驶速度,研究最优侧向净宽,实现以充足的路侧空间,减少车辆失控时事故发生或降低事故发生严重度,即道路“宽容性设计”;②考虑到城市道路空间的有限性,在限定的道路宽度中,通过压缩车道以实现行驶的稳定性成为主要研究方向。如魏文海[4]指出,压缩车道宽度后,驾驶人产生的横向偏移更小,速度变化率更低;吴文川[5]指出,通过压缩车道来解决中央分隔设施对道路侧向净宽的影响,减少碰撞事故。此外,在原有路面上利用交通标线施划缓冲带,或增设路侧交安设施也成为提升城市道路交通安全的方法之一。
广义的路侧范围中,常见的路侧交通设施包括双黄线、突起路标、弹性交通柱、交通隔离栏。在多数国家中,路侧分隔设施(突起路标、平面道钉贴、不同尺寸的柔性柱等非连续物理设施)的设置主要用于防止行人横穿马路,或作为行人与自行车的分隔渠化路径[6]。而在中国,由于人口密度大、机动车保有量高、城市道路有效利用面积小,传统的中分带形式(较宽的交通标线或绿化带隔离)难以运用于在土地利用相对紧张的老城区或城市中心区[7]。因此,路侧设施广泛应用在中国城市道路的中央分隔带中,与标线搭配使用,起到分割道路空间环境,引导、警示驾驶人行驶的作用。但当城市道路中央出现一定高度的设施时,驾驶人对于道路整体空间路权的感知受到了影响,驾驶人的避障心理使得车辆在道路空间内的行驶稳定性降低。特别是现阶段,中央分隔设施的普遍利用与设施设置的随意性、不规范性的矛盾,导致不良设置状态加剧了城市主干道交通事故的发生概率[8]。然而目前对于中央分隔设施的研究还不够完善,没有一个完整的体系来评估设施设置对驾驶人的影响,以及如何配置为最佳。
鉴于此,笔者以现有规范规定的最小中分带宽度与设施布设方式为基础,根据设施高度,对常见设施进行归类。从轨迹与速度特性中,分析设施对驾驶人的影响。并基于现阶段道路空间有限的前提,从道路的实际路权与名义路权的相对关系着手,发掘最佳的设施高度与中分带宽度,实现道路空间路权的有效利用,提高行车安全性。
在传统观念中,造成交通事故90%的因素来自于驾驶人,而现有研究证明,除驾驶人因外,驾驶任务与道路空间路权的影响也不容忽视[9-10]
空间路权包括横向路权与纵向路权[11],横向路权主要与道路横向利用率有关,包括道路横断面、视区、侧向净距等;纵向路权主要与道路前方的可视距离有关,包括道路几何线形、视距等。文中提及的横向路权从侧向净距的角度,考虑设施设置对道路名义横向路权与实际横向路权的改变情况。道路横、纵向路权如图1所示。
名义横向路权(简称名义路权)为道路通行路权,如图2a所示。实际横向路权(简称实际路权)为车辆在行驶过程中实际利用的道路范围,如图2b所示。
隧道内侧墙效应触发驾驶人的危险感知能力,影响车辆的横向位置与速度[12],通过设置侧墙设施以及多彩墙壁,吸引驾驶人的注意力,减少隧道内行车的驾驶疲劳,稳定驾驶行为[13]。相同的心理与驾驶行为也发生在开放道路环境中。徐进等[14]研究桥梁段驾驶行为指出,驾驶人倾向于向车道中间行驶,远离护栏一侧来确保行车安全性。
因此,陈莹等[15]提出规避效应的概念,即驾驶人在行驶过程中遇到障碍物后主动偏离原始行驶路线的行为。由于人在遇到障碍物时会产生主动避险的自然现象(偏离标线、路权边界线),故实际路权必小于名义路权。由于实际路权为理论相对值,因此,规避效应对最终呈现出的轨迹的影响与不同驾驶人以及障碍物的类型有关。通过合理布设路侧设施,利用驾驶人的规避效应可实现城市道路轨迹波动性的控制,同时有效抑制行驶速度。
采用UC-Winroad搭建符合规范要求的试验场景,如图3所示。试验道路及设施参数见表1。试验车型为小型汽车,车辆宽度取1.8 m。
试验共招募驾驶人50名作为被试,其中,女性17人,年龄分布在21~44岁,平均年龄30.82岁,驾龄分布在1~20年,平均驾龄9.71年;男性33人,年龄分布在24~49岁,平均年龄36.58岁,驾龄分布在2~30 年,平均驾龄12.45年。开车熟练度为以一个月为周期,开车的天数,据统计,每月开车[0,10)次的驾驶人占比为28%,[10,20)次的占比为22%,[20,30)次占比为20%,[30,40)次占比为18%,大于40次占比为12%。
试验分为预试验和正式试验2个阶段。每名驾驶人参加5min的预试验,在预试验期间,模拟器显示普通城市道路场景。预试验的目的是让被试适应驾驶模拟器的刹车与方向盘的控制,减少在正式试验中引起的不适。正式试验要求每位被试完成8个驾驶情境(R1~R8),每个路段行驶500 m。每种驾驶情景的选择都是随机的,每个被试行驶3次,确保每位被试在整个试验过程中都能体验到3 种不同的场景组合情况。为防止驾驶疲劳,每次行驶后,驾驶人会休息5min。
