Article(id=1148106732376682626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0158-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0945, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1731168000000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-10, revisedDate=1736697600000, revisedDateStr=2025-01-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659575789, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659575789, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659575789, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659575789, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=158, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149758074744913941, articleId=1148106732376682626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on medium conversion characteristics of tank boiling overflow process based on Fluent, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to reduce the risk of boil-over accidents in storage tanks and develop efficient prevention and control strategies,two-dimensional transient numerical simulations of the boiling process of oil-water two-phase system in closed containers were carried out using Fluent software. The effects of different tank types,initial water layer thickness,oil-water ratio and other factors on the boiling process were analyzed through numerical simulation. The phase distribution,temperature field and hydrodynamic behavior were studied during the whole process of the combustion triggering to the end of the boil-over. The results show that for the same tank type,the higher the water content of the oil,the smaller the intensity of boiling overflow. When the tank boils over,the oil-water interface undergoes violent instability,and the two phases of the medium in the container are interspersed with each other,presenting a chaotic state. The liquid near the tank wall of boils upward first,with the peak temperature of the liquid phase up to 400 K. When the horizontal storage tank boils over,the overall temperature of the liquid phase is lower than that in the vertical storage tank. The onset of boiling overflow in the horizontal tank occurs earlier than in the vertical tank. Therefore,the boiling overflow in the vertical tank is more dangerous.

