Article(id=1148106731927892051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0152-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1578, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1732377600000, receivedDateStr=2024-11-24, revisedDate=1739462400000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659575683, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659575683, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659575683, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659575683, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=152, endPage=157, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757855240209325, articleId=1148106731927892051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Optimization of urban medical waste transportation network based on four-dimensional risk prediction, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the safety of urban medical waste recycling and disposal,an optimization methodology for the medical waste transportation network was proposed,where the facility location,vehicle-routing and vehicle acquisition were simultaneously optimized. Firstly,according to the environmental transmission characteristic of medical waste viruses and uncertainty of urban emergency response time,BP neural network model was used to simulate the dynamic evolution process of risk,and a four-dimensional prediction model was designed. Secondly,introducing vehicle volume and capacity constraints,an optimization model,minimizing the total cost and risk,was developed by two-commodity flow formulation. The solution procedure was also developed by improving the NSGA-II algorithm based on the complexity of model. Finally,a case study in Shanghai and several tests were provided to demonstrate the workability. The computational results show that the new model and approach can provide multiple efficient plans within 672 seconds,and they are sensitive to some parameters. Compared to the traditional risk assessment,new model can provide a reduction of 3.47% and 13.04% in total cost and risk respectively. Using the risk prediction technique,a decrement of 7.41% in total risk can be achieved when comparing to current policy. New algorithm can reduce the CPU time by at least 49.44% and keep stable performance in solving problems of different scales while comparing to traditional multi-objective optimal methods.

, correspAuthors=Jiahong ZHAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jianfeng CHEN, Jiahong ZHAO, Siyu LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106734750658873, articleId=1148106731927892051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于四维风险预测的城市医疗废物运输网络优化, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高城市医疗废物回收处置的安全性,提出一类基于四维风险预测的医疗废物运输网络优化建模与求解方法。首先,根据医疗废物病毒的环境传播特征和城市应急系统的时变特性,采用反向传播(BP)神经网络模型模拟风险的动态演化过程,设计四维风险预测模型;其次,引入车辆载重和容量双重约束,采用双商品流建模方法,构建总成本和总风险最小的运输网络优化模型;然后,根据模型复杂度,基于改进的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)设计求解步骤;最后,以上海实例和多个测试验证模型和方法的有效性。结果表明:新模型和新算法能够在672 s内求得多个有效方案,并保有一定的参数敏感性;相较于传统的风险模型,新建的四维风险预测模型可分别降低3.47%的总成本和13.04%的总风险;相较于现行的优化方案,模型引入风险预测方法,能够降低7.41%的总风险;相较于常规的多目标优化方法,新算法能够缩短至少49.44%的求解时间,并在求解不同规模的优化问题时,保有较高的稳定性。

, correspAuthors=赵佳虹 副教授, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**赵佳虹(1986—),女,山西朔州人,博士,副教授,主要从事危险废物运输安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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陈剑锋 (2000—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为危险废物运输、应急管理和运输安全管理。E-mail:

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陈剑锋 (2000—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为危险废物运输、应急管理和运输安全管理。E-mail:

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陈剑锋 (2000—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为危险废物运输、应急管理和运输安全管理。E-mail:

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Journal of Cleaner Production, 2021, 314: DOI:10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.127922., articleTitle=A bi-objective robust optimization approach for the management of infectious wastes with demand uncertainty during a pandemic, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165198189025047167, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=272, issue=3, pageStart=945, pageEnd=961, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[13], rfOrder=15, authorNames=RABBANI M, HEIDARI R, YAZDANPARAST R, journalName=European Journal of Operational Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=RABBANI M, HEIDARI R, YAZDANPARAST R. A stochastic multi-period industrial hazardous waste location-routing problem: integrating NSGA-II and Monte Carlo simulation[J]. European Journal of Operational Research, 2019, 272(3):945-961., articleTitle=A stochastic multi-period industrial hazardous waste location-routing problem: integrating NSGA-II and Monte Carlo simulation, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165198189079573120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2017, volume=56, issue=2, pageStart=560, pageEnd=574, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[14], rfOrder=16, authorNames=WANG Zhiyuan, RANGAIAH G P, journalName=Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WANG Zhiyuan, RANGAIAH G P. Application and analysis of methods for selecting an optimal solution from the pareto-optimal front obtained by multiobjective optimization[J]. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2017, 56(2):560-574., articleTitle=Application and analysis of methods for selecting an optimal solution from the pareto-optimal front obtained by multiobjective optimization, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165198189121516161, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2019, volume=16, issue=11, pageStart=2042, pageEnd=2068, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[15], rfOrder=17, authorNames=ZHAO Jun, HUANG Lixiang, journalName=International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHAO Jun, HUANG Lixiang. Multi-period network design problem in regional hazardous waste management systems[J]. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2019, 16(11):2042-2068., articleTitle=Multi-period network design problem in regional hazardous waste management systems, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165198187888390764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, awardId=61803091, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(61803091), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1165198187934528109, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, awardId=2022A1515010192, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金资助(2022A1515010192), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1165198187972276846, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, awardId=2025A1515010200, language=CN, fundingSource=广东省自然科学基金资助(2025A1515010200), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1165198188010025583, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, awardId=2025ZNSFSCO394, language=CN, fundingSource=四川省自然科学基金资助(2025ZNSFSCO394), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165198185870930503, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165198185875124808, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, companyId=1165198185870930503, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Civil and Transportation Engineering,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou Guangdong 510006,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165198185883513417, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, companyId=1165198185870930503, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=广东工业大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 广州 510006)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1165198187125027424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Arc section diffusion model, figureFileSmall=OVWYeEe+Wi05OsEwVZ5IPg==, figureFileBig=2YUwyywrbxKN9LirEgEnnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198187179553377, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=CN, label=图1, caption=风险影响范围, figureFileSmall=OVWYeEe+Wi05OsEwVZ5IPg==, figureFileBig=2YUwyywrbxKN9LirEgEnnw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198187225690722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Medical wastes transportation network, figureFileSmall=/ojgg6oqEMcqJ529KUiXXw==, figureFileBig=icqy8gRiYvS1m+1fVvVn9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198187372491363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=CN, label=图2, caption=医疗废物运输网络, figureFileSmall=/ojgg6oqEMcqJ529KUiXXw==, figureFileBig=icqy8gRiYvS1m+1fVvVn9w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198187422823012, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

recommended plan

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选址 车辆数 运输路径
T1、
T3、
T4、
T5
12 T4-G26-G6-G39-G40-G7-G31-T4;
T4-G20-G9-G43-T4;T1-G46-G23-T1;
T4-G36-G37-G48-G50-G35-T3;
T3-G32-G34-G45-T3;
T4-G24-G25-G15-G14-G13-G27-T1;
T4-G47-G28-G38-G42-G41-T4;
T4-G16-G29-G30-T4;T4-G8-T4;
T4-G10-G11-G19-G17-G18-G33-T3;
T5-G49-G44-T5;T5-G21-G12-G22-T3
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187473154661, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

推荐方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
选址 车辆数 运输路径
T1、
T3、
T4、
T5
12 T4-G26-G6-G39-G40-G7-G31-T4;
T4-G20-G9-G43-T4;T1-G46-G23-T1;
T4-G36-G37-G48-G50-G35-T3;
T3-G32-G34-G45-T3;
T4-G24-G25-G15-G14-G13-G27-T1;
T4-G47-G28-G38-G42-G41-T4;
T4-G16-G29-G30-T4;T4-G8-T4;
T4-G10-G11-G19-G17-G18-G33-T3;
T5-G49-G44-T5;T5-G21-G12-G22-T3
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187527680614, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparisons of different scenarios

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 总成本/106 总四维风险 选址 车辆数
结果/元 变化率/% 结果/(km3·h) 变化率/% 结果/个 变化率/% 结果/辆 变化率/%
基础算例 1.95 0.20 4 12
情景1 1.77 -9.23 0.21 +0.50 3 -25.00 13 +8.33
情景2 1.39 -28.71 0.17 -15.00 3 -25.00 8 -33.33
情景3 2.54 +30.25 0.22 +10.00 4 0 13 +8.33
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187582206567, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

各情景下的计算结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 总成本/106 总四维风险 选址 车辆数
结果/元 变化率/% 结果/(km3·h) 变化率/% 结果/个 变化率/% 结果/辆 变化率/%
基础算例 1.95 0.20 4 12
情景1 1.77 -9.23 0.21 +0.50 3 -25.00 13 +8.33
情景2 1.39 -28.71 0.17 -15.00 3 -25.00 8 -33.33
情景3 2.54 +30.25 0.22 +10.00 4 0 13 +8.33
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187624149608, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparisons of solution procedures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
求解方法 推荐方案
总成本/
106
总风险/
(km3·h)
求解时
间/s
模糊优化 1.77 0.24 1329
NSGA-Ⅱ 1.95 0.20 672
变化率/% +10.17 -18.07 -49.44
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187703841385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

