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Article(id=1148106731831418998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0145-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733673600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-09, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659575660, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659575660, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659575660, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659575660, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=145, endPage=151, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757846918710084, articleId=1148106731831418998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Effect of longitudinal wind on ceiling radiant heat flux of tunnel fires, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To reveal the distribution characteristics of ceiling radiant heat flux in full-scale tunnel fires，the numerical simulation research was carried out. Longitudinal ventilation velocities，heat release rates and effective fire heights were changed. The distribution of ceiling radiant heat flux in road tunnel vehicle fires，the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux and its position were analyzed. The influences of the longitudinal wind speed，the heat release rate，and the effective fire height on each parameter and their important degrees were revealed. Results show that under the natural ventilation，affected by the heat release rate and effective fire height，the radiant heat fluxes under the ceiling above the fire source surface show a uniform distribution，or the law that the middle radiant heat fluxes are low while the two sides are high. Under the longitudinal ventilation，the ceiling radiant heat flux increases and then decreases. The peak value of the heat flux occurs near the center of fire source and the downstream of fire source. At large effective fire source heights，the peak values of the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux are obtained under the condition of wind speed lower than the critical velocity. While reducing the effective fire height and increasing the heat release rate，The peak value of maximum ceiling radiant heat flux individually occurs both when the wind speed is less than and when it is greater than the critical wind speed. When the wind speed below the critical velocity，the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux presents right above the surface of the fire source，and it is weakly affected by the heat release rate，longitudinal ventilation and the effective fire height. When the wind speed above the critical velocity，the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux increases with the heat release rate，and it is less affected by the wind velocity. The research results can provide some reference basis and data supports for tunnel fire prevention and control and tunnel safety design.

, correspAuthors=Huaxian WAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xiangbo YANG, Huaxian WAN, Yuchun ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106740144530040, articleId=1148106731831418998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=纵向风对隧道火灾顶棚辐射热流的影响, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为揭示全尺寸隧道火灾顶棚辐射热流分布特征，开展数值模拟研究，通过改变纵向风速、火源功率和火源有效高度，模拟分析公路隧道顶棚辐射热流分布、顶棚最大辐射热流及其位置等参数，揭示纵向风速、火源功率和火源有效高度对各参数的影响及其重要度。结果表明：受火源功率和火源有效高度的影响，自然通风时火源表面上方的顶棚辐射热流呈均匀分布或中间低两边高的变化特征；纵向通风时顶棚辐射热流呈先增后减的变化特征，且热流峰值出现在火源中心附近及火源下游。火源有效高度较高时，顶棚最大辐射热流峰值在风速小于临界风速时获得；随着火源有效高度的减小和火源功率的增大，风速小于和大于临界风速时都会出现顶棚最大辐射热流峰值。风速小于临界风速时，顶棚最大辐射热流位置出现在火源表面上方，受火源功率、纵向通风以及火源有效高度的影响较小；风速大于临界风速时，顶棚最大辐射热流位置随火源功率增大而增大，受纵向风速的影响较小。

, correspAuthors=万华仙 副教授, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**万华仙(1990—)，女，四川成都人，博士，副教授，主要从事隧道火灾相关方面的研究。E-mail：。
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杨项博 (1999—)，男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道火灾。E-mail：。

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杨项博 (1999—)，男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道火灾。E-mail：。

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杨项博 (1999—)，男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道火灾。E-mail：。

