Article(id=1149733269618471448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0140-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1917, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720886400000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-14, revisedDate=1726675200000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-19, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047372488, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047372488, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047372488, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047372488, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=140, endPage=148, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733270205674013, articleId=1149733269618471448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Tunnel rockburst prediction based on LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE data processing, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address issues of correlation prediction indicators,outliers,and data imbalance in original data in rockburst prediction,a rockburst prediction method based on LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE for data processing was proposed. Firstly,the maximum tangential stress of surrounding rock σ θ,uniaxial compressive strength of rock σ c,uniaxial tensile strength of rock σ t,elastic strain energy index W e t,brittle coefficient σ c / σ t,stress coefficient σ θ / σ c,and stress concentration value β characterizing the stress gradient of surrounding rock were selected to construct a rockburst prediction indicator system. Secondly,the LLE algorithm was used for data dimensionality reduction to eliminate the cross-correlation effect between indicators,and the DBSCAN algorithm was introduced to remove outliers. Then,the SMOTE technology was introduced for data balancing. Finally,three types of rockburst prediction models were proposed using Decision Tree (DT),Random Forest (RF),and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithms. The prediction accuracy of the data training models before and after processing was compared and analyzed. Moreover,engineering verification was performed through the measurement in the diversion tunnel of Jiangbian Hydropower Station. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the three types of algorithm models which reduce the prediction index from the 7 dimensions of the original data to the 4 dimensions and adopt the graded outlier processing is the highest among the similar models. The rockburst prediction of the Jiangbian Hydropower Station demonstrates that the proposed model significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to similar models using original rockburst data.

, correspAuthors=Yuanyou XIA, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chengqiang FAN, Yuanyou XIA, Hongwei ZHANG, Jian HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149733282419487641, articleId=1149733269618471448, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE数据处理的隧洞岩爆预测, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决岩爆预测中预测指标关联以及原始数据存在离群点与数据不平衡等问题,提出基于局部线性嵌入(LLE)-基于密度的带噪声应用空间聚类(DBSCAN)-合成少数类过采样(SMOTE)数据处理的岩爆预测方法。首先,选取围岩最大切向应力 σ θ、岩石单轴抗压强度 σ c 岩石单轴抗拉强度 σ t、弹性应变能指数 W e t、脆性系数 σ c / σ t、应力系数 σ θ / σ c和表征围岩应力梯度的应力集度值 β构建岩爆预测指标体系;其次,采用LLE算法进行数据降维处理以消除指标间的交叉关联影响,引入DBSCAN算法去除数据离群点;然后,引入SMOTE技术进行数据平衡化;最后,分别采用决策树(DT)、随机森林(RF)与梯度提升树(GBDT)算法构建3类岩爆预测模型,对比分析数据处理前后数据训练模型的预测精度,并通过江边水电站引水隧洞实测岩爆数据进行工程验证。结果表明:预测指标由原始数据的7维降至4维,以及采用分级离群值处理后的3类算法模型的预测准确率皆为同类模型中最高,江边水电站工程岩爆预测验证了数据处理后的模型预测准确率明显高于基于原始岩爆数据建立的同类模型。

, correspAuthors=夏元友, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**夏元友(1965—),男,安徽庐江人,博士,教授,主要从事岩土工程安全分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
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范成强 (1997—),男,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩爆预测。E-mail:

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范成强 (1997—),男,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩爆预测。E-mail:

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Research on intelligent early warning method for rock burst based on microseismic monitoring data[D]. Shenyang: Northeastern University, 2019., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167743095601898312, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, awardId=42077228, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(42077228), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167743091009135377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743091030106898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, companyId=1167743091009135377, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167743091038495507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, 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figureFileBig=w4FFIFRVkYzstOhbnszHDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743094528156479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=CN, label=图7, caption=不同离群值去除方式的模型预测效果, figureFileSmall=6Upx3/q6gkByrFZ7xLCAUQ==, figureFileBig=w4FFIFRVkYzstOhbnszHDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167743094616236864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Rockburst case dataset

