Article(id=1149733268704116810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)12-0149-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0905, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1720713600000, receivedDateStr=2024-07-12, revisedDate=1726502400000, revisedDateStr=2024-09-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752047372270, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1735315200000, pubDateStr=2024-12-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752047372270, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752047372270, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752047372270, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149733267617788430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='12', pageStart='1', pageEnd='228', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752047372010, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756361981736, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830052499628942, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149733267617788430, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=149, endPage=158, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149733269337456721, articleId=1149733268704116810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Characteristics of coalbed gas seepage under asymmetric loading and optimization of extraction radius, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the influence of asymmetric load on gas seepage and extraction radius,a multi-physics coal and gas fluid-solid coupling model was proposed to analyze the gas seepage characteristics of coal seams. Matrix-adsorbed gas was used as the mass source in the proposed model introducing asymmetric loads into the boundary conditions. Furthermore,segmented drilling was used under asymmetric load conditions to optimize the gas extraction radius and improve extraction efficiency. The results indicated that greater stress compressed the cracks inside the concentrated stress zone,making it more difficult for gas to flow and to be extracted more challenging. The gas pressure in the concentrated stress zone decreased by approximately 2% less than that in the original stress zone,and the permeability decreased by about 9%. Asymmetric load had different degrees of influence on the diffusion and seepage processes. Within 180 days,the mass of diffused gas of the original stress area decreased by 19% and the seepage mass decreased by 20.5%,while these values in the concentrated stress zone decreased by 16.9% and 17.9%,respectively. Asymmetric loads had adverse effects on gas extraction,increasing extraction time under uniform load conditions. By adjusting the extraction radius under asymmetric load conditions,not only can the extraction efficiency be improved by approximately 3%,but it can also ensure that the extraction standards are met within 180 days,thereby effectively improving the overall performance of gas extraction.

, correspAuthors=Tao WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lu YAN, Tao WANG, Liancong WANG, Wenpu LI, Tianwei ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149733284646666876, articleId=1149733268704116810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=非对称荷载下煤层瓦斯渗流特性与抽采半径优化, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为了揭示非对称荷载对瓦斯渗流和抽采半径的影响特征,建立多物理场煤与瓦斯流固耦合模型,以研究煤层瓦斯渗流特性。该模型以基质吸附态瓦斯为质量源,将非对称荷载引入边界条件;同时,在非对称荷载环境下实施分段布孔,优化瓦斯抽采半径,提高抽采效率。结果表明:较大的应力压缩了集中应力区内部的裂隙,导致瓦斯更难流动,其内部的瓦斯更难被抽采。集中应力区的瓦斯压力下降幅度比原始应力区瓦斯压力下降幅度低2%左右,渗透率下降幅度低9%;同时非对称荷载下对扩散过程及渗流过程均产生不同程度的影响,在180天内,原始应力区扩散质量下降19%,渗流质量下降20.5%;集中应力区扩散质量下降16.9%,渗流质量下降17.9%;非对称荷载会对瓦斯抽采造成不利影响,使得在均布荷载条件下的抽采达标时间增加。通过调整非对称荷载环境下的抽采半径,不仅提高大约3%的抽采效率,还可以确保在180天内满足抽采标准,从而有效提升瓦斯抽采的整体性能。

, correspAuthors=王涛, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**王 涛(1989—),男,山西太原人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:
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闫 路 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等。E-mail:

王连聪,教授。

李文璞,副教授。

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闫 路 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等。E-mail:

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闫 路 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等。E-mail:

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王连聪,教授。

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王连聪,教授。

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李文璞,副教授。

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李文璞,副教授。

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Parameters for numerical simulation