采集速度、偏移(以行驶车道中心为基点,左偏时偏移量为负值,右偏为正),采集频率为40 Hz。为避免场景过渡对驾驶人的影响,后续数据处理中剔除掉过渡段前后100 m。
《弹性交通柱》(GB/T 24972—2010)规定,交通柱的高度为30 ~125 cm,而《城市道路交通标志和标线设置规范》(GB51038—2015)指出,弹性交通柱高度控制在60~100 cm。因此,选取60、75、90 cm这3个不同的高度,分别记为场景R3R4R5
采用Origin软件方差分析(Analysis of Variance,ANOVA)验证不同高度弹性交通柱下的轨迹横向偏移的差异性,检验结果见表2。得到统计量F(147,2)=2.120,概率值P=0.124。不同高度对轨迹的影响没有显著性差异,但高度差超过30 cm的R3R5间的差异逐渐显示出来。速度的差异性分析得到F(147,2)=0.539,P=0.585。弹性交通柱的高度对速度的影响不大。
《城市道路交通隔离栏设置指南》(GA/T 1567—2019)规定,设置在道路中央的交通隔离栏的高度不小于1.1 m。因此,选取1.1、1.2、1.3 m 这3个不同高度,记为场景R6R7R8
不同高度交通隔离栏下的轨迹横向偏移的差异性检验结果见表3。得到F(147,2)=3.003,P=0.053。不同高度下的行驶轨迹没有显著性差异,但当高度差超过20 cm时,同类设施对轨迹影响的差异逐渐显示出来。同样,分析速度的差异性,得到F(147,2)=0.275,P=0.760,不同高度交通隔离栏下的速度没有显著性差异。
同一类型的设施,在规范规定的高度范围内,所产生的高度差对驾驶人行驶速度的影响较小。而轨迹偏移量会随着高度差的增加而产生一定程度的变化。因此,进一步对比具有显著高度差的设施,寻求满足最佳控速能力与最优道路利用率的设施设置方式。根据实地调研,弹性交通柱设置的普遍高度为0.9 m,交通隔离栏为1.2 m,因此,后续研究以场景R5R7为代表,对比不同类型设施对驾驶特性的影响。
检验不同场景下轨迹横向偏移的差异性,得到F(47 603,3)=1 450.587,P=0.000,不同场景下轨迹横向偏移具有显著性差异。提取轨迹横向偏移的5th与95th作为实际路权的利用边界范围,5th代表驾驶人向左偏移时对于实际路权的利用边界线,95th则代表右偏,50th则为平均轨迹偏移量。分析不同场景间的轨迹横向偏移边界范围特征,5th的轨迹偏移值的ANOVA结果为F(196,3)=19.613,P=0.000;95th的轨迹偏移值的F(196,3)=9.722,P=0.000;50th的轨迹偏移值的F(196,3)=16.467,P=0.000。
根据事后检验的多重比较结果,表4中,不同场景轨迹偏移量的5th,除场景R1与场景R7,其他场景间均存在差异性。交通隔离栏的设置对驾驶人向左最大偏移的影响与不设置设施场景的差异不显著。而95th的差异性分析中,R1R2R2R7的差异性不显著,设置突起路标与不设置设施或设置交通隔离栏对驾驶人右偏的最大影响差异不大。从平均值的差异性分析中可见:R1R2无显著性差异。
突起路标的设置对驾驶人左偏影响显著,但轨迹整体波动的范围以及对驾驶人右偏的影响与未设置交通设施的场景没有显著差异;在设置弹性交通柱的场景中,驾驶人表现出的左右最大化偏移特征以及整体的波动范围与其他场景有着显著性差异;交通隔离栏的设置对于驾驶人左偏的边界范围影响不大,但右偏以及整体波动范围有着显著性影响。超过一定高度的中分带设施会引起驾驶人一定程度的右偏(远离中分带设施),规避效应在此时对驾驶人产生影响。
采用ANOVA分析法检验不同场景下驾驶人的速度差异性,检验结果见表5。得到F(47 603,3)=952.313,P=0.000,不同场景下的整体速度具有显著性差异。不同场景下平均速度的差异性,F(192,3)=51.338,P=0.000。R1场景与R2R5R7的平均速度具有显著差异,R2R5有一定差异。是否设置设施对驾驶人平均速度的影响是显著的,而驾驶人在设置设施的场景中行驶时,所呈现的平均速度并没有较强的显著性差异。
速度与轨迹的相关性见表6。得到R1R2R7场景下速度与轨迹偏移正相关。R5场景下速度与轨迹偏移负相关,即弹性交通柱的设置下的速度越大,偏移越小,越靠近中分带设施。