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为降低储罐沸溢事故风险并开发高效防控策略,采用Fluent软件对密闭容器内油-水两相体系的沸溢过程进行二维瞬态数值模拟,分析不同储罐类型、初始水层厚度、油水比例等因素对沸溢过程的影响,研究燃烧触发至沸溢结束全过程的相分布、温度场及流体动力学行为。结果表明:相同储罐类型,油品含水率越高,沸溢强度越小;储罐发生沸溢时,油-水界面发生剧烈失稳,容器内两相介质相互穿插,呈现出混乱的状态,靠近罐壁的液体先向上沸腾,液相温度峰值达400 K;卧式储罐发生沸溢时整体液相温度低于于立式储罐,卧式储罐溢起始时间较立式储罐提前,立式储罐沸溢危险性更大。

, correspAuthors=吴飞阳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=BE4PwzLdGBSo4kQiGXBZQw==, magXml=FLsbHY/Dc0cdypi6unuC3g==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=A/bL0UKMBSXR1zJsdeWxcw==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=QRF7YVOULiq62ZOZb5RM4w==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

吴飞阳 (2000—),男,河南商丘人,硕士研究生,研究方向为化工过程中火灾爆炸灾害预防及抑制。E-mail:

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吴飞阳 (2000—),男,河南商丘人,硕士研究生,研究方向为化工过程中火灾爆炸灾害预防及抑制。E-mail:

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吴飞阳 (2000—),男,河南商丘人,硕士研究生,研究方向为化工过程中火灾爆炸灾害预防及抑制。E-mail:

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4 1 250 1 000 200 100
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基于Fluent的储罐沸溢过程介质转化特性研究
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吴飞阳 1 , 陈东梁 副教授 1 , 尹彩虹 高级工程师 2 , 吕庭玮 1 , 沙彦杉 1 , 陈士 博工程师 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(4): 158-164
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(4): 158-164
基于Fluent的储罐沸溢过程介质转化特性研究
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吴飞阳1 , 陈东梁 副教授1, 尹彩虹 高级工程师2, 吕庭玮1, 沙彦杉1, 陈士 博工程师3
作者信息
  • 1 北京化工大学 机电工程学院,北京 100029
  • 2 新疆消防救援总队 灭火救援指挥部,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
  • 3 北京安耐吉能源工程技术有限公司,北京 100192
  • 吴飞阳 (2000—),男,河南商丘人,硕士研究生,研究方向为化工过程中火灾爆炸灾害预防及抑制。E-mail:

Study on medium conversion characteristics of tank boiling overflow process based on Fluent
Feiyang WU1 , Dongliang CHEN1, Caihong YIN2, Tingwei LYU1, Yanshan SHA1, Shibo CHEN3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
  • 2 Fire Rescue Command Center,Xinjiang Fire Rescue Corps,Urumqi Xinjiang 830000,China
  • 3 Beijing Energy Engineering Technology Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100192,China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0945