求解方法的结果对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
求解方法 推荐方案
总成本/
106
总风险/
(km3·h)
求解时
间/s
模糊优化 1.77 0.24 1329
NSGA-Ⅱ 1.95 0.20 672
变化率/% +10.17 -18.07 -49.44
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187754173034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Comparisons of different scaled problems

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点数 求解时间/s 非支配解数量
30 951 23
50 1 217 15
80 1 492 19
), ArticleFig(id=1165198187804504683, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731927892051, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

求解规模的对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
节点数 求解时间/s 非支配解数量
30 951 23
50 1 217 15
80 1 492 19
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基于四维风险预测的城市医疗废物运输网络优化
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陈剑锋 , 赵佳虹 副教授 ** , 刘思雨
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(4): 152-157
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(4): 152-157
基于四维风险预测的城市医疗废物运输网络优化
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陈剑锋 , 赵佳虹 副教授** , 刘思雨
作者信息
  • 广东工业大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 广州 510006
  • 陈剑锋 (2000—),男,广东湛江人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为危险废物运输、应急管理和运输安全管理。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**赵佳虹(1986—),女,山西朔州人,博士,副教授,主要从事危险废物运输安全方面的研究。E-mail:
Optimization of urban medical waste transportation network based on four-dimensional risk prediction
Jianfeng CHEN , Jiahong ZHAO** , Siyu LIU
Affiliations
  • School of Civil and Transportation Engineering,Guangdong University of Technology,Guangzhou Guangdong 510006,China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1578
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为提高城市医疗废物回收处置的安全性,提出一类基于四维风险预测的医疗废物运输网络优化建模与求解方法。首先,根据医疗废物病毒的环境传播特征和城市应急系统的时变特性,采用反向传播(BP)神经网络模型模拟风险的动态演化过程,设计四维风险预测模型;其次,引入车辆载重和容量双重约束,采用双商品流建模方法,构建总成本和总风险最小的运输网络优化模型;然后,根据模型复杂度,基于改进的非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)设计求解步骤;最后,以上海实例和多个测试验证模型和方法的有效性。结果表明:新模型和新算法能够在672 s内求得多个有效方案,并保有一定的参数敏感性;相较于传统的风险模型,新建的四维风险预测模型可分别降低3.47%的总成本和13.04%的总风险;相较于现行的优化方案,模型引入风险预测方法,能够降低7.41%的总风险;相较于常规的多目标优化方法,新算法能够缩短至少49.44%的求解时间,并在求解不同规模的优化问题时,保有较高的稳定性。

四维风险预测  /  医疗废物运输网络  /  反向传播(BP)神经网络  /  多目标  /  非支配排序遗传算法(NSGA-Ⅱ)

To improve the safety of urban medical waste recycling and disposal,an optimization methodology for the medical waste transportation network was proposed,where the facility location,vehicle-routing and vehicle acquisition were simultaneously optimized. Firstly,according to the environmental transmission characteristic of medical waste viruses and uncertainty of urban emergency response time,BP neural network model was used to simulate the dynamic evolution process of risk,and a four-dimensional prediction model was designed. Secondly,introducing vehicle volume and capacity constraints,an optimization model,minimizing the total cost and risk,was developed by two-commodity flow formulation. The solution procedure was also developed by improving the NSGA-II algorithm based on the complexity of model. Finally,a case study in Shanghai and several tests were provided to demonstrate the workability. The computational results show that the new model and approach can provide multiple efficient plans within 672 seconds,and they are sensitive to some parameters. Compared to the traditional risk assessment,new model can provide a reduction of 3.47% and 13.04% in total cost and risk respectively. Using the risk prediction technique,a decrement of 7.41% in total risk can be achieved when comparing to current policy. New algorithm can reduce the CPU time by at least 49.44% and keep stable performance in solving problems of different scales while comparing to traditional multi-objective optimal methods.