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address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1165198285418541205, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, authorId=1165198285330460819, language=CN, stringName=张玉春 教授, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=null, address=null, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null)}, companyList=null)], keywords=[Keyword(id=1165198285540176022, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=EN, orderNo=1, keyword=tunnel fire), Keyword(id=1165198285590507671, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=EN, orderNo=2, keyword=longitudinal wind), Keyword(id=1165198285640839320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, 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International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 2013, 57(2): 671-678., articleTitle=Influence of longitudinal wind on natural ventilation with vertical shaft in a road tunnel fire, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165198290074218719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=283, pageEnd=302, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[22], rfOrder=27, authorNames=LOENNERMARK A, INGASON H, journalName=Fire Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LOENNERMARK A, INGASON H. Fire spread and flame length in large-scale tunnel fires[J]. Fire Technology, 2006, 42(4): 283-302., articleTitle=Fire spread and flame length in large-scale tunnel fires, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165198290158104800, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2006, volume=42, issue=4, pageStart=329, pageEnd=350, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=LEMAIRE T, KENYON Y, journalName=Fire Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LEMAIRE T, KENYON Y. Large scale fire tests in the second Benelux tunnel[J]. Fire Technology, 2006, 42(4): 329-350., articleTitle=Large scale fire tests in the second Benelux tunnel, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165198290212630753, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=164, issue=null, pageStart=79, pageEnd=86, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[24], rfOrder=29, authorNames=WAN Huaxian, GAO Zihe, JI Jie, journalName=Energy, refType=null, unstructuredReference=WAN Huaxian, GAO Zihe, JI Jie, et al. Experimental and theoretical study on flame front temperatures within ceiling jets from turbulent diffusion flames of n-heptane fuel[J]. Energy, 2018, 164: 79-86., articleTitle=Experimental and theoretical study on flame front temperatures within ceiling jets from turbulent diffusion flames of n-heptane fuel, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165198287503110324, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, awardId=52278415, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52278415), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1165198287704436917, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, awardId=51906239, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(51906239), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165198284881670279, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165198284890058888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, companyId=1165198284881670279, language=EN, country=null, 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position of q · m a x " with Q · (v ≥ 3 m/s), figureFileSmall=PZJdvAYObBNT1TgIOOLhXw==, figureFileBig=UzjGFvVQSReGXuAlwt5EOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198286974628015, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=CN, label=图8, caption=顶棚最大辐射热流位置随火源功率的变化(v ≥ 3 m/s), figureFileSmall=PZJdvAYObBNT1TgIOOLhXw==, figureFileBig=UzjGFvVQSReGXuAlwt5EOA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198287016571056, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of simulated ceiling temperatures with test results of reference [22]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离火源中心距离/m 试验温度/℃ 模拟温度/℃
7 1 141 1 200
47 396 458
77 271 351
107 217 267
), ArticleFig(id=1165198287079485617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟顶棚温度与文献[22]试验结果的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离火源中心距离/m 试验温度/℃ 模拟温度/℃
7 1 141 1 200
47 396 458
77 271 351
107 217 267
), ArticleFig(id=1165198287175954610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Comparison of simulated ceiling temperatures with test results of reference [23]

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离火源中心距离/m 试验温度/℃ 模拟温度/℃
20 362 330
50 242 232
100 160 183
), ArticleFig(id=1165198287310172339, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106731831418998, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

模拟顶棚温度与文献[23]试验结果的对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
离火源中心距离/m 试验温度/℃ 模拟温度/℃
20 362 330
50 242 232
100 160 183
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纵向风对隧道火灾顶棚辐射热流的影响
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杨项博 , 万华仙 副教授 ** , 张玉春 教授
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(4): 145-151
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(4): 145-151
纵向风对隧道火灾顶棚辐射热流的影响
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杨项博 , 万华仙 副教授** , 张玉春 教授
作者信息
  • 西南交通大学 地球科学与工程学院，四川 成都 611756

    • 杨项博 (1999—)，男，甘肃天水人，硕士研究生，研究方向为隧道火灾。E-mail：。

通讯作者:

**万华仙(1990—)，女，四川成都人，博士，副教授，主要从事隧道火灾相关方面的研究。E-mail：。
Effect of longitudinal wind on ceiling radiant heat flux of tunnel fires
Xiangbo YANG , Huaxian WAN** , Yuchun ZHANG
Affiliations
  • Faculty of Geosciences and Engineering，Southwest Jiaotong University，Chengdu Sichuan 611756，China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1021
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摘要
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为揭示全尺寸隧道火灾顶棚辐射热流分布特征，开展数值模拟研究，通过改变纵向风速、火源功率和火源有效高度，模拟分析公路隧道顶棚辐射热流分布、顶棚最大辐射热流及其位置等参数，揭示纵向风速、火源功率和火源有效高度对各参数的影响及其重要度。结果表明：受火源功率和火源有效高度的影响，自然通风时火源表面上方的顶棚辐射热流呈均匀分布或中间低两边高的变化特征；纵向通风时顶棚辐射热流呈先增后减的变化特征，且热流峰值出现在火源中心附近及火源下游。火源有效高度较高时，顶棚最大辐射热流峰值在风速小于临界风速时获得；随着火源有效高度的减小和火源功率的增大，风速小于和大于临界风速时都会出现顶棚最大辐射热流峰值。风速小于临界风速时，顶棚最大辐射热流位置出现在火源表面上方，受火源功率、纵向通风以及火源有效高度的影响较小；风速大于临界风速时，顶棚最大辐射热流位置随火源功率增大而增大，受纵向风速的影响较小。

隧道火灾  /  纵向风  /  顶棚辐射热流  /  火源功率  /  火源有效高度

To reveal the distribution characteristics of ceiling radiant heat flux in full-scale tunnel fires，the numerical simulation research was carried out. Longitudinal ventilation velocities，heat release rates and effective fire heights were changed. The distribution of ceiling radiant heat flux in road tunnel vehicle fires，the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux and its position were analyzed. The influences of the longitudinal wind speed，the heat release rate，and the effective fire height on each parameter and their important degrees were revealed. Results show that under the natural ventilation，affected by the heat release rate and effective fire height，the radiant heat fluxes under the ceiling above the fire source surface show a uniform distribution，or the law that the middle radiant heat fluxes are low while the two sides are high. Under the longitudinal ventilation，the ceiling radiant heat flux increases and then decreases. The peak value of the heat flux occurs near the center of fire source and the downstream of fire source. At large effective fire source heights，the peak values of the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux are obtained under the condition of wind speed lower than the critical velocity. While reducing the effective fire height and increasing the heat release rate，The peak value of maximum ceiling radiant heat flux individually occurs both when the wind speed is less than and when it is greater than the critical wind speed. When the wind speed below the critical velocity，the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux presents right above the surface of the fire source，and it is weakly affected by the heat release rate，longitudinal ventilation and the effective fire height. When the wind speed above the critical velocity，the maximum ceiling radiant heat flux increases with the heat release rate，and it is less affected by the wind velocity. The research results can provide some reference basis and data supports for tunnel fire prevention and control and tunnel safety design.