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为降低储罐沸溢事故风险并开发高效防控策略,采用Fluent软件对密闭容器内油-水两相体系的沸溢过程进行二维瞬态数值模拟,分析不同储罐类型、初始水层厚度、油水比例等因素对沸溢过程的影响,研究燃烧触发至沸溢结束全过程的相分布、温度场及流体动力学行为。结果表明:相同储罐类型,油品含水率越高,沸溢强度越小;储罐发生沸溢时,油-水界面发生剧烈失稳,容器内两相介质相互穿插,呈现出混乱的状态,靠近罐壁的液体先向上沸腾,液相温度峰值达400 K;卧式储罐发生沸溢时整体液相温度低于于立式储罐,卧式储罐溢起始时间较立式储罐提前,立式储罐沸溢危险性更大。

Fluent  /  储罐  /  沸溢过程  /  介质转化特性  /  数值模拟

In order to reduce the risk of boil-over accidents in storage tanks and develop efficient prevention and control strategies,two-dimensional transient numerical simulations of the boiling process of oil-water two-phase system in closed containers were carried out using Fluent software. The effects of different tank types,initial water layer thickness,oil-water ratio and other factors on the boiling process were analyzed through numerical simulation. The phase distribution,temperature field and hydrodynamic behavior were studied during the whole process of the combustion triggering to the end of the boil-over. The results show that for the same tank type,the higher the water content of the oil,the smaller the intensity of boiling overflow. When the tank boils over,the oil-water interface undergoes violent instability,and the two phases of the medium in the container are interspersed with each other,presenting a chaotic state. The liquid near the tank wall of boils upward first,with the peak temperature of the liquid phase up to 400 K. When the horizontal storage tank boils over,the overall temperature of the liquid phase is lower than that in the vertical storage tank. The onset of boiling overflow in the horizontal tank occurs earlier than in the vertical tank. Therefore,the boiling overflow in the vertical tank is more dangerous.

Fluent  /  storage tanks  /  boiling overflow process  /  medium conversion characteristics  /  numerical simulation
吴飞阳, 陈东梁 副教授, 尹彩虹 高级工程师, 吕庭玮, 沙彦杉, 陈士 博工程师. 基于Fluent的储罐沸溢过程介质转化特性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 158 -164 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0945
Feiyang WU, Dongliang CHEN, Caihong YIN, Tingwei LYU, Yanshan SHA, Shibo CHEN. Study on medium conversion characteristics of tank boiling overflow process based on Fluent[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 158 -164 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0945