提取轨迹偏移的5th与95th,作为驾驶人对于道路实际路权的利用范围,如图4所示。由于车宽1.8 m,名义路权完全利用时的轨迹偏移为左右各偏移0.85 m,图4中灰色方框的区域即为名义路权利用率100%时的车辆偏移范围。驾驶人会存在侵占右侧车道的现象,而对于设置设施的场景中,车辆超出名义路权范围,侵占中分带区域的现象存在于突起路标的场景内。
道路利用率的计算方式如下式,不同场景下的名义路权与实际路权平均值见表7,未设置设施的场景道路利用率最低66.358%,设置弹性交通柱的场景中,道路利用率最高70.508%,其次为突起路标69.857%、交通隔离栏68.785%。
A i j = L i j 5 t h + 1 2 W V + L i j 95 t h + 1 2 W V L i j 5 t h < 0 ; L i j 95 t h > 0
A i j = L i j 5 t h + 1 2 W V +   1 2 W V - L i j 95 t h L i j 5 t h < 0 ; L i j 95 t h < 0
A i j = 1 2 W V - L i j 5 t h + L i j 95 t h + 1 2 W V L i j 5 t h > 0 ; L i j 95 t h > 0
U i = 1 n j = 1 n A i j N i j × 100 %
式中:U为道路利用率,%;N为名义路权,m;A为实际路权,m;Wv为车辆宽度,m;L为收集到的轨迹偏移值,m;i为第i个场景;j为第j个驾驶人。
取所有驾驶人轨迹偏移的5th以及95th的平均值,4个场景下的轨迹偏移5th平均值分别为-0.101(R1)、-0.260(R2)、0.109(R5)、-0.021 m(R7)。轨迹偏移95th平均值分别为0.421(R1)、0.526(R2)、0.798 (R5)、0.587 m(R7)。虽然设施的增设触发了驾驶人的规避效应,轨迹偏移值95thR5>R7>R2>R1,向远离设施的道路右侧偏移,但设置了设施的场景中道路利用率比没设置时的大,道路利用率为R5>R2>R7>R1,实际路权变大,有效提高了道路名义路权的利用率。
各场景的最大速度分别为87.15(R1)、96.31(R2)、73.12(R5)、73.77 km/h(R7),由于道路限速50 km/h,因此,各场景最大超速的比例分别为42.63%、48.09%、31.62%、32.22%,即一定高度的设施,可起到明显的控速目的。特别是弹性交通柱的场景(R5),速度与轨迹偏移呈现出负相关性(表6),且最大超速比例是4个场景中的最低值,即弹性交通柱触发了驾驶人规避效应,同时也触发了驾驶人的控速意识,虽然向右的偏移量增加,但速度与未设置设施相比处于较低水平。因此,适当使用中央分隔设施可使驾驶人以低于常规的速度向右发生一定程度的偏移,提高道路利用率,实现交通安全与交通设计的双向提升。
《城市道路工程设计规范(2016年版)》[16]中规定,当设计速度小于60 km/h时,侧向净宽不应小于0.5 m;当路基段的缘石高度大于25 cm 时,对行驶的车辆而言为路侧障碍物,应该增加侧向宽度值。文中所提及的路侧设施,弹性柱与交通隔离栏的底座相当于一个25 cm高的路缘石,因此,符合规范道路场景应为名义路权不变的情况下,道路的侧向净距增加。EL ESAWEY 等[17]研究得出,增加路侧设施至道路边缘的横向距离比增加设施间距更能降低路侧事故频率。因此,通过增加中分带宽度以提高路侧交通安全是可行的。
以道路宽3.5 m,限速50 km/h为例,在不侵占中分带以及右侧相邻车道的前提下,达到最大限度的名义路权利用范围的轨迹偏移分布范围为(-0.85 m,0.85 m)。提取轨迹偏移与现有中分带宽度、设施高度间的相关关系拟合方程式如下式。拟合出的方程R2介于0.39~0.71。
y 11 = - 46.411 x 1 3 + 123.52 x 1 2 - 103.74 x 1 + 26.623
y 12 = - 36.447 x 1 3 + 96.085 x 1 2 - 79.748 x 1 + 20.759
y 21 = - 4 · 10 - 6 x 2 3 + 0.0007 x 2 2 - 0.0306 x 2 - 0.1659
y 22 = 4 · 10 - 6 x 2 3 - 0.0008 x 2 2 + 0.0486 x 2 + 0.3502