tunnel fire  /  longitudinal wind  /  ceiling radiant heat flux  /  heat release rate  /  effective fire height
杨项博, 万华仙 副教授, 张玉春 教授. 纵向风对隧道火灾顶棚辐射热流的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 145 -151 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1021
Xiangbo YANG, Huaxian WAN, Yuchun ZHANG. Effect of longitudinal wind on ceiling radiant heat flux of tunnel fires[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 145 -151 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1021
正文
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0 引言
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随着我国公路隧道建设数量的增加，隧道发生火灾的风险也日益增加。隧道内一旦发生火灾，高温有毒烟气会对隧道内的结构、设备、车辆和人员构成严重威胁。已有隧道火灾研究主要关注火源功率、火焰形态、临界通风速度和温度分布等[1-2]的变化，对隧道内火羽流引起的热量传递特征研究较少。
顶棚辐射热流是评估隧道火灾热量传递大小的关键参数之一，对预测隧道火灾是否蔓延以及损失程度至关重要。目前，对于隧道火灾辐射热流的研究相对较少。FAN Chuangang等[3]发现，隧道断面面积越大，辐射热流越小。郭红会[4]采用固体火焰模型计算不同纵向风速下的隧道火焰辐射热流。TANG Fei等[5]发现，隧道内横向顶棚热流随火源长宽比的增大而增大。XU Tong等[6]发现，随着坡度的增大，倾斜隧道上游顶棚热流增大，下游顶棚热流减小。GUO Fangyi等[7]研究发现，纵向通风时，隧道下游辐射热流随与火源距离的增加呈先增后减的变化趋势。上述研究均基于Froude准则搭建缩尺模型，该缩尺模型主要保证流动的相似性，忽略了辐射效应[8]。石嘉康[9]发现，Froude模型无法对辐射传热系数进行缩放，缩尺隧道内的辐射传热比例高于全尺寸隧道，而烟气温度和烟气速度小于全尺寸隧道火灾。全尺寸隧道火灾辐射热流研究中，姜智彬[10]采用点源模型计算火灾辐射热流，确定全尺寸隧道内火灾辐射引燃的安全距离。王明年等[11]分析了全尺寸隧道火灾的车辆引燃时间。然而，上述研究并未对全尺寸隧道火灾在纵向通风作用下的顶棚辐射热流分布进行详细测量和分析，从而未能充分揭示火灾顶棚辐射热流在隧道内的分布特征。
鉴于火灾动力学模拟工具(Fire Dynamics Simulator，FDS)被广泛应用于隧道火灾的模拟研究，且模拟结果的准确性已得到了较好的验证[12-14]。因此，笔者拟运用FDS 6.7.0版本开展全尺寸隧道火灾数值模拟研究，通过改变纵向风速、火源功率及火源有效高度，分析隧道车辆火灾顶棚辐射热流分布特征，以期为隧道火灾防控和隧道安全设计提供参考依据和数据支撑。
1 全尺寸隧道火灾数值模拟
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1.1 基于FDS的隧道火灾模型
基于FDS建立全尺寸隧道火灾模型，如图1所示，隧道长500 m，宽10 m，高6 m。隧道顶部、两侧壁面以及地面的材料均为混凝土，其密度为2 280 kg/m3，热导率为1.2 W/(m·K)，比热容为0.88 kJ/(kg·K)。火源放置于隧道底部中心(图1a)。模拟考虑具有较大火灾荷载的重型货车着火，设置模拟火源的横截面尺寸为长12 m×宽2 m。参考不同车型的高度[15]，设火源有效高度He为2、3、4 m，火源功率 Q ·为10、20、30、40和50 MW。燃料为丙烷，其产烟量为0.015 kg/kg，辐射分数为0.3[16-18]。采用FDS默认的辐射传热模型，即有限体积法求解灰色气体的辐射传输方程[19]。隧道右侧开口为自然通风，左侧开口为纵向通风，设定纵向通风风速v分别为0、1.5、2、3、4.5和6 m/s，共计90个工况。模拟的环境温度为20 ℃，压强为101 kPa。总模拟时长为800 s，在模拟进行到 400 s 时，隧道内的温度和辐射热流达到稳定状态，为保证数据准确性，模拟数据均选取700~800 s的数据平均值。