随着国民经济的迅猛增长,石油及其衍生品的需求呈现日益攀升的趋势。油品在储运过程中,由于其特殊的物理和化学性质,具有较高的危险性[1]。储油设施发生火灾时,当其燃料层的沸腾温度超过水的沸腾温度,可能会出现一种特殊现象,即沸溢[1-2]。沸溢现象可能触发多米诺效应,导致严重的安全与环境事故,现有防控措施存在极端工况适应性不足、油品特异性响应缺失以及防控成本过高等局限。因此,亟需开发更为经济、高效和适应性强的防控技术,以提高沸溢事故的预防和应对能力。
国内外学者研究沸溢事故的重点,主要在于沸溢发生的机制,以及表征沸溢燃烧过程及其相关参数。沸溢发生机制的研究最早可追溯到20世纪30年代,HALL[3]、BURGOYNE[4]、HASEGAWA[5]等发现,沸溢的发生和热区的形成以及油品的性质有着密切的关系;KOSEKI[6-7]和GARO[8]等通过研究证明了乳化水影响沸溢的发生;PING Ping等[9]总结了发生沸溢的3个必要条件:水垫层、热区或热浪的形成以及界面处气泡的产生;LABOUREUR等[10]将沸溢定义为由于水垫层的汽化而导致燃料的猛烈喷射。在沸溢燃烧过程及相关参数的研究上,FAN[11]、CHATRIS[12]等提出将沸溢现象分为火焰膨胀、准稳态气泡产生和沸溢阶段;FERRERO[13-14]、LABOUREUR[10]、VALI[2]、KAMARUDIN[15]、KONG Depeng[16-17]、ZHAO Jinlong[18]等进行了小尺寸试验研究,结果表明:沸溢强度随初始燃料厚度的增大而增大,随池直径的增大而减小,当池直径足够大时,沸腾强度接近于恒定值。这些试验主要在于小尺寸的储罐,以及火焰传播特性,而沸溢发生时储罐内的介质转换情况往往被忽视。
由于沸溢现象的复杂性及其在试验研究中难以复现和控制的特点,数值模拟已成为探究沸溢机制不可或缺的工具。数值模拟允许研究者在虚拟环境中安全、经济地模拟沸溢过程,深入分析其背后的物理现象,包括燃烧、传热传质、湍流和相变等。Fluent软件的广泛适用性使其能够处理从不可压缩到高度可压缩的复杂流动问题,这为模拟涉及流体动力学、热传递和化学反应等多物理现象的储罐沸溢提供强有力的支持。通过模拟,能够预测沸溢的发生条件、发展过程及其对周围环境的潜在影响,为火灾预防和应急响应提供关键信息。
鉴于此,笔者拟基于蔡丽辉等[19]关于沸溢传热过程的理论分析,采用经典流体力学Fluent软件进行数值模拟,探究柴油储罐沸溢过程,分析柴油储罐沸溢事件中油水两相介质状态,研究介质转化特性,并考察储罐构造差异如何影响沸溢过程,以期完善沸溢发生理论,进而为沸溢过程预防预测提供一定的指导和建议。
沸溢过程是一个极其复杂的现象,涉及相间热传递、热交换、化学反应等多种复杂的物理和化学过程。此外,系统能量释放和储罐约束等耦合作用也会共同影响沸溢现象的发生和演化。由于这些因素的相互作用和复杂性,模拟计算只能尽可能接近真实工况。为得到比较准确的结果,需要做出如下假设:
1) 假设不考虑温度分层现象,介质温度分布均匀。
2) 假设容器内所有气体为理想气体,气体物性参数是随温度变化。
3) 假设任意时刻的汽化潜热取值为即时压力对应沸点温度的潜热值。在求解过程中要得到实际的即时潜热,需要在即时压力、温度的基础上进行计算,过程繁琐不易实现。
储罐沸溢的过程包含化学反应,其中,流体流动及传热满足连续介质假定,并符合质量守恒、能量守恒、动量守恒、化学组分平衡定律。为阐明储罐沸溢过程中的复杂现象,采用一种全面的数值模拟方法。使用体积分数(Volume Of Fluid,VOF)模型描述不同相之间的界面和流动,k-ε模型用于准确描述湍流流动,特别是与壁面相关的流动,以及涡耗散模型(Eddy-Dissipation Model,EDM)来估算湍流对快速反应场景中燃烧速率的影响。此外,还采用组分运输模型捕捉燃烧过程中发生的复杂化学反应。这些模型的协同应用提供从微观化学反应到宏观湍流混合的全面描述,从而提高模拟结果的准确性[20]
在流体动力学的研究领域,VOF模型是一种广泛应用于多相流动模拟的数值方法。该模型的基础在于不同流体相之间的不相溶性,即它们在物理上不会混合形成单一的均匀物质。在模型构建过程中,每引入一种新的流体相,都会相应地引入一个新的变量,即该相在计算控制体积内的体积分数。通过求解一个(或多个)相的体积分数的连续性方程,可有效了解流体中各部分相互作用和能量转换过程。对于相q,该方程具有以下形式:
1 ρ q t ( α q ρ q ) + · α q ρ q v q = S α q + p = 1 n ( m · p q - m · q p ) ρ q
式中: ρ q为流体q的密度,kg/m3 α q为流体q的体积分数; v q为流体q的速度向量,m/s; S α q为源项,表示单位时间、单位体积内体积分数的增加速率,s-1 m · p q为流体p到流体q的质量转移速率,kg/(m3·s); m · q p为流体q到流体p的质量转移速率,kg/(m3·s)。
k-ε模型作为Reynolds平均Navier-Stokes(RANS)方程的一个实现,是一种成熟的双方程湍流模型,已被广泛应用于工程领域,通过求解湍流动能k和湍流耗散率ε的输运方程,提供一个准确预测近壁面流动问题的工具。模型在模拟沸溢过程中的液体和蒸气混合、热传递和相变等关键流动特性方面发挥着至关重要的作用。此外,k-ε模型在Fluent软件中经过广泛的验证和优化,具备丰富的参数设置和边界条件选项,确保模型应用的灵活性和可靠性。