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 σ θ / M P a σ c / M P a σ t / M P a σ θ / σ c σ c / σ t W e t β / ( M P a · m - 1 ) 岩爆烈度 工程名称
1 18.80 178.00 5.70 0.11 31.23 7.40 1.04 1 龙羊峡水电站地下洞室
2 11.00 115.00 5.00 0.10 23.00 5.70 0.26 1 李家峡水电站地下洞室
3 34.00 150.00 5.40 0.23 27.78 7.80 0.70 1 鲁布革水电站地下隧洞
4 13.90 124.00 4.20 0.11 29.52 2.00 0.19 1 括苍山隧道
307 65.20 114.38 5.79 0.57 19.74 0.62 1.27 4 西康铁路秦岭隧道
308 85.50 144.91 7.89 0.59 18.35 0.81 1.31 4 新建川藏铁路某隧道
309 78.10 144.62 7.26 0.54 19.92 0.71 2.17 4 秦岭终南山公路隧道
), ArticleFig(id=1167743094842729281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

岩爆案例数据集

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 σ θ / M P a σ c / M P a σ t / M P a σ θ / σ c σ c / σ t W e t β / ( M P a · m - 1 ) 岩爆烈度 工程名称
1 18.80 178.00 5.70 0.11 31.23 7.40 1.04 1 龙羊峡水电站地下洞室
2 11.00 115.00 5.00 0.10 23.00 5.70 0.26 1 李家峡水电站地下洞室
3 34.00 150.00 5.40 0.23 27.78 7.80 0.70 1 鲁布革水电站地下隧洞
4 13.90 124.00 4.20 0.11 29.52 2.00 0.19 1 括苍山隧道
307 65.20 114.38 5.79 0.57 19.74 0.62 1.27 4 西康铁路秦岭隧道
308 85.50 144.91 7.89 0.59 18.35 0.81 1.31 4 新建川藏铁路某隧道
309 78.10 144.62 7.26 0.54 19.92 0.71 2.17 4 秦岭终南山公路隧道
), ArticleFig(id=1167743094935003970, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Reconstruction error

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
n 最小重构误差值
2 1.53×10-16
3 8.13×10-17
4 4.86×10-17
5 5.15×10-17
6 9.09×10-16
), ArticleFig(id=1167743095044055875, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

重构误差

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
n 最小重构误差值
2 1.53×10-16
3 8.13×10-17
4 4.86×10-17
5 5.15×10-17
6 9.09×10-16
), ArticleFig(id=1167743095115359044, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Index parameters of diversion tunnel of Jiangbian Hydropower Station

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
里程 σ θ / M P a σ c / M P a σ t / M P a σ θ / σ c σ c / σ t Wet β / ( M P a · m - 1 ) 岩爆烈度
0 + 250 33.15 106.94 5.84 0.31 18.31 2.15 0.24 2
0 + 550 91.43 157.63 11.96 0.58 13.17 6.27 1.32 3
0 + 900 51.50 132.05 6.33 0.39 20.86 4.63 0.96 2
2 + 230 23.39 106.32 2.92 0.22 36.41 1.75 0.70 1
3 + 320 12.96 117.81 3.21 0.11 36.70 2.49 0.09 1
3 + 710 89.52 146.75 7.54 0.61 19.46 4.70 3.11 3
7 + 330 121.09 159.33 11.29 0.76 14.11 11.62 1.94 4
7 + 625 121.09 135.67 9.02 0.45 15.04 11.2 0.11 4
), ArticleFig(id=1167743095207633733, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

江边水电站引水隧洞指标参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
里程 σ θ / M P a σ c / M P a σ t / M P a σ θ / σ c σ c / σ t Wet β / ( M P a · m - 1 ) 岩爆烈度
0 + 250 33.15 106.94 5.84 0.31 18.31 2.15 0.24 2
0 + 550 91.43 157.63 11.96 0.58 13.17 6.27 1.32 3
0 + 900 51.50 132.05 6.33 0.39 20.86 4.63 0.96 2
2 + 230 23.39 106.32 2.92 0.22 36.41 1.75 0.70 1
3 + 320 12.96 117.81 3.21 0.11 36.70 2.49 0.09 1
3 + 710 89.52 146.75 7.54 0.61 19.46 4.70 3.11 3
7 + 330 121.09 159.33 11.29 0.76 14.11 11.62 1.94 4
7 + 625 121.09 135.67 9.02 0.45 15.04 11.2 0.11 4
), ArticleFig(id=1167743095379600198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Model prediction results based on original and processed datasets

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型类别 0 + 250 0 + 550 0 + 900 2 + 230 3 + 320 3 + 710 7 + 330 7 + 625 准确率/%
基于原始
数据集
DT 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 4 75.0
RF 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 4 75.0
GBDT 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 4 75.0
基于处理
后数据集
DT 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 100.0
RF 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 2 87.5
GBDT 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 100.0
), ArticleFig(id=1167743095467680583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733269618471448, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