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参数 数值 参数 数值
ϕ m 0 0.012 ρ c/
(kg·m-3)
1 450
ϕ f 0 0.06 抽采负
压/ kPa
87
k 0/mD 0.01 吸附时
间/ d
12
Mc/(kg·mol-1) 0.016 钻孔半
径/ m
0.1
R/(J·mol-1·K-1) 8.413 5 煤的泊松比 0.339
煤层温度/K 293 极限吸附
变形量
0.004
甲烷动力黏度/
(Pa·s)
1.08 × 10-5 K/ MPa 2 713
P m/MPa 1 K m/ MPa 8 139
P L/MPa 1 F x/ MPa 7
V L/(m3·kg-1) 0.02 F y/ MPa 12
标况甲烷摩尔
质量/(m3 ·mol-1)
0.022 4 F z/ MPa 5
), ArticleFig(id=1167743156348002528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733268704116810, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

数值模拟基本参数取值

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参数 数值 参数 数值
ϕ m 0 0.012 ρ c/
(kg·m-3)
1 450
ϕ f 0 0.06 抽采负
压/ kPa
87
k 0/mD 0.01 吸附时
间/ d
12
Mc/(kg·mol-1) 0.016 钻孔半
径/ m
0.1
R/(J·mol-1·K-1) 8.413 5 煤的泊松比 0.339
煤层温度/K 293 极限吸附
变形量
0.004
甲烷动力黏度/
(Pa·s)
1.08 × 10-5 K/ MPa 2 713
P m/MPa 1 K m/ MPa 8 139
P L/MPa 1 F x/ MPa 7
V L/(m3·kg-1) 0.02 F y/ MPa 12
标况甲烷摩尔
质量/(m3 ·mol-1)
0.022 4 F z/ MPa 5
), ArticleFig(id=1167743156415111393, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733268704116810, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of simulations

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类别 原始瓦斯量/
(kg·m-3)
总瓦斯含量/
(kg·m-3)
瓦斯扩散量/
(kg·m-3)
瓦斯渗流量/
(kg·m-3)
抽采率/
%
无优化 1 501.6 1 041.8 34.014 6.63 30.62
优化后 1 501.6 994.8 31.66 8 6.150 6 33.75
), ArticleFig(id=1167743156469637346, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149733268704116810, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟定量数值对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 原始瓦斯量/
(kg·m-3)
总瓦斯含量/
(kg·m-3)
瓦斯扩散量/
(kg·m-3)
瓦斯渗流量/
(kg·m-3)
抽采率/
%
无优化 1 501.6 1 041.8 34.014 6.63 30.62
优化后 1 501.6 994.8 31.66 8 6.150 6 33.75
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非对称荷载下煤层瓦斯渗流特性与抽采半径优化
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闫路 1 , 王涛 1, 2, ** , 王连聪 1 , 李文璞 1 , 赵天维 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(12): 149-158
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(12): 149-158
非对称荷载下煤层瓦斯渗流特性与抽采半径优化
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闫路1 , 王涛1, 2, ** , 王连聪1, 李文璞1, 赵天维1
作者信息
  • 1 太原理工大学 安全与应急管理工程学院,山西 太原 030600
  • 2 煤矿安全技术国家重点实验室,辽宁 抚顺 113122
  • 闫 路 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等。E-mail:

    王连聪,教授。

    李文璞,副教授。

通讯作者:

**王 涛(1989—),男,山西太原人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:
Characteristics of coalbed gas seepage under asymmetric loading and optimization of extraction radius
Lu YAN1 , Tao WANG1, 2, ** , Liancong WANG1, Wenpu LI1, Tianwei ZHAO1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety and Emergency Management Engineering,Taiyuan University of Technology,Taiyuan Shanxi 030600,China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Safety Technology,Fushun Liaoning 113122,China
出版时间: 2024-12-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0905
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为了揭示非对称荷载对瓦斯渗流和抽采半径的影响特征,建立多物理场煤与瓦斯流固耦合模型,以研究煤层瓦斯渗流特性。该模型以基质吸附态瓦斯为质量源,将非对称荷载引入边界条件;同时,在非对称荷载环境下实施分段布孔,优化瓦斯抽采半径,提高抽采效率。结果表明:较大的应力压缩了集中应力区内部的裂隙,导致瓦斯更难流动,其内部的瓦斯更难被抽采。集中应力区的瓦斯压力下降幅度比原始应力区瓦斯压力下降幅度低2%左右,渗透率下降幅度低9%;同时非对称荷载下对扩散过程及渗流过程均产生不同程度的影响,在180天内,原始应力区扩散质量下降19%,渗流质量下降20.5%;集中应力区扩散质量下降16.9%,渗流质量下降17.9%;非对称荷载会对瓦斯抽采造成不利影响,使得在均布荷载条件下的抽采达标时间增加。通过调整非对称荷载环境下的抽采半径,不仅提高大约3%的抽采效率,还可以确保在180天内满足抽采标准,从而有效提升瓦斯抽采的整体性能。