four-dimensional risk prediction  /  medical waste transportation network  /  back propagation (BP) neural network  /  multi-objective  /  non-dominant sorting genetic algorithm Ⅱ(NSGA-Ⅱ)
陈剑锋, 赵佳虹 副教授, 刘思雨. 基于四维风险预测的城市医疗废物运输网络优化. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 152 -157 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1578
Jianfeng CHEN, Jiahong ZHAO, Siyu LIU. Optimization of urban medical waste transportation network based on four-dimensional risk prediction[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 152 -157 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1578
医疗废物运输网络的稳定运行,与城市交通环境的不确定性密切相关。面向城市交通环境的不确定性,协同优化医疗废物运输网络设施选址、运输路径和车辆配置决策,是保障城市公共卫生安全和可持续发展的重要途径。
近年来,国内外学者针对医疗废物运输的风险分析与度量、设施选址、路径优化等内容开展了大量研究,在传统风险模型[1]基础上,建立暴露人口数量模型[2]、环境风险模型[3]和公众感知差异的鲁棒模型[4]等风险分析与度量方法。邝雨婕等[5]研究了连续时变风险下危险品储运选址-选线问题;TEOH等[6]研究了含有碳排放和运输风险的危险废物车辆路径问题,并提出多目标差分进化算法;GOVINDAN等[7]建立了不确定条件下处理传染性和非传染性废弃物的优化模型;GHANNADPOUR等[8]从可持续发展角度,构建了医疗废物收集车辆路径优化模型。以上研究成果在医疗废物管理实践中,存在如下不足:①没有评估风险持续时长;②没有考虑交通环境的不确定性;③很少涉及网络选址、路径优化等决策的组合优化;④模型和方法的稳定性和敏感性测试分析不足。
鉴于此,笔者拟采用风险预测技术,研究医疗废物运输网络多目标优化建模与求解方法,协同解决设施选址、运输路径和车辆配置决策。根据病毒传播特征,结合城市应急时间的不确定性,设计四维风险预测模型。引入车辆载重能力和容积约束,构建总成本和总风险最小的数学模型,并设计改进非支配排序遗传算法(Non-dominant Sorting Genetic Algorithm Ⅱ,NSGA-II)。以期提高城市医疗废物回收处置的安全性。
医疗废物含有大量的感染性病毒,若运输时突发泄漏事故,病毒会在大气环境中扩散,周边人群通过吸入、接触等方式感染病毒。在三维空间上融合第四维度的时间因素,将医疗废物运输网络风险定义为:在一定的事故概率下,运输网络泄漏的医疗废物污染的大气环境体积及污染时长。将运输网络节点和路段设为潜在的泄漏事故区域,运输节点和路段上的四维风险RnRe可计为事故概率、风险影响范围及其影响时长的乘积。
R n = p n × A n × t n
R e = p e × A e × t e
式中:pnpe分别为运输节点和路段发生泄漏事故的概率;AnAe分别为节点和路段的四维风险影响范围,即泄漏病毒污染的大气环境体积,m3tnte为该污染体积在节点和路段的存在时长,计为风险影响时长,h。显然,风险影响范围和时长是度量四维风险的关键因素。
医疗废物的泄漏事故潜藏在城市道路网络的各个关键运输节点和路段,泄漏的感染性病毒在大气环境中进行三维方向的扩散。分别将医疗废物运输网络节点和路段设为潜在的事故区域,测算病毒扩散范围,即四维风险影响范围。对于任意节点i,病毒是以节点为圆心,基于地平面进行立体扩散,其四维风险影响范围是一个半球体,如图1a所示。对于任意路段(ij),病毒以路段为轴线,基于地平面进行立体扩散,其四维风险影响范围可模拟为一个半圆柱体,如图1b所示。假设病毒均匀扩散[9],以rD为扩散半径和路段长度,km,则运输节点和路段的四维风险影响范围分别计为:
A n = 2 3 × π × r 3
A e = 1 2 × π × r 2 × D
城市路网中设有应急中心,若突发泄漏事故,从应急中心前往事故点的在途运输时间,决定了四维风险的影响时长。引入路阻函数[10],将运输节点和路段的四维风险影响时长计为:
t n = L n V × 1 + 0.15 × Q C 4
t e = L e V × 1 + 0.15 × Q C 4
式中:LnLe分别为应急中心与事故发生的运输节点和路段之间距离,km;V为最大限行速度,km/h;CQ分别为道路通行能力和实时交通量,辆/h。
道路的实时交通量动态变化,运输节点和路段的四维风险影响时长具有不确定性,采用反向传播(Back Propagation,BP)神经网络模型[11]预测估算风险影响时长。具体步骤为:
步骤1:以道路历史交通量为训练样本,归一化处理数据;定义神经网络结构并初始化参数。
步骤2:将训练样本输入神经网络输入层,进行前向传播。
步骤3:比较预测结果与期望输出值。若误差小于给定阈值,模型结束训练,输出预测数据,转至步骤6;否则,转至步骤4。
步骤4:将误差从输出层向输入层进行BP,使用梯度下降方法更新网络连接权重和偏置。
步骤5:若达到最大迭代次数,训练终止,输出,转至步骤6;否则,转至步骤2。
步骤6:将预测数据代入式(5)或式(6)建立数据库,以算术平均值的方式计算得到风险影响时长。整合式(1)—式(4)得到四维风险预测模型为:
R n = p n × 2 3 × π × r 3 × t ¯ n
R e = p e × 1 2 × π × r 2 × D × t ¯ e
在医疗废物运输网络中,运输车辆从处置中心出发,收集各生产点的医疗废物后返回,医疗废物运输网络如图2所示。若突发泄漏事故,应急中心到事故点的应急时间,会受到路网交通量的动态影响,使得四维风险影响时长具有极大的不确定性。采用BP神经网络预测风险,以总成本和总风险最小化为目标,构建医疗废物运输网络优化模型。
车辆和处置中心满足医疗废物收运的安全要求;车辆载运的医疗废物不能超过车辆容积的2/3;应急时间是应急队伍经最短路到达事故点的时间;车辆载运量和中心处置量计为潜在泄漏量。
基于双商品流建模方法[12],假设N为运输网络节点集合, N = G S S ¯;E为网络弧集合;G为医疗废物生产点集合,S S ¯分别为处置中心和复制处置中心的建设候选点集合。
构建目标函数,下式分别表示最小化总成本和总风险。
m i n z 1 = i S C F i o i + i S f i C D i + i j N 1 2 D i j w i j C T + u C V
m i n z 2 = i S 2 3 π r 3 t ¯ n i p n i o i + i j N 1 4 π r 2 D i j t ¯ i j e p i j e w i j
式中:oi为0~1决策变量,若建设处置中心i,则为1,反之为0; C i F为处置中心i的固定建设成本,元;fi为处置中心i处理的废物量,t; C i D为中心i的单位处置成本,元;Dij为网络弧(ij)长度,km; wij为0~1变量,若车辆经过弧(ij),则为1,反之为0;CVCT分别为车辆的固定成本和运输成本,元;u为购置的车辆数; p i n p i j e分别为节点i和弧(ij)的泄漏事故概率; t ¯ n i t ¯ i j e分别为节点i和弧(ij)的四维风险影响时长,h。
下式分别表示各生产点的废物净流出质量和体积等于该点的废物质量和体积的2倍。
j N j i ( x i j - x j i ) = 2 × g i i G
j N j i ( y i j - y j i ) = 2 × v i i G
式中:givi 分别为生产点i的废物质量和体积,t和m3xijyij分别为车辆在弧(ij)上实际载运的废物质量和体积,t和m3xjiyji分别为车辆在弧(ij)上剩余的质量和容积,t和m3
下式分别表示车辆的实际载运废物质量和容积的守恒约束:
i G l S - x l i = u H - i G g i
i G l S - y l i = 2 3 u I - i G v i
式中HI分别为车辆的最大载质量和最大容积,t和m3
下式分别表示复制处置中心流入的废物总质量和总体积等于所有的废物总质量和总体积:
i G l S - x i l = i G g i
i G l S - y i l = i G v i
下式分别表示车辆的最大载质量和体积约束。
i G l S - x i l u H
i G l S ¯ y i l 2 3 u I
下式分别表示每一条弧上的实际废物质量和体积与剩余质量和剩余体积的流量守恒约束。
x i j + x j i = H w i j i j N i j
y i j + y j i = 2 3 I w i j i j N i j
下式表示路径的每个生产点有2条关联边:
i N i j w i j = 2 j G
下式表示处置中心的最大能力约束:
f i o i F C i i S
式中 F i C为处置中心i的最大处置能力,t。
下式为决策变量的逻辑约束:
w i j w j l o i i S j N l S ¯ l - i = S
f i = j G x j l   i S l S ¯   l - i = S
采用自然数编码方法[13],将每条染色体视为2×|G|列矩阵,其中,|G|表示生产点数量。染色体第1、2行分别为生产点和处置中心的随机排列。选址解码根据染色体第2行基因顺序,依次选取处置中心加入选址集合,直至累计选取的处置中心最大能力超过废物总量。路径解码按照染色体编码第1行基因顺序,以车辆的最大载质量和容积为限,依次分配生产点给路径,并计入路径集合。在路径集合中随机选择路径,以处置中心最大能力为限,依次从选址集合中选取处置中心分配为路径起点和终点。
步骤1:设定最大迭代次数M、种群规模K,进化代数s=0,初始种群记为P(0),第s代种群为P(s)。
步骤2:非支配排序第s代种群P(s)中的个体,并根据拥挤度计算适应度。
步骤3:采用竞标赛选择法随机选择2个个体,选择具有较高适应度的个体作为父代。
步骤4:交叉、变异操作,产生新一代种群。