基于原始数据集和处理后数据集的模型预测结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型类别 0 + 250 0 + 550 0 + 900 2 + 230 3 + 320 3 + 710 7 + 330 7 + 625 准确率/%
基于原始
数据集
DT 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 4 75.0
RF 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 4 75.0
GBDT 2 3 3 4 1 3 4 4 75.0
基于处理
后数据集
DT 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 100.0
RF 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 2 87.5
GBDT 2 3 2 1 1 3 4 4 100.0
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基于LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE数据处理的隧洞岩爆预测
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范成强 , 夏元友 ** , 张宏伟 , 黄建
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(12): 140-148
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(12): 140-148
基于LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE数据处理的隧洞岩爆预测
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范成强 , 夏元友** , 张宏伟, 黄建
作者信息
  • 武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 范成强 (1997—),男,安徽合肥人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩爆预测。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**夏元友(1965—),男,安徽庐江人,博士,教授,主要从事岩土工程安全分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
Tunnel rockburst prediction based on LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE data processing
Chengqiang FAN , Yuanyou XIA** , Hongwei ZHANG, Jian HUANG
Affiliations
  • School of Civil Engineering and Architecture,Wuhan University of Technology,Wuhan Hubei 430070,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1917
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为解决岩爆预测中预测指标关联以及原始数据存在离群点与数据不平衡等问题,提出基于局部线性嵌入(LLE)-基于密度的带噪声应用空间聚类(DBSCAN)-合成少数类过采样(SMOTE)数据处理的岩爆预测方法。首先,选取围岩最大切向应力 σ θ、岩石单轴抗压强度 σ c 岩石单轴抗拉强度 σ t、弹性应变能指数 W e t、脆性系数 σ c / σ t、应力系数 σ θ / σ c和表征围岩应力梯度的应力集度值 β构建岩爆预测指标体系;其次,采用LLE算法进行数据降维处理以消除指标间的交叉关联影响,引入DBSCAN算法去除数据离群点;然后,引入SMOTE技术进行数据平衡化;最后,分别采用决策树(DT)、随机森林(RF)与梯度提升树(GBDT)算法构建3类岩爆预测模型,对比分析数据处理前后数据训练模型的预测精度,并通过江边水电站引水隧洞实测岩爆数据进行工程验证。结果表明:预测指标由原始数据的7维降至4维,以及采用分级离群值处理后的3类算法模型的预测准确率皆为同类模型中最高,江边水电站工程岩爆预测验证了数据处理后的模型预测准确率明显高于基于原始岩爆数据建立的同类模型。

局部线性嵌入(LLE)  /  基于密度的带噪声应用空间聚类(DBSCAN)  /  合成少数类过采样(SMOTE)  /  数据处理  /  岩爆预测

To address issues of correlation prediction indicators,outliers,and data imbalance in original data in rockburst prediction,a rockburst prediction method based on LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE for data processing was proposed. Firstly,the maximum tangential stress of surrounding rock σ θ,uniaxial compressive strength of rock σ c,uniaxial tensile strength of rock σ t,elastic strain energy index W e t,brittle coefficient σ c / σ t,stress coefficient σ θ / σ c,and stress concentration value β characterizing the stress gradient of surrounding rock were selected to construct a rockburst prediction indicator system. Secondly,the LLE algorithm was used for data dimensionality reduction to eliminate the cross-correlation effect between indicators,and the DBSCAN algorithm was introduced to remove outliers. Then,the SMOTE technology was introduced for data balancing. Finally,three types of rockburst prediction models were proposed using Decision Tree (DT),Random Forest (RF),and Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT) algorithms. The prediction accuracy of the data training models before and after processing was compared and analyzed. Moreover,engineering verification was performed through the measurement in the diversion tunnel of Jiangbian Hydropower Station. The results show that the prediction accuracy of the three types of algorithm models which reduce the prediction index from the 7 dimensions of the original data to the 4 dimensions and adopt the graded outlier processing is the highest among the similar models. The rockburst prediction of the Jiangbian Hydropower Station demonstrates that the proposed model significantly improves prediction accuracy compared to similar models using original rockburst data.