非对称荷载  /  煤层瓦斯  /  瓦斯渗流  /  抽采半径  /  瓦斯抽采  /  渗透率

To reveal the influence of asymmetric load on gas seepage and extraction radius,a multi-physics coal and gas fluid-solid coupling model was proposed to analyze the gas seepage characteristics of coal seams. Matrix-adsorbed gas was used as the mass source in the proposed model introducing asymmetric loads into the boundary conditions. Furthermore,segmented drilling was used under asymmetric load conditions to optimize the gas extraction radius and improve extraction efficiency. The results indicated that greater stress compressed the cracks inside the concentrated stress zone,making it more difficult for gas to flow and to be extracted more challenging. The gas pressure in the concentrated stress zone decreased by approximately 2% less than that in the original stress zone,and the permeability decreased by about 9%. Asymmetric load had different degrees of influence on the diffusion and seepage processes. Within 180 days,the mass of diffused gas of the original stress area decreased by 19% and the seepage mass decreased by 20.5%,while these values in the concentrated stress zone decreased by 16.9% and 17.9%,respectively. Asymmetric loads had adverse effects on gas extraction,increasing extraction time under uniform load conditions. By adjusting the extraction radius under asymmetric load conditions,not only can the extraction efficiency be improved by approximately 3%,but it can also ensure that the extraction standards are met within 180 days,thereby effectively improving the overall performance of gas extraction.