基于湍流涡旋耗散理论,EDM特别适用于处理沸溢过程中快速化学反应和湍流混合。该模型能够通过湍流混合时间尺度来有效估算燃烧速率,为复杂燃烧问题的模拟提供一种相对简化的方法。在沸溢过程中,EDM的引入,显著增强了对高雷诺数和复杂几何形状流动问题的模拟能力,这对精确模拟储罐内部的动态变化尤为重要。
计算时涉及的气液转换关系如下:
T > T s 时(沸腾状态):
R l = - λ α l ρ l T - T s | T s
R v = λ α l ρ l T - T s | T s
T < T s 时(凝结状态):
R l = λ α v ρ v T - T s | T s
R v = - λ α v ρ v T - T s | T s
式中: α v α l为气相和液相体积分数; ρ v为气体密度,kg/m3 ρ l为液体密度,kg/m3 R v R l为质量源相,kg/(m3·s); T为系统温度,K; T s为饱和温度,K;λ为松弛因子。
两相界面处的换热量计算为:
q = ρ l × h
式中 h为水的汽化潜热,J/kg。汽化潜热的计算采用气相压力对应的沸点温度的潜热值,依据压力与沸点温度关联潜热的拟合模型,有
h = 2   257 × 10 3 × ( 1 - P 22.06 ) 0.38
蒸发和冷凝速率由下式确定:
Γ l = h l A l ( T s - T l ) h
Γ v = h l A l ( T l - T s ) h
式中: Γ l为蒸发速率,kg/(m2·s); Γ v为冷凝速率,kg/(m2·s); h l为相间换热系数,W/(m2·K);Al为单元体积的界面面积,m2
相间换热系数 h l是努塞尔特数Nu、气泡半径 d b,m,以及液体导热系数 k l,W/(m·K)的函数,其表达式为[21]
h l = N u k l / d b
建立储罐模型,储罐为缩小版的柴油储罐,考虑该模型关于圆柱中心轴线对称,故采用二维模型,提高运算效率。材料使用Fluent材料数据库中的diesel-liquid,柴油物性参数如下:密度730 kg/m3,比热2 090 J/(kg·K),热导率0.149 W/(m·K),黏度0.002 4 Pa·s。
建模时,使用Gambit软件建立几何模型,以二维矩形表示一个高度为1.25m,直径为1m柱形立式储罐的纵向截面,以高度为0.75m,直径为1.5m的二维矩形表示柱形卧式储罐的纵向截面。由于Gambit建模的默认设置,对比实际情况,建立所有模型都应逆时针旋转90°。网格划分如图1所示。
选取直径1 000mm、高度1 250mm的立式储罐,以及直径1 500mm、高度750mm的卧式储罐。3种不同的油水比例分别为1∶1、2∶1、3∶1。2种初始水层厚度,即初始水层厚度为50和100mm。试验工况见表1
为确定柴油储罐介质转化特性对比数值模拟结果和油罐火灾沸溢发生时间预测模型[19]数据,模拟结果显示沸溢时油层温度约为400 K,与文献[19]中柴油储罐沸溢时罐内油层的温度约为410 K相近。对比模拟结果与文献中含水率对沸溢强度影响数据,如图2所示。从图2中可以看出,随着油品含水率的增加,沸溢强度变小,水相的蒸发会吸收更多的热量,导致油品表面温度降低。这种现象会减少过热水层的厚度,因为热量传递到油层的效率降低,抑制沸溢现象的发生。试验数据与模拟结果趋势线吻合,显示出含水率与沸溢强度之间的负相关性,进一步验证数值模型在预测沸溢行为方面的准确性和适用性。
经过简化以及软件设置要求,初始时刻储罐内介质情况如图3a所示。液相主要有2相,水层位于底部,水层上方是油层。零时刻,容器内介质处于热力学平衡状态,如图3b所示。
使用Fluent软件进行数值模拟,开始计算后,相当于实际情况中油品被点燃,液相上方温度逐渐升高,形成热区。热区随着时间不断下移,导致储罐火灾,沸溢发生前各个液相层温度不断上升,油面主要通过火焰对油表面的辐射和对流接受热量,而对于油层深处的油水界面,其接受热量的方式只有通过热传导。当水层的温度高于对应压力下的沸点时,沸溢现象可能发生。
当储罐内的水开始沸腾时,会产生大量的水蒸气。如果蒸气不能及时排出,就会在水层下方积聚形成高压区。随着水蒸气压力不断增大,它会推动上方的油层向上移动,同时也会将水层底部的部分水分解为小水滴并带入油层中。发生沸溢时油层突然破裂并向外喷射,同时携带大量水滴一起喷出。这是因为油层破裂后形成的空腔会被迅速充满高温高压的蒸汽,从而产生强大的推力将周围液体向外抛掷出去。图4为沸溢发生时每隔2s容器内介质和温度变化。