local linear embedding (LLE)  /  density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise (DBSCAN)  /  synthetic minority over-sampling technique (SMOTE)  /  data processing  /  rockburst prediction
范成强, 夏元友, 张宏伟, 黄建. 基于LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE数据处理的隧洞岩爆预测. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 140 -148 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1917
Chengqiang FAN, Yuanyou XIA, Hongwei ZHANG, Jian HUANG. Tunnel rockburst prediction based on LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE data processing[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 140 -148 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1917
岩爆是深地工程常见的地质灾害,严重威胁施工人员和设备的安全,岩爆预测日益成为工程热点问题之一[1-2]。随着机器学习的快速发展,众多学者运用机器学习方法来预测岩爆[3-5],该方法能够较好地规避人为主观因素的影响。但大多研究者重视岩爆预测理论模型的选择,而在一定程度上忽视了预测指标选取和原始数据集的优化,具体表现在选取的预测指标独立性较差,数据集中存在离群数据和数据不平衡等问题未得到有效的处理。
针对以上问题,部分学者进行了一些探索。如针对离群数据处理,谭文侃等[6]利用局部离群因子法去除离群样本,利用改进合成少数类过采样技术(Synthetic Minority Over-sampling Technique,SMOTE)平衡样本类别,提高了模型的学习效果与预测精度;夏元友等[7]引用集成思想,耦合3类算法去除离群值得到了较好的处理效果;YIN Xin等[8]将局部离群因子和期望最大化算法用于离群值的检测和离群值的替换。但目前学者多采用整体去除方式去除岩爆离群样本,忽视了不同等级中的离群值,如强岩爆中的离群样本会混入其他岩爆等级样本中,采用整体去除时会忽视该类型值,进而影响岩爆预测准确率。
在预测指标选取上,众多学者主要基于围岩应力与围岩力学性质提出岩爆多因素预测指标,但选取的预测指标普遍存在交叉关联等问题,如围岩力学性质指标中的岩石单轴抗压强度 σ c、岩石抗拉强度 σ t与岩石脆性系数 σ c / σ t等,围岩应力指标中的最大切向应力 σ θ与围岩应力系数 σ θ / σ c[8-11]。针对指标关联问题,学者们通常采用2种方式处理:①尽可能选取相对独立指标,如李明亮[12]、侯克鹏[13]等选取 σ c / σ t σ θ / σ c和岩石弹性变形能指数 W e t构建岩爆烈度等级预测指标体系;②采用指标权重或降维等处理方法提取预测指标的主要信息,如谢学斌等[14]选取 σ θ σ c / σ t W e t σ θ / σ c作为评价指标,运用改进的指标客观赋权法加权处理指标样本,充分考虑指标间相关性和重要度,得到较高的预测精度;陈则黄等[15]选取 W e t σ θ / σ c σ c / σ t σ c σ t σ θ构建岩爆预测指标体系,采用主成分分析法降维处理指标,提取指标数据主要信息,得到3个线性无关的主成分输入向量,提高了岩爆的预测准确率;杨小彬等[16]采用自组织特征映射神经网络算法挖掘指标间的非线性关系以及样本间的关联,解决了指标间的交错关联导致分级模糊问题,取得了不错的效果。但由以上研究不难发现:①要选取相对独立指标仍有一定难度,如 σ c / σ t W e t仍有关联[17],同时选取太少的指标也会丢失一些有用信息;②众多学者忽视围岩应力梯度对于岩爆的影响,夏元友等[18]研究表明:围岩应力梯度对岩爆有重要影响;③现有文献针对数据集数据处理不系统,多针对某一方面问题进行处理。
鉴于此,笔者拟引入局部线性嵌入法(Local Linear Embedding,LLE)降维岩爆原始数据,减少岩爆数据指标间的交叉关联;引入基于密度的带噪声应用空间聚类(Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise,DBSCAN),按整体与分级方式分别去除离群值并对比去除效果;针对数据不平衡问题,采用SMOTE技术平衡训练集;同时分别采用决策树(Decision Tree,DT)、随机森林(Random Forest,RF)和梯度提升树(Gradient Boosting Decision Tree,GBDT) 3种算法,构建岩爆预测模型,并验证数据处理效果,以期提升岩爆预测模型的准确率。