asymmetric load  /  coal seam gas  /  gas seepage  /  extraction radius  /  gas drainage  /  permeability
闫路, 王涛, 王连聪, 李文璞, 赵天维. 非对称荷载下煤层瓦斯渗流特性与抽采半径优化. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (12) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0905
Lu YAN, Tao WANG, Liancong WANG, Wenpu LI, Tianwei ZHAO. Characteristics of coalbed gas seepage under asymmetric loading and optimization of extraction radius[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (12) : 149 -158 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0905
瓦斯抽采是煤层气开采的最主要手段,也是防治瓦斯灾害的最有效途径。倾斜、急倾斜煤层受上覆岩层自重应力的影响,处于非均布荷载作用下,工作面开采过后,邻近工作面煤层也处于非均布荷载作用下,且这种作用会改变煤岩体变形特征、表面裂纹分布以及内部微结构参数演化特征。如果煤层内孔隙、裂隙等微结构参数发生变化,将打破煤层内原有的瓦斯吸附解析动态平衡,改变煤层内瓦斯运移通道与运移方式,从而在宏观上对煤层渗透特性产生影响。因此,研究非对称荷载下瓦斯运移特征与渗透率演化特征,对于预防煤与瓦斯突出、优化瓦斯抽采孔设计及提高瓦斯抽采效率均具有重要的现实意义。
国内诸多学者对瓦斯运移特征开展了广泛研究,并提出了多种渗流理论。周世宁等[1]首先提出瓦斯运动理论,认为瓦斯运动基本符合达西渗流定律,并将瓦斯在多孔介质中的流动分为横向、径向和球向。郭勇义等[2]提出了4种一维流场瓦斯涌出和压力分布特征模型,修正了瓦斯流动方程。汪有刚等[3]探讨了采动影响下钻孔布置位置对瓦斯抽采效果的影响,得到了采动影响下的瓦斯渗透率特征。杨天鸿等[4]考虑了孔隙变形对于煤层透气性的影响,研究了不同压力下瓦斯抽采渗透率的变化特征。卢平等[5]揭示了煤层群首采关键卸压瓦斯运移特征,提高了低透气性高瓦斯煤层气的开发效率。梁冰等[6]考虑了采动对瓦斯渗流的影响,提出了煤与瓦斯耦合作用的数学模型。尹光志等[7]引入瓦斯吸附膨胀应力,推导出适用于含瓦斯煤岩的有效应力计算公式,建立了含瓦斯煤岩的孔隙度和渗透率的动态模型。张浩浩等[8]考虑了煤岩渗透率的各向异性特征,建立了耦合模型,分析了煤岩各向异性的特征对于瓦斯渗透率的影响。
煤层在开采前需要预抽瓦斯,确定合适的钻孔间距,对于减少瓦斯灾害事故,保障矿工的生命安全具有重大意义。郝天轩等[9]利用SF6气体示踪法进行现场测试,并结合数值模拟结果确定了钻孔抽采有效半径。周红星等[10]编制了钻孔周围瓦斯流动的模拟程序,计算确定了有效抽放时间和抽采半径。齐黎明等[11]提出了抽采钻孔周围压力及流量表达式,得出离钻孔越远瓦斯压力越高,且瓦斯压力大致呈指数上升的结论。马耕等[12]根据雷诺数将瓦斯在煤层中的流态划分为4类,并根据不同的情形选择不同的模型来确定有效抽采半径,该半径与现场实测结果一致。张明杰等[13]基于钻孔瓦斯自然涌出特征的测定方法,提出以钻孔瓦斯自然涌出有效影响半径代替抽采负压影响下的有效抽采半径。李润芝等[14]通过监测钻孔抽采流量,并根据采掘计划,提出了测定钻孔周围煤体特定时刻瓦斯含量的方法。郝富昌等[15]建立了钻孔周围煤体弹塑性模型,研究了不同埋深钻孔孔径变化特征及有效抽采时间,确定了不同埋深钻孔的有效抽采半径。张钧祥等[16]以真实煤层赋存参数为例,根据理论模型建立并验证了扩散-渗流耦合模型。