式中:x1为中分带的宽度,m;y11x1宽度下的偏移量5th,m; y12x1宽度下的偏移量95th,m;x2为设施高度,cm; y21x2宽度下的偏移量5th,m; y22x2宽度下的偏移量95th,m。
根据式(5)—式(6),由于轨迹偏移满足最大限度的名义路权利用范围为(-0.85 m,0.85 m),因此,在期望得到的中分带宽度下,应使得驾驶人的轨迹偏移介于(-0.85 m,0.85 m)。最佳中分带宽度以及设施高度的判断,在满足-0.85<y<0.85的数值区域内,满足规范规定的宽度以及高度内,某一点x1x2代入的5th与95th拟合曲线所得到的y11y12y21y22的绝对值的和最佳,即达到可以充分利用的最大空间范围。式(5)得到y11> -0.85 m的x1取值范围为x1<0.556 m或0.843 m< x1<1.262 m;式(6)得到的y12<0.85 m的取值范围为x1>0.461 m。由于标准规定[16],当设计速度小于60 km/h时,侧向净宽不应小于0.5 m。因此,最终确定的最佳中分带宽度应为0.844 m,此时的道路利用率达到75.22%。同样,根据式(7)、式(8),最终得到满足最大限度的名义路权利用范围的设施高度应为138.62 cm,此时的道路利用率达到93.30%。
其中,中分带宽度为0.844 m时,偏移的5th为-0.849 m,95th为-0.016 m,驾驶人整体左偏,规避效应被削弱,因此,采用合适的中分带宽度可有效减少驾驶人过量规避效应而带来的安全隐患与车道宽度浪费。
当设施的高度为138.62 cm时,偏移的5th为-0.616 m,95th为0.849 m,合理的设施高度使得驾驶人产生适量的规避,驾驶人的轨迹波动范围在安全区间内,既保障行车安全又提高道路利用率。
整体而言,合适的中分带宽度结合一定高度的中央分隔设施,可避免中分带宽度与设施高度搭配不合理而产生过量的规避效应,将驾驶人的行驶轨迹控制在理想的范围内,既可保障车辆与中央分隔设施的安全横向距离,又能够保障与同向行驶的临近车道其他车辆的安全横向距离,提高名义路权利用率的同时,保障行车安全性。
1) 不同高度设施下,驾驶人的轨迹偏移呈现出多样化的状态。突起路标设置场景下的驾驶人更倾向于左偏,交通隔离栏设置场景下则倾向于右偏。而弹性交通柱则触发了驾驶人更多形态的驾驶偏移行为。这些轨迹偏移特征反应出当中央分隔设施超过一定高度时,会引起驾驶人的规避效应。
2) 虽然设施的增设触发了驾驶人的规避效应,向远离设施的道路右侧偏移,但设置设施的场景其平均道路利用率比没设置设施的场景高,且行驶速度也有所降低。因此,通过合理设置设施,利用设施带来的适量规避效应,提高道路名义路权利用率的同时,唤醒驾驶人的控速意识,有助于交通安全与交通设计的双向提升。
3) 现阶段城市主干道中央分隔设施的使用随意性较大。合理利用驾驶人规避效应所触发的驾驶偏移以及对于行驶速度的控制,布设满足驾驶人因与空间路权需求的中央分隔设施,是一种简单、高效、低成本的交通安全改善方法。故提出满足最大限度名义路权利用率的中分带宽度与设施高度的计算方法与建议值。
4) 研究主要围绕不同类型中央分隔设施对驾驶人产生的影响而触发的道路空间路权的变化,而其中部分设施在道路环境中不同的位置可能对驾驶人又会产生不同的作用效果,同时,优化后的设施在真实的场景中应用后是否可以达到理想效果,将是下一步研究的重点。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52072291)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0209
  • 接收时间:2024-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-17
  • 修回日期:2024-10-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52072291)
作者信息
    武汉理工大学 交通与物流工程学院,湖北 武汉 430063

通讯作者:

**杜志刚(1977—),男,湖北武汉人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事驾驶人因与隧道交安等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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