众多学者主要围绕围岩应力与围岩力学性质提出岩爆多因素预测指标,如 σ θ σ θ / σ c σ c σ t σ c / σ t W e t、冲击能指数 W c f、围岩完整性系数 K V等指标[19-22]。考虑收集样本数据的指标数据缺失情况及围岩应力梯度的影响,选取 σ c σ t W e t σ c / σ t σ θ σ θ / σ c和围岩应力集度 β构建岩爆预测指标体系。围岩切向应力分布如图1所示。
围岩应力集度 β[23]反映围岩二次应力在围岩扰动区的集中程度(图1),是围岩应力的平均变化率,具体计算如下式:
β = 0 3 D 0 f ' x d x 3 D 0 = σ θ - σ θ 0 3 D 0
式中: f ' ( x )为围岩应力分布曲线函数表达式f(x)的一阶导数; D 0为开挖硐室直径,对于非圆形硐室,采用当量方法来计算其等效洞径[24]; σ θ 0 σ θ为隧道开挖前后横截面切向初始应力。
通过文献调研并整理课题组前期成果,收集到309组无重复和缺失值岩爆案例样本[24]。其中,无岩爆样本39条(岩爆烈度1),弱岩爆样本94条(岩爆烈度2),中等岩爆样本112条(岩爆烈度3),强岩爆样本64条(岩爆烈度4)。部分岩爆案例数据见表1
岩爆数据处理包含如下步骤:首先,降维处理岩爆数据集,消除指标间的交叉关联影响;其次,对降维处理后的数据进行数据离群值的处理,消除少数离群值对模型学习效果的影响;最后,平衡化处理数据,提高模型收敛与学习效果。
引入LLE法降维处理原始岩爆数据。LLE是将整体指标降维成综合指标的一类降维算法,即利用原始数据对新特征不同的贡献度来构成新的特征。
算法步骤为:①寻找每个样本点的k个近邻点;②由每个样本点的近邻点计算出该样本点的权重系数;③将高维权重系数对应的线性关系与降维后的低维保持一致。
运用k近邻算法确定近邻点个数,则对每个样本点可以用其近邻样本点的线性组合来表示,即:
x i = j = 1 k w i j x j
式中: x i为第 i个样本点; w i j为重构系数; x j x ik个近邻点 ( 1 j k )
求解如下优化问题可得到重构系数J(w):
J ( w ) = i = 1 m x i - j Q ( i ) w i j x j 2
j Q i w i j = 1
式中: Q ( i )i个样本点的集合;m为样本点数。
得到重构系数后,将数据集X映射低维空间Y中,保持同样的重构关系,即:
J Y = i = 1 m y i - j = 1 m w i j y j 2
通过求解上述问题就可得到映射后的数据集Y
算法需调整的参数主要包括近邻点个数k与需要降维的维数nk是指选择k个近邻点来表示数据集X中每个样本 x in是指通过算法所降至的维数。参数选择不同,LLE降维的结果也会不同。
1) n的选择。引入重构误差概念,重构误差是指重建的数据点与原始数据点之间的欧式距离之和。重构误差越小,说明重构后的数据与原始数据差距越小,降维效果越好。重构误差可以表示为:
γ = m i n ( x - x ^ ) 2
式中:x为原始数据; x ^为降维后的数据; γ为重构误差最小值。
基于表1原始岩爆数据,取k=20,基于LLE算法可得到不同维度n的重构误差值,见表2。由表2可知:n=4时重构误差最小,说明由原始数据7维降到4维能更好地保留原始数据中的信息。
2) k的选择。如果近邻数k大于输出数据的维度,上述的权重系数不是满秩,因此,采用变种的LLE找到最近k近邻的同时考虑近邻的分布权重,不管降到几维前后的权重系数都是保持不变的。基于表1数据,取n=4,以降至4维中的2个指标(lle1,lle2)为例,通过python中的matplotlib模块显示k值不同的降维效果,如图2所示,其中,灰度颜色越深代表岩爆烈度越高。
图2可知:随着k值的增大,降维效果越好,但k值越大,计算量会越大;当k达到20时,各等级数据点分布已经较均匀,因此,结合计算量考虑,取k=20较为合理。
降维的主要目的是为了消除指标间的交叉关联,为评估降维的效果,采用Person关联性分析降维前后各指标,得到相关系数热力图如图3所示。从图3可以看出,降维前各指标之间存在明显的关联,降维后的指标之间关联程度极低。
引入DBSCAN方法并分别采用整体去除和分级去除的处理方式处理降维后岩爆数据集。其中,整体去除是指不区分岩爆烈度等级去除离群数据,分级去除是指按岩爆烈度等级分级去除离群数据,以期找出混杂在岩爆数据内部的离群点。
DBSCAN算法是为识别样本空间内部低密度的异常样本[25]。DBSCAN算法流程如下:
1) 选择一个数据点作为起点,再寻找与这个数据点指定范围内的所有数据点。