综上所述,诸多学者在瓦斯渗流理论、瓦斯抽采半径确定方面的研究已取得了丰硕成果,但现有瓦斯抽采半径的确定与优化均是在均布荷载条件下取得的,忽略了非对称荷载对瓦斯抽采的影响。因此,笔者将非对称荷载引入边界条件,采用数值模拟非对称荷载下顺层抽采瓦斯流固耦合特征,通过分析不同应力区域瓦斯渗流特性,进一步优化钻孔的布置,为确定复杂应力条件下的瓦斯抽采钻孔半径提供理论和实践依据。
煤层是一种典型的多孔介质模型,其内部结构复杂多变,为简化研究,认为煤层由基质和裂隙组成,大部分瓦斯以吸附的形式赋存在煤层基质中,其运移特征遵循菲克定律,部分游离的瓦斯存在于裂隙中,其运移特征符合达西定律。并基于以下假设:
1) 煤层各向同性,忽视煤层各向异性对渗透率的影响。
2) 煤层各个部分温度均匀,忽视温度对瓦斯运移的影响。
3) 瓦斯为理想气体,在等温情况下其动力黏度不变。
4) 煤层是弹性连续介质,其变形是微小变形。
5) 煤层瓦斯以吸附态和游离态存在,裂隙瓦斯以游离态形式存在,初始状态时,基质瓦斯压力等于裂隙瓦斯压力[17]
煤体中瓦斯主要以吸附态和游离态2种形态存在。吸附态的瓦斯符合朗缪尔(Langmuir)吸附平衡状态方程,游离态瓦斯以气体的形式存在基质和裂隙中,单位体积煤体中赋存的瓦斯总质量为:
m t = ϕ f M c R T p f + V L p m P m + P L M c V m ρ c + ϕ m M c R T P m
式中: ϕ f为煤体裂隙的孔隙率,%;Mc为甲烷分子的摩尔质量,kg/mol; p f为煤体裂隙中的游离瓦斯密度,kg/m3;R为理想气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);T为气体的绝对温度,K; V L为Langmuir吸附体积常数,m3/kg; P m为孔隙中的瓦斯压力,MPa; P L为Langmuir吸附压力常数,MPa; ρ c为煤体的密度,kg/m3
在瓦斯抽采过程中基质瓦斯作为质量源向外解吸扩散,同时基质渗流与裂隙扩散同步进行,煤基质与裂隙系统质量交换的通量公式[18]可表示为:
Q s = D s a s c m - c f
式中: Q s为单位时间内单位体积煤体中孔隙系统扩散到裂隙系统的质量,kg/(m3·s); D s为瓦斯扩散系数,m2/s; a s为形状因子,m-2; c m为孔隙中的瓦斯浓度,kg/m3; c f为裂隙中的瓦斯浓度,kg/m3
煤基质中的游离态的瓦斯以扩散的形式向裂隙中扩散且遵循菲克定律,煤体中基质的瓦斯扩散控制方程为:
p m t = - V m ( P m - p f ) ( P m + P L ) 2 τ V L R T P L ρ C + τ ϕ m V m ( p m + P L ) 2
煤中的裂隙不仅是游离瓦斯的主要赋存场所,也是瓦斯渗流的通道。根据实验室和现场对瓦斯流动特征的测定,认为瓦斯在裂隙系统中的流动属于线性渗流,并主遵循达西渗流定律,裂隙中瓦斯流动公式为:
t ϕ f p f = - p f v f + Q s 1 - ϕ f
式中 v f为裂隙中瓦斯的渗流速度,m/s。
联立式(1)—式(4)可得煤体中裂隙瓦斯的渗流控制方程为:
ϕ f p f t + p f ϕ f t = ( k μ p f p f ) + 1 τ ( 1 - ϕ f ) ( P m - p f )
由双重孔隙介质理论和有效应力原理可知:孔隙和裂隙中的流体对煤基质受力的影响程度并不相同[19],基于此考虑双重孔隙介质的有效应力表征[20]:
σ i j e = σ i j - β f p f + β m P m δ i j
式中: σ i j e为有效应力,MPa; σ i j为总应力,MPa;δij为克罗内克张量; β f β m[24]分别为裂隙有效应力系数和孔隙有效应力系数,可由下述公式求得:
β f = 1 - K K m
β m = K K m - K K s
式中:K为煤体的体积模量,MPa; K m为煤基质的体积模量,MPa; K s为煤骨架的体积模量,MPa。