随着时间的推移,燃烧产生的热区不断向油水交界面逼近,大约1 400s,水层温度开始升高,一开始没有明显的现象。当温度达到400 K,液态水瞬间处于过热状态,发生明显的过热沸腾现象。油水混合物受到高温和压力的作用,水汽化变得不稳定,储罐内部油层和水层的分布并不均匀,二者相互穿插,无法清晰看出相边界,容器内呈现出混乱的状态。在沸溢过程中,储罐内部的液体受到热量的作用,温度逐渐升高。由于罐壁热传导的特性,靠近罐壁的液体首先受到热量的影响,温度升高得更快。这导致靠近罐壁的液体比中心区域的液体更早达到沸点,从而开始蒸发并产生气泡。沸溢发生时,罐壁的温度比罐内燃烧的油层温度低,靠近罐壁的油随着温度的降低,其体积会收缩,即分子间的距离变小,单位体积内的分子数量增加,导致液体的密度增大而下沉。对于水相来说,开始沸腾时会产生气泡,由于气泡的浮力作用,它们会向液面上升,当下沉的液体与上升的气泡相遇时,会产生剧烈的混合和喷溅。在油水两相接触的界面处,由于表面张力的作用,沸腾时产生的气泡会聚集并形成较大的气泡团,这些气泡团在上升过程中会带动周围的液体一起移动,形成油水共沸现象。图5为沸溢发生后10~30s容器内介质和温度变化。
油和水的密度不同,油层通常位于水层之上,在沸溢发生的后期,这种分层现象变得更加明显,随着时间的推移,油层和水层之间的界面会逐渐变的清晰。沸溢过程中,由于内部水蒸气气泡和水流的作用,油层可能会出现波动和不稳定性,这些波动会导致油层的局部区域向上或向下移动,形成不规则的界面。在沸溢的后期,储罐内温度逐渐降低,整个容器内温度场较为稳定,整体温度呈下降趋势,温度梯度下降,火焰最高温度大约为1 080 K,底部液相的温度大约为400 K,沸溢程度下降,容器内介质处于混乱无序的状态,介质泄放稳定,在容器底部逐渐开始有液体析出,液体为沸溢结束后剩余的油和水。
相较于立式储罐,卧式储罐由于储罐直径较大,液体在容器内的分布更为均匀,进而促使整体加热更加均匀,减少局部高温区域的形成,从而降低沸溢事件发生的概率。液体受热后产生的蒸气可以更好地分散和扩散,内部压力分布更均匀,储罐内部的压力梯度较小,能够有效释放压力。在模拟工况中,仿真模拟得到的结果显示,在相同水层高度的情况下,油水比例越大,沸溢强度越大,且沸溢发生的时间滞后;相同油水比例的情况下,水层厚度越大,沸溢强度越大。
油水比例1∶1,水层厚度50mm的工况,初始时刻容器内介质和温度分布如图6所示。卧式储罐发生沸溢时,其剧烈程度低于相同油水比例下的立式储罐,但依然有明显沸溢现象。储罐内部油相和水相呈紊乱状态,呈现出和立式储罐相同的变化。储罐内部热分布不均匀,靠近罐壁的区域传热温度更高,因此,靠近罐壁的水层相较于罐中心的水层率先沸腾。水层中的蒸气气泡会带动周围的水一起向上移动,导致水层的上升流动。由于水层上升流动的推动作用,油层可能会在某些区域发生局部喷溅。在沸溢的后期,储罐内部的热量分布变得更加不均匀,靠近热源的区域有更高的温度,随着油层的不断燃烧,储罐内的介质变化逐渐稳定,两相界面逐渐清晰,直至温度降至室温。
图7为卧式储罐发生沸溢时容器内介质和温度分布。从图7可以看出,发生沸溢时,由于水层产生的气泡向上推动的浮力以及靠近罐壁油层向下的沉积作用,二者耦合作用下使得2边的液体率先向上沸腾,此时容器内油相的最高温度达到420 K,水的温度为380 K。
1) 基于Fluent的数值模拟方法在模拟储罐沸溢过程方面具有较好的适用性,油品含水率对沸溢强度有影响。油品含水率越高,储罐发生沸溢时强度越低。
2) 沸溢发生后10s内,密闭容器内油-水两相介质呈现高度无序的湍流混合态,相界面完全消融,液相温度瞬态峰值达400 K;随热力学平衡恢复,温度梯度衰减至环境温度水平。
3) 识别水层中气泡上升推动力与靠近罐壁油层沉积作用之间的耦合效应,这是引发沸溢现象的关键机制。靠近罐壁的水层先受到热量的影响,温度升高的速率较罐中心更快,因此,靠近罐壁的水层率先到达沸点,向上移动引发沸溢现象。
4) 储罐几何结构对沸溢过程有影响,卧式储罐沸溢发生时间较为提前,沸溢强度较小,而立式储罐发生沸溢时的危险性更大。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3301101)
  • 应急管理部消防救援局科技计划项目(2022XFCX14)
  • 克拉玛依市重点研发计划项目(2024zdyf0027)
  • 化工安全交叉学科研究中心项目(XK2023-07)
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0945
  • 接收时间:2024-11-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-10
  • 修回日期:2025-01-13
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2021YFB3301101)
应急管理部消防救援局科技计划项目(2022XFCX14)
克拉玛依市重点研发计划项目(2024zdyf0027)
化工安全交叉学科研究中心项目(XK2023-07)
作者信息
    1 北京化工大学 机电工程学院,北京 100029
    2 新疆消防救援总队 灭火救援指挥部,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830000
    3 北京安耐吉能源工程技术有限公司,北京 100192
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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