2) 假如指定范围内的数据点的数量超过指定阈值,则将这些数据点标为核心点。
3) 对于所有标记的核心点,将其距离指定范围内的数据点归为同一族内,如果2个核心点之间存在重叠的数据点,则将它们归为同一族中。
4) 对于所有的非核心点,将它们标记为噪点。
DBSCAN算法的主要参数是半径(eps)和最少核心点数(points),经过多轮参数优化,最终选定eps为 0.6 和 points 为8。
为直观比较整体去除与分级去除2种处理方式对离群样本的去除效果,基于LLE降维后的岩爆数据,选取lle1与lle2指标的二维散点图作为离群点去除效果的对比示例,如图4图5所示。
图4图5可知:整体去除方式处理后,识别出21条离群样本;通过分级去除方式处理后,去除37条离群样本,其中,无岩爆去除12例,弱岩爆去除9例,中等岩爆去除12例,强岩爆去除4例,相比整体去除方式多去除16例。
数据不平衡会严重影响预测模型的准确率,因此,在建立岩爆预测模型之前,要将数据平衡化。引入SMOTE算法对训练集进行数据平衡化。SMOTE的核心是在少数类别的样本之间通过插值来产生额外的样本,进而补充少数类别样本[14] 。将开发环境Pycharm中训练集设置成整体数据的80%,测试集设置成整体数据的20%,按比例随机抽取出训练集的数据216条,测试集的数据56条,且保持测试集中每一等级岩爆数据均为14条。为防止模型信息泄露,数据平衡化只针对训练集。由于训练集中中等岩爆样本最多,为86条,因此,通过过采样处理,其他等级样本均增加至86条。
采用非线性学习性能优秀的DT、RF与GBDT 这3类算法构建岩爆预测模型。通过对比采用原始数据集以及经过数据处理后的数据集所训练出的岩爆预测模型的预测效果,说明数据处理的必要性与效果。
采用不同降维数n的3类岩爆预测模型的准确率如图6所示。由图6可知:3类模型都是在n=4时预测准确率最高,分别为78.5%,80.3%,82.1%,效果最好,结论与2.1.2节的重构误差值分析结论一致;n=4的3类模型预测准确率较原始数据n=7的同类模型的准确率分别提高8.9%、5.3%、7.1%。
同样采用上述3类模型,基于n=4的降维数据集,采用整体与分级去除方式处理离群数据,对比3类模型的预测准确率,如图7所示。由图7可知:不去除离群值的3类模型的预测准确率均为同类模型中的最低;整体去除方式的3种模型的预测准确率得到了提升;分级去除离群值的3类模型预测准确率则为最高,分别为82.1%、85.7%、87.5%。对比同类仅做LLE降维(n=4)处理的模型,其预测准确率分别提高3.6%、5.4%、5.4%。
工程验证数据来自江边水电站引水隧洞岩爆数据,该隧洞开挖长度8 600m,岩爆主要发生的位置在拱顶和拱肩,岩性有黑云母花岗岩、黑云母石英片岩,最大的爆坑深度为4m,洞径为7 m×8.4m平底马蹄形段。现场部分岩爆数据集见表3
表4是采用表1原始数据集和经文中提出的处理方法处理后的数据集训练模型得到预测结果,不难发现,数据处理后模型获得的预测结果与现场岩爆数据集的情况更符合,显著提高了模型的预测精度。
1) 基于LLE-DBSCAN-SMOTE的数据处理方法,能够有效减弱岩爆案例特征交叉关联、数据离群值与数据不平衡对岩爆预测效果的影响。
2) 通过LLE方法降维岩爆数据,有效提高DT、RF与GBDT这3类岩爆预测模型的性能,其预测准确率相较于原始数据模型分别提高8.9%、5.3%、7.1%。
3) 通过DBSCAN法分级去除降维后的岩爆数据集的离群样本,提高了3类岩爆预测模型的性能,DT、RF与GBDT模型预测准确率相较于仅做降维处理模型分别提高3.6%、5.4%、5.4%。
4) 采用处理后数据训练获得的DT、RF与GBDT模型预测江边水电站引水隧洞岩爆实测样本的准确率分别达到100%、87.5%、100%,相较于原始数据模型预测准确率提高近25%。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(42077228)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.1917
  • 接收时间:2024-07-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-14
  • 修回日期:2024-09-19
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(42077228)
作者信息
    武汉理工大学 土木工程与建筑学院,湖北 武汉 430070

通讯作者:

**夏元友(1965—),男,安徽庐江人,博士,教授,主要从事岩土工程安全分析等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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