含瓦斯煤体的变形控制方程应由3个部分构成,分别为应力平衡方程、几何方程以及本构方程。其中应力平衡方程如下式所示:
σ i j + F i = 0
式中 F i为体积力,MPa。
含瓦斯煤体的几何方程如下式所示:
ε i j = 1 2 u i j + u i j
式中: ε i j为煤体的应变分量; u i j u i j为煤体的位移分量。
含瓦斯煤体的本构方程应该满足广义胡克定律,其具体形式如下所示:
σ i j = 2 G ε i j + 2 G v 1 - 2 v ε v δ i j - β f p f δ i j - β m P m δ i j
式中:G为煤体的剪切模量,MPa; ε v为煤体的体积应变,分别由以下2式表示:
G = E 2 ( 1 + v )
ε_v=ε_11+ε_22+ε_33
由式 (11)—式(13)可以得到含瓦斯煤体的变形控制方程:
G u i j j + G 1 - 2 v u j j i - β f p f i - β m P m i + F i = 0
文中采用双重孔隙介质模型来反映瓦斯流动状态[21]
ϕ f = 1 1 + S 1 + S 0 ϕ f 0 + α S - S 0
式中:S为饱和度; S 0为初始饱和度; ϕ f为裂隙孔隙率; ϕ f 0为初始裂隙孔隙率; α为biot常数。
其中
S = ε v + p f K s - ε s
S 0 = ε v 0 + ( p f o / K s ) - ε L P m 0 / ( P m o + p L )
ε s = ε L P m P L + P m
α = 1 - K K S
式中:εs为Langmuir型方程计算该体积应变; ε v 0为初始体积应变; P f o为初始裂隙压力,MPa; ε L为极限吸附体变形量; p m o为初始基质压力,MPa。
联立式(15)—式(19)可得渗透率控制方程,如下所示:
ϕ f t = α - ϕ f 1 + S s v t + 1 K s p f t - ε L P L ( p m + P L ) 2 p m t
煤体渗透率同裂隙孔隙率符合立方定律关系[22],即
k k 0 = ϕ f ϕ f 0 3 = 1 1 + S ( 1 + S 0 ) + α ϕ 0 ( S - S 0 ) 3
式中: k为渗透率; k 0为初始渗透率。
这样式(3)、式(5)、式(14)、式(21)就构成了考虑煤体骨架压缩效应、解吸扩散效应、及基质收缩效应的煤与瓦斯气固耦合模型,煤的骨架及基质收缩引起渗透率改变,渗透率的变化又会影响瓦斯的流动,瓦斯的流动又反过来影响煤骨架及基质的改变,从而实现煤与瓦斯的流固耦合。
非对称荷载下煤与瓦斯流动机制研究时,煤层长度为60m,厚度为4m,每隔10m设置1个钻孔,共6个钻孔。煤层顶部施加非对称荷载,应力变化为卸压区、集中应力区和原始应力区。模型左右2个边界设置为辊支承,模型下边界设置为固定边界,同时煤层的四周边界设置为零流量边界,监测线AB设置在集中应力区与原始应力区钻孔中间,AB两点的坐标分别为(-20,0)、(20,0),模型具体形式如图1所示。
对于非对称荷载下煤层钻孔间距优化研究方案,为更好的突出非对称荷载下应力变化对于瓦斯抽采的影响,钻孔优化模拟方案着重分析集中应力区和原始应力区。根据实际煤层情况,将模拟煤层定为40m×4m的煤层。监测线AB被设置在集中应力区与原始应力区钻孔中间,AB两点的坐标分别为(-8,0)、(8,0),模型具体形式如图2所示。
由于卸压区距离掘进面较近,分析其内部瓦斯的抽采效果意义不大,因此,该部分主要分析集中应力区与原始应力区的抽采效果。根据双孔介质模型,在抽放开始前,认为裂隙瓦斯压力与孔隙瓦斯压力是保持动态平衡的,这里将瓦斯初始压力设为1MPa,同时根据煤层瓦斯流动特性,认为钻孔边界压力为恒定边界并设为87 kPa,在这种理论情况下分析180天的煤层瓦斯渗流特征。
