Article(id=1148106729927209859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)03-0253-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0531, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728835200000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-14, revisedDate=1734969600000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659575205, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659575205, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659575205, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659575205, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106708670477182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401518130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=253, endPage=260, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767353979810294, articleId=1148106729927209859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Development and validation of a coupled multi-layered heat and mass transfer model of firefighting protective clothing, columnId=1149735805633081985, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Occupational health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the accuracy of human thermal injury assessment and protect rescuers' safety in thermal radiation environments,a coupled heat and mass transfer model of skin-microenvironment-firefighting clothing system was proposed to predict skin burn injuries under dynamic conditions. Based on mechanism of heat and moisture transfer in porous media,the periodic movement of fabric caused by human activities and its impact on heat and mass transfer in the skin-microenvironment-firefighting clothing system were considered. Furthermore,the proposed model was used to simulate skin temperature,time of skin burn,and the distribution of temperature and humidity in the fabric layers for both dry and wet cases in real time. The results show that the relative error between simulated values predicted by the model and the experimental measurements presented in the literature is only 3.79%. When exposed to 8.5 kW/m2 thermal radiation environments,the time to second-degree burn for the dry case is 33.7 s earlier than that for the wet case. When firefighters approach a 20 kW/m2 radiant heat source at a speed of 1 m/s,the heat transferred is impeded by the increase in thermal layer thickness. This extends the time for second-degree burns to occur by 10.9 s and reduces the heat absorbed by the skin surface by 20%. When the air gap thickness in the microenvironment is the same as the amplitude of the periodic motion of fabric,the skin temperature increases rapidly and fluctuates significantly,and the time to second-degree burn occurs 43.7 s earlier. Human body movement and moisture in fabric layers affect heat transfer process between the human body and thermal environment,thereby their impact on the accuracy of rescue assessments cannot be ignored.

, correspAuthors=Ying LEI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jie YANG, Yingru LU, Ying LEI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106735958618567, articleId=1148106729927209859, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=消防服多层织物热质耦合传递模型建立与验证, columnId=1149735805817631364, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提升火场高温热辐射环境中人体热损伤评估精度,保障救援人员生命安全,建立适用于动态条件的皮肤-微环境-消防服系统热质耦合传递模型;基于多孔介质热湿传递机制,考虑人体活动引起的织物周期运动及其对消防服热湿传递过程的影响,实时预测不同热辐射强度下干态和湿态的皮肤温度、烧伤时间、织物层温湿度分布等。结果表明:模型预测皮肤温度模拟值与文献试验测量值的相对误差仅为3.79%。8.5 kW/m2热辐射暴露工况下,干态条件下发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间比湿态条件下提前33.7 s;消防员以1 m/s的速度靠近20 kW/m2辐射热源时,增加隔热层厚度能更有效地阻挡热量传递,人体发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间延长10.9 s,且皮肤表面吸收的总热能降低20%;当微环境厚度与织物的周期运动振幅相同,导致高温织物周期性地直接接触皮肤表面时,皮肤温度快速上升且发生显著波动,发生二度皮肤烧伤时间提前43.7 s。人体运动和织物中存在的水分均会作用于人体与环境的热交换过程,对于救援研判精度的影响不可忽略。

, correspAuthors=雷颖, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 雷颖(1997—),女,陕西渭南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为职业健康。E-mail:
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杨 杰 (1987—),男,山西大同人,博士,教授,主要从事个体防护方面的研究。E-mail:

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消防服多层织物热质耦合传递模型建立与验证
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杨杰 , 卢盈汝 , 雷颖 **
中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2025,35(3): 253-260
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中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2025, 35(3): 253-260
消防服多层织物热质耦合传递模型建立与验证
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杨杰 , 卢盈汝, 雷颖**
作者信息
  • 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 杨 杰 (1987—),男,山西大同人,博士,教授,主要从事个体防护方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 雷颖(1997—),女,陕西渭南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为职业健康。E-mail:
Development and validation of a coupled multi-layered heat and mass transfer model of firefighting protective clothing
Jie YANG , Yingru LU, Ying LEI**
Affiliations
  • College of Safety Science and Engineering,Xi'an University of Science and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710054,China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0531
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为提升火场高温热辐射环境中人体热损伤评估精度,保障救援人员生命安全,建立适用于动态条件的皮肤-微环境-消防服系统热质耦合传递模型;基于多孔介质热湿传递机制,考虑人体活动引起的织物周期运动及其对消防服热湿传递过程的影响,实时预测不同热辐射强度下干态和湿态的皮肤温度、烧伤时间、织物层温湿度分布等。结果表明:模型预测皮肤温度模拟值与文献试验测量值的相对误差仅为3.79%。8.5 kW/m2热辐射暴露工况下,干态条件下发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间比湿态条件下提前33.7 s;消防员以1 m/s的速度靠近20 kW/m2辐射热源时,增加隔热层厚度能更有效地阻挡热量传递,人体发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间延长10.9 s,且皮肤表面吸收的总热能降低20%;当微环境厚度与织物的周期运动振幅相同,导致高温织物周期性地直接接触皮肤表面时,皮肤温度快速上升且发生显著波动,发生二度皮肤烧伤时间提前43.7 s。人体运动和织物中存在的水分均会作用于人体与环境的热交换过程,对于救援研判精度的影响不可忽略。