在隧道纵向中心截面(Y = 5 m)设置温度切片，用于获取整个截面上的参数数据。此外，在纵向中心截面还额外设置辐射热流参数测点(图1b)，在顶棚Z = 6 m，X = 200 ~ 300 m位置，每隔 2 m，并在 X = 100 ~ 200 m 和 X = 300 ~ 500 m 处，每隔 4 m分别设置面向地板的辐射热流测点。
1.2 数值模拟网格选取
表示特征长度与网格尺寸之比的无量纲参数D*/δx已被广泛用于确定网格尺寸[19-21]，其中，特征长度D*为：
D * = Q · ρ ∞ c p T ∞ g 2 / 5
式中：ρ∞为环境密度，kg/m3；cp为空气的定压比热容，kJ/(kg·K)；T∞为环境温度，K；g为重力加速度，m/s2。
D*/δx的建议值为4~16[19]。 Q ·=10 MW时，计算的网格尺寸δx在0.15 ~ 0.60 m。选择5种网格尺寸，即δx = 0.167、0.2、0.25、0.33和0.5 m进行网格独立性分析。图2为火源中心下游100 m处的竖向温度分布。可以看出，除了0.5和0.33 m的网格，其余更小网格尺寸模拟的竖向温度相近。这说明比0.25 m更细的网格不会带来更高的预测精度，只会显著增加模拟时长。因此，选择0.25m×0.25m×0.25 m的网格大小。
1.3 隧道火灾模型验证
Q ·= 66 MW、He = 1.5 m、v = 3 m/s的场景[22]与本研究 Q ·=50 MW、He = 2 m、v = 3 m/s的工况相似； Q ·= 25 MW、He = 2.6 m、v = 2.5 m/s的场景[23]与文中 Q ·= 30 MW、He= 2 m、v = 3 m/s的工况相似。顶棚气体模拟温度与全尺寸隧道火灾试验温度比较见表1[22]和表2[23]。可以看出，顶棚模拟温度数据与全尺寸试验结果相符较好。
2 纵向风对顶棚辐射热流的影响
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2.1 自然通风条件下顶棚辐射热流分布影响
图3为自然通风(v = 0 m/s)条件下，不同 Q ·和He时火源近区顶棚辐射热流( q · ' ')随与火源中心距离(r)的变化。可以看出，在火源表面上方(r = -6 ~ 6 m)，当 Q ·=10 MW或He = 4 m时， q · ' '基本呈均匀分布；在其他更大的 Q ·或更小的He下，火源表面上方 q · ' '呈中间低两边高的分布特征。这是因为 Q ·越小、He越大时，新鲜空气越容易被卷吸到火源中心参与燃烧；随着 Q ·的增大或He的减小，火羽流卷吸受限程度增加，新鲜空气难以到达火源中心，导致 q · ' '在火源表面上方呈中间低两边高的变化特征。在火源表面上方区域以外， q · ' '随He增加逐渐减小，并且在更大的 Q ·或更小的He下，由于更多的热量在顶棚纵向蔓延， q · ' '衰减减缓。
2.2 纵向通风作用下顶棚辐射热流分布影响
图4为 Q ·=40 MW时不同v和He下 q · ' '随r增大的变化。可以看出，同一v下 q · ' '随r的增加呈先增后减的变化特征，且 q · ' '峰值出现在火源中心附近以及火源下游区域。这是因为纵向通风使得火羽流向下游倾斜，更多的热量聚集在火源下游，并沿下游方向衰减。在火源附近(0 ≤ r ≤ 10 m)，He 为 4和3 m时，下游 q · ' '在v = 2 m/s时达最大值；He 为 2 m时，下游 q · ' '在v =3 m/s达最大值。He = 4 m时，火源上游(r ≤ -6 m)的 q · ' '在所有纵向风速工况下均低于下游 q · ' '；随着He的减小，火焰撞击顶棚后延伸距离增大，较低纵向风速(v = 1.5和2 m/s)所提供的驱动力无法使火焰撞击顶棚后的上游火羽流完全流向下游，隧道上游与下游 q · ' '差距不大。其他 Q ·下具有类似的变化特征。
2.3 顶棚辐射热流纵向衰减预测模型
q · ' '受 Q ·、He、v、以及环境参数等多因素的影响。定义顶棚下方纵向温度高于600 ℃[24]温度区间的水平长度为顶棚火焰长度(Lf)，火源下游到顶棚最大辐射热流位置的纵向距离为r，不同 Q ·下 q · ' '随r/Lf的变化如图5所示。利用指数函数进行拟合：
q · ' ' = 17.36 ( r / L f ) - 0.53
可以看出， q · ' '与r/Lf呈现0.53次方衰减， q ·''随r的增加而减小，随着Lf的增大而增大。
2.4 顶棚最大辐射热流的影响