为优化非对称荷载下煤层钻孔间距,在煤层同一水平等间距布置7个钻孔,在10MPa的均布荷载情况下。研究多钻孔瓦斯抽采模拟抽采第180天时,瓦斯压力下降情况,确定抽采有效半径的指标为瓦斯压力下降50%以上[23-24]。先求出均布荷载下地应力为5、7、12MPa均布荷载下抽采有效半径。然后采用对比分析的方法,比较均布荷载、无优化下的非对称荷载与优化下的非对称荷载下瓦斯压力及抽采率。数值模拟过程中参数取值见表1
为了分析非对称荷载条件下煤体瓦斯压力变化的影响,给出了瓦斯压力分布云图及监测线AB基质和裂隙瓦斯压力随抽采时间变化曲线图,如图3图4所示。
图3为抽采瓦斯压力分布图,根据图3可以看出,随着时间的增加裂隙瓦斯压力逐渐下降,且离钻孔越近,裂隙瓦斯压力下降的越快。随着时间的增加,裂隙瓦斯压力下降范围呈现越来越广的趋势。这是因为在瓦斯抽采过程中,裂隙的瓦斯由钻孔流向外部,导致基质瓦斯与裂隙瓦斯交换平衡发生破坏,形成一个压力差,且离钻孔越近压差越大,压力下降越快,且随着时间的增加,钻孔周围的瓦斯逐渐向钻孔扩散,从而导致裂隙瓦斯压力下降范围呈现越来越广的趋势。
图4为裂隙及基质瓦斯压力分布,从图4可以看出,各个时间瓦斯压力下降具有相同的趋势,裂隙瓦斯与基质瓦斯下降趋势近乎相同,每个月瓦斯压力下降3%~4%。但基质瓦斯压力下降明显滞后于裂隙瓦斯压力。产生上述现象的主要原因是瓦斯运移需要时间,一方面裂隙瓦斯向钻孔向外界扩散,钻孔周围的瓦斯向钻孔流动需要时间;另一方面,裂隙瓦斯由钻孔向外界流动,而基质内的瓦斯向裂隙中流动也需要时间。同时从图中也可以看出,集中应力区的瓦斯压力下降幅度比原始应力区瓦斯压力下降低2%左右,究其原因可能是由于较大的应力压缩了集中应力区内部的裂隙,导致其内部的瓦斯更难被抽采。
在上述研究的基础上,为更直观的呈现煤体内部渗透率的变化,给出了瓦斯渗透率分布云图及监测线AB上各点的渗透率,给出不同抽采天数下不同位置煤体渗透率变化曲线,如图5图6所示。
图5为渗透率分布,由图5可以看出,渗透率呈现逐渐增加的趋势,且离钻孔距离越近,渗透率越大,离钻孔越远,渗透率越小。上述现象主要是由于离钻孔越近其裂隙瓦斯压差越大,渗流速度也就越快。由于瓦斯压力下降范围越来越广,对煤层渗透率的影响范围也就越来越大,从而导致渗透率逐渐增大。
图6为监测线AB渗透率分布,从图6可以看出各个时间渗透率下降具有相同的趋势,每个月约下降0.5%。同时从图中也可以看出,集中应力区的瓦斯渗透率下降幅度比原始应力区渗透率下降低9%左右,究其原因可能是由于较大的应力压缩了集中应力区内部的裂隙,导致其内部的瓦斯更难被抽采。
为了分析非对称荷载条件下煤体瓦斯渗流扩散过程,绘制AB等2个监测点的扩散和渗流质量随抽采时间的变化曲线,如图7所示。
图7可知:随着时间的增加,扩散质量与渗流质量均呈现不断下降的趋势。在180天内,A点扩散质量下降19%,渗流质量下降20.5%;B点扩散质量下降16.9%,渗流质量下降17.9%。这是因为无论是瓦斯由裂隙经钻孔到外界,还是基质瓦斯解吸到裂隙,在经由钻孔到外界,裂隙中的瓦斯质量和基质中的瓦斯均是不断向外界流动的过程,所以两者均是不断减少的趋势。同时从图中也可以看出,相较于原始应力区,集中应力区对扩散过程和渗流过程影响均产生了不同程度影响,究其原因可能是较大的应力压缩了基质及裂隙的孔隙,从而对瓦斯运移的2个过程均产生了不同程度的影响。
图8为不同应力下瓦斯压力分布,从图中可以看出,当布孔间距为4.0 m时,相邻2钻孔间的瓦斯压力下降了55%,瓦斯压力下降幅度大于50%,表明合理布孔间距应该增大;当布孔间距为 6.0 m时,相邻2钻孔间的瓦斯压力下降了40%,瓦斯压力下降幅度小于50%,说明合理布孔间距应小于6.0m。当布孔间距为5.0m时,相邻2钻孔间的瓦斯压力下降了50%,说明在应力为7MPa理想合理布孔间为5.0 m。由此标准并结合模拟结果可以得出,在地应力为12MPa时,180天时的抽采钻孔有效半径为4.5m。
在对不同应力下多孔间距特征的分析的基础上,确定非对称荷载对于瓦斯抽采半径的影响,开展了3组不同情况下的瓦斯抽采模拟。第1组为均布荷载条件,应力值为7MPa,钻孔间距均匀分布;第2组为非对称荷载条件,钻孔间距与第一组相同;第3组为非对称荷载条件,优化钻孔间距,分段布置钻孔。