消防服  /  多层织物  /  热质耦合  /  传递模型  /  皮肤烧伤  /  衣下微环境

To improve the accuracy of human thermal injury assessment and protect rescuers' safety in thermal radiation environments,a coupled heat and mass transfer model of skin-microenvironment-firefighting clothing system was proposed to predict skin burn injuries under dynamic conditions. Based on mechanism of heat and moisture transfer in porous media,the periodic movement of fabric caused by human activities and its impact on heat and mass transfer in the skin-microenvironment-firefighting clothing system were considered. Furthermore,the proposed model was used to simulate skin temperature,time of skin burn,and the distribution of temperature and humidity in the fabric layers for both dry and wet cases in real time. The results show that the relative error between simulated values predicted by the model and the experimental measurements presented in the literature is only 3.79%. When exposed to 8.5 kW/m2 thermal radiation environments,the time to second-degree burn for the dry case is 33.7 s earlier than that for the wet case. When firefighters approach a 20 kW/m2 radiant heat source at a speed of 1 m/s,the heat transferred is impeded by the increase in thermal layer thickness. This extends the time for second-degree burns to occur by 10.9 s and reduces the heat absorbed by the skin surface by 20%. When the air gap thickness in the microenvironment is the same as the amplitude of the periodic motion of fabric,the skin temperature increases rapidly and fluctuates significantly,and the time to second-degree burn occurs 43.7 s earlier. Human body movement and moisture in fabric layers affect heat transfer process between the human body and thermal environment,thereby their impact on the accuracy of rescue assessments cannot be ignored.