图6为不同工况下顶棚最大辐射热流( q · m a x ")随v的变化。当He = 4 m时， q · m a x "随v的增大呈先增后减的变化特征，且在v = 1.5 ~ 2 m/s时达到峰值。文中所有工况下的临界风速(vc)都在2 ~ 3 m/s范围内。说明当He较大时， q · m a x "在小于vc时达到峰值。当He为3 m和2 m时，较小的 Q ·也是在v小于vc时出现 q · m a x "峰值，较大的 Q ·条件下， q · m a x "随v增加大致呈现先减后增再减的变化特征，谷值出现在v = 1.5 m/s，2个峰值分别出现在v = 0 m/s和v = 2 ~ 3 m/s时。这说明随着He的减小以及 Q ·的增大，在v小于vc和v大于vc时都会出现 q · m a x "峰值。这是因为vc越小、 Q ·越大，火羽流的受限卷吸程度增加，当v小于vc时，纵向通风能提供更多氧气，促进火羽流进行空气卷吸，进而使顶棚辐射热流减小，出现 q · m a x "谷值；而当v大于vc时，纵向通风能提供更多氧气，也会带走更多热量，使顶棚辐射热流减小，出现 q · m a x "峰值。
2.5 顶棚最大辐射热流位置的影响
定义出现 q · m a x "的位置到火源中心的水平距离为Lmax，当 q · m a x "出现在火源右侧时，Lmax为正，反之为负。图7为v小于vc(v ≤ 2 m/s)时Lmax随 Q ·的变化。可以看出，绝大部分工况下的Lmax均出现在火源表面上方(-6 m ≤ Lmax ≤ 6 m)，受 Q ·、v以及He的影响较小，可近似认为仍出现在火源表面上方。这是因为，在小纵向风速作用下，纵向通风作用不足以克服大功率火源产生的火羽流惯性，使得烟气发生逆流，且火羽流倾斜范围相对较小，从而使 q · m a x "出现在火源表面上方。
图8为在v大于vc(v ≥ 3 m/s)时Lmax随 Q ·的变化特征。可以看出，Lmax随 Q ·的增大而增大，受v的影响较小；Lmax值的变化范围表明：随着 Q ·的增大，辐射热流峰值的位置从靠近火源中心(Lmax = 0)转变为出现在火源下游(Lmax > 6 m)。这是因为v较大时，纵向通风作用占主导，火羽流倾斜程度增加。
3 结论
收起
1) 自然通风条件下，当火源功率较小或火源有效高度较大时，火源表面上方的顶棚辐射热流基本呈现均匀分布状态；当火源功率更大或火源有效高度更小时，火源表面上方的辐射热流呈现中间低两边高的分布特征。纵向通风作用下，顶棚辐射热流随纵向距离的增加呈现先增后减的变化特征，峰值出现在火源附近以及下游区域。通过建立顶棚辐射热流衰减模型，发现顶棚辐射热流与无量纲纵向距离呈现出-0.53次方的衰减特征。
2) 当火源有效高度较大时，在纵向风速小于临界风速时达到顶棚最大辐射热流峰值；随着火源有效高度的减小和火源功率的增大，在风速小于和大于临界风速时都会出现顶棚最大辐射热流峰值。
3) 纵向风速低于临界风速时，顶棚最大辐射热流出现在火源表面上方，受火源功率、纵向通风以及火源有效高度的影响较小；当纵向风速高于临界风速时，顶棚最大辐射热流位置到火源中心的水平距离随着火源功率的增大而增大，受纵向通风的影响较小。
基金
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  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52278415)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51906239)
文献
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1021
  • 接收时间：2024-12-09
  • 首发时间：2025-07-05
  • 出版时间：2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-12-09
  • 修回日期：2025-02-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52278415)
国家自然科学基金资助(51906239)
作者信息
    西南交通大学 地球科学与工程学院，四川 成都 611756

通讯作者:

**万华仙(1990—)，女，四川成都人，博士，副教授，主要从事隧道火灾相关方面的研究。E-mail：。
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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