图9为不同情况下压力分布,由图9a中可以看出,对于非对称荷载情况,在不考虑钻孔间距影响时,在180天内并不能达到安全规程对抽采达标的要求,说明非对称荷载对瓦斯抽采以及钻孔间距确实有影响。由图9b中可以看出,在非对称荷载的情况下,考虑钻孔间距的影响,并对钻孔间距的布置进行重新分配,在180天内可以达到安全规程中对抽采达标的要求。
在确定非对称荷载对于瓦斯抽采以及钻孔间距布置确实有影响的基础上,研究非对称荷载作用条件下钻孔间距优化对抽采效果的影响。采用对比分析方法,第1组为非对称荷载下钻孔位置保持不变的情况,第2组为非对称荷载下优化钻孔间距,分段布置钻孔,分析2组条件下煤体瓦斯的渗流量、扩散量及抽采效率(表2)。
图10为非对称荷载(无优化)、非对称荷载(优化)瓦斯抽采率在180天内变化情况,由图10可以看出,非对称荷载钻孔布置优化后瓦斯抽采率较没有优化的钻孔布置在180天内均有不同程度的提高,说明非对称荷载对于瓦斯抽采效率确实有影响。同时从表2可以看出,根据模拟软件定量计算,180天内考虑非对称荷载钻孔布置优化后较没有优化的钻孔布置,瓦斯抽采量提高47.0 kg/m3,瓦斯扩散量提高2.3 kg/m3,瓦斯渗流量提高0.48 kg/m3,瓦斯抽采率约提高3.13%。
1) 非对称荷载显著改变煤体中瓦斯的流动与抽采特性,导致应力集中区的裂隙压缩和渗透率降低,从而降低瓦斯抽采效率。这种应力非均匀分布状况不仅影响瓦斯的渗透流动,也对其扩散过程产生了抑制作用,使得瓦斯在集中应力区的运移效率和质量下降,进一步降低了瓦斯抽采效果。
2) 非对称荷载条件下,确定最佳的瓦斯抽采半径,这有助于提升瓦斯抽采效率。尽管非对称荷载对瓦斯抽采效果产生了不利影响,但文中提出的分段布孔的方法仍能将抽采效率提升3%,并确保在180天内满足抽采标准,为未来的工程应用提供科学依据。
3) 研究中采用的模型可能存在局限性,未考虑其他复杂因素,如温度、煤体各向异性等对瓦斯渗流特性的影响,未来可进一步探究这些因素的综合作用。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52204105)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51774182)
  • 山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021212229)
  • 中国博士后科学基金第75批面上项目资助(2024M751279)
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2024年第34卷第12期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.12.0905
  • 接收时间:2024-07-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-12-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-07-12
  • 修回日期:2024-09-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52204105)
国家自然科学基金资助(51774182)
山西省基础研究计划项目(202203021212229)
中国博士后科学基金第75批面上项目资助(2024M751279)
作者信息
    1 太原理工大学 安全与应急管理工程学院,山西 太原 030600
    2 煤矿安全技术国家重点实验室,辽宁 抚顺 113122

通讯作者:

**王 涛(1989—),男,山西太原人,博士,讲师,硕士生导师,主要从事岩石力学、瓦斯灾害防治等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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