步骤5:父代和子代个体合并为新种群,s=s+1,若s=M时,进行非支配排序,输出解集,转至步骤6;否则转至步骤2。
步骤6:采用多维偏好分析线性规划方法[14],设计推荐方案选择策略,选取与理想解的欧氏距离最小的解作为推荐方案。
上海医疗废物运输网络含有5个处置中心建设候选点(T1—T5)、45个生产点(G6—G50)和1个应急中心(S0)。各生产点的医疗废物日产量的取值区间为[63.51,7 659.6]kg。处置中心的固定建设成本为2.60×105元/a、单位处理成本为525元/t、最大处理能力为5t/d。车辆的最大载质量为1.50t、最大容积为14m3、固定成本为7.50×104元、运输成本为5元/km。病毒扩散半径为0.8km,道路和处置中心的泄漏事故概率分别为3.6×10-7和6×10-4[15]。获取4个工作日9:00—17:00内每5min的道路交通量,构建含有1个输入层、2个隐藏层和1个输出层的BP神经网络,各层神经元数量分别为96、1和10个,学习率为0.01。采用L2正则化,权重衰减系数为0.000 1。训练过程最大迭代次数为1 000,早停策略容忍度为10。BP神经网络预测网络节点的四维风险影响时长范围是[0.04,1.29],各路段的四维风险影响时长计为2节点影响时长的算术平均值。
初始种群数为100,迭代次数3 000,交叉、变异概率分别为0.8和0.2。采用改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法可在672s内求得9组优化方案,其中,推荐方案见表1,其总成本为1.95×106元,总风险为0.20km3·h。
以实例为基础算例,设置3个情景:①处置中心最大能力提高50%;②车辆载质量和容积增加50%;③处置中心固定建设成本增加50%。计算结果见表2。由表2可知:提高最大能力,处置中心建设数量减少25%,总成本减少9.23%,总风险增加0.50%;增加车辆载质量和容积,车辆配置数量减少33.33%,总成本和总风险降低28.71%和15.00%;提高固定建设成本,总成本增加30.25%。
选取路网近6个月的平均交通流量,推算平均风险影响时长标准值为0.21h。若不采用预测技术,以道路设计长度和设计速度,计算平均风险影响时长为0.18h,与标准值的误差为14.29%,推荐方案风险为2.16×10-1km3·h。若采用预测技术,路网平均风险影响时长为0.22h,与标准值误差为4.76%,总风险为2.00×10-1km3·h。可见:采用风险预测技术能降低66.69%的估算误差和7.41%的总风险。
基于实例数据,对比分析模糊优化方法和改进算法的求解效果,见表3。由表3可知:改进算法能缩减至少49.44%的求解时间,并能在增加10.17%的总成本前提下,有效降低18.07%的总风险。
随机生成3种不同规模的测试算例,分析改进NSGA-II算法的求解稳定性,结果见表4。新算法能在1 492s以内求解不同规模的优化问题,并保障非支配解的求解数量。
1) 考虑城市应急时长的不确定性,设计四维风险预测模型,构建总成本和总风险最小的优化模型,并设计改进NSGA-Ⅱ算法进行求解。
2) 新模型和算法能在672s内为中小规模的优化问题提供多个有效方案,并具有参数敏感性,有效平衡医疗废物回收处置的成本与风险。
3) 相较于传统方法,使用风险预测技术得到的最优方案可降低7.41%的总风险,提高城市医疗废物回收处置的安全性。
4) 相较于常规方法,新算法能缩短至少49.44%的求解时间,并保有计算稳定性,提高优化求解的效率与可靠性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(61803091)
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助(2022A1515010192)
  • 广东省自然科学基金资助(2025A1515010200)
  • 四川省自然科学基金资助(2025ZNSFSCO394)
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1578
  • 接收时间:2024-11-24
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-11-24
  • 修回日期:2025-02-14
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(61803091)
广东省自然科学基金资助(2022A1515010192)
广东省自然科学基金资助(2025A1515010200)
四川省自然科学基金资助(2025ZNSFSCO394)
作者信息
    广东工业大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 广州 510006

通讯作者:

**赵佳虹(1986—),女,山西朔州人,博士,副教授,主要从事危险废物运输安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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