firefighting protective clothing  /  multi-layered fabric  /  coupled heat and mass transfer  /  mass transfer model  /  skin burn  /  microenvironment
杨杰, 卢盈汝, 雷颖. 消防服多层织物热质耦合传递模型建立与验证. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (3) : 253 -260 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0531
Jie YANG, Yingru LU, Ying LEI. Development and validation of a coupled multi-layered heat and mass transfer model of firefighting protective clothing[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (3) : 253 -260 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0531
随着社会化进程的加快,新兴建筑技术爆发式发展,不同建筑结构条件下火灾呈现出突发性、连锁性、复杂性和不可预见性等特点[1]。消防员作为执行灭火救援任务的重要力量,承受着极大的热损伤风险,皮肤烧伤发生的比例高达21%[2-3]。由于保障消防员生命安全和研发高性能个体防护装备的迫切需求,科学评估消防员皮肤烧伤已成为重要的研究内容之一[4]。因此,提高消防员热损伤评估精度,对于评估消防员灭火救援期间的热安全状态,提高灭火救援效率尤为关键。
近年来,学者们通过数值模拟方法探索热辐射暴露期间消防服系统中的热传递机制。如TORVI等[5]建立单层织物热传递模型模拟闪火暴露下织物中的辐射、传导与对流热传递;MELL等[6]通过向前向后辐射模型分析了低辐射暴露下消防服多层织物中热辐射的吸收与发射作用;GHAZY等[7-8]考虑了织物与衣下微环境中热辐射的吸收、发射与散射作用,通过辐射传输方程求解织物内部的瞬态辐射通量;SU Yun等[9]分析了冷却期间织物中储存能量的释放对皮肤烧伤的影响。人体皮肤与防护服之间形成衣下微环境的热传递建模对热防护性能与皮肤烧伤评估存在关键影响。现有研究已从衣下微环境的方向(水平与垂直)[10]、均匀[11-12]与非均匀[13]状态等多个方面改进其热传递模拟,以提高皮肤-微环境-防护服系统热传递建模的精度。此外,热辐射暴露期间织物的热收缩以及人体运动状态也被证明会引起微环境厚度的动态变化,影响皮肤烧伤时间的预测精度[14-15]。然而,上述研究忽略了热暴露期间多孔介质中水分蒸发、冷凝、吸收等过程对于人体与环境换热过程的影响。
水分的存在会影响织物的热物理属性与光学性能,同时通过传质现象参与系统的热传递过程。GIBSON[16]基于多孔介质热质传递理论建立了织物的热质耦合传递模型,综合考虑了热暴露期间织物中各相的热传导、液相与气相的对流与转化等对于系统传热贡献;CHITRPHIROMSRI等[17-18]增加辐射源项,预测热暴露期间系统中的热湿分布;LI Yi等[19]分析了多孔介质中液态水的毛细与重力双重效应,计算多孔介质不同吸湿程度下的温湿度与水分含量分布;FU Ming等[20]基于火灾环境强辐射与高湿的特点进一步考虑了防护服内部湿气对热辐射的吸收作用;苏云[21]考虑水分的扩散、达西流动、相变、吸湿和解吸过程,建立消防服系统热湿耦合模型探究火灾高温蒸汽条件下织物系统的传热行为。然而,上述研究在皮肤、多层织物、环境之间的热湿传递模拟中未考虑运动状态对热通量以及微环境厚度的影响,由此而导致换热量与实际灭火救援中偏差较大,降低皮肤烧伤预测精度。
鉴于此,笔者提出动态的皮肤-微环境-消防服系统热质耦合传递模型,预测热暴露期间皮肤烧伤时间和织物层温湿度分布,以期为保障消防员生命安全与提升灾害应对能力提供理论基础。
当前模型考虑织物中的水分相变、吸附与解吸以及织物周期性运动和热暴露距离的动态变化对系统热质传递及皮肤烧伤预测的影响,衣下微环境的平均厚度设置为3 mm,忽略其对流换热过程[14],消防服多层织物的属性参数通过文献获取[22]。为简化皮肤-微环境-消防服系统热质耦合传递模型的建立与求解,模型的相关假设如下:
1) 系统中的热质传递沿织物厚度方向一维传递。
2) 自由液态水既不存在于皮肤表面,也不存在于织物层中。
3) 消防服多层织物被认为具有吸湿性,但忽略织物体积膨胀或收缩[23]
4) 微环境中水蒸气密度始终处于均匀状态。
5) 忽略织物和微环境中的热质对流及人体运动期间微环境厚度的周期性变化引起的湿空气的纵向运动[17]
消防服中能量守恒方程如下:
ρ e ( c p ) e T t = x k e T x + ( Δ h v + Δ h a ) m s + K f q r e x p ( - K f x )
式中:ρe为各层织物与微环境的有效密度,kg/m3;(cp)e为各层织物与微环境的有效比热,J/(kg·K);T为不同时刻、不同位置的温度值,K;t为时间,s;x为水平坐标,m;ke为有效导热系数,W/(m·K);Δhv和Δha分别为单位质量的蒸发焓与织物中结合水至自由液态水的转变焓,J/kg;ms为水蒸气到结合水的质量转换速率,kg/(m3·s);Kf为消光系数,m-1qr为外层织物表面的入射热辐射通量,W/m2
假设织物中不同相之间始终处于局部的热力学平衡状态:
1) 消防服多层织物中固相连续方程如下:
m s = ε b ρ b t
式中:εb为结合水体积分数;ρb为结合水有效密度,kg/m3
2) 消防服多层织物中气相的扩散方程如下:
ε γ ρ ν t = x D e ρ ν x - m s
式中:εγ为气相体积分数;ρv为水蒸气有效密度,kg/m3De为织物中气相的有效扩散系数,m2/s。
随着织物温度的升高,织物中水分蒸发并向人体皮肤移动,微环境中能量守恒方程如下:
ρ γ ( c p ) γ T t = x k γ T x + K a q r ' ' e x p ( - K a x )
式中:ργ为微环境的有效密度,kg/m3;(cp)γ为微环境的有效比热容,J/(kg·K);kγ为微环境的有效导热系数,W/(m·K);Ka为微环境中空气的辐射吸收系数,m-1qr   ' '为隔热层背面向皮肤组织发射的热辐射,W/m2。通常将微环境视为矩形封闭腔进行计算。衣下微环境中空气的导热系数远低于织物纤维,其内部热传递会随厚度发生改变。因此,衣下微环境的热质传递建模对消防服的热防护性能评估尤为关键。消防员进行救援活动时多处于运动状态,考虑人体活动引起的织物周期运动,引入微环境的瞬时厚度定量计算[24] 如下式:
x = x 0 + Δ x s i n ( 2 π f t )
式中:xx0分别为微环境的瞬时和平均厚度,m;Δx为织物的周期运动振幅,m;f为织物的周期运动频率,s-1。文中设置织物的周期运动频率和运动振幅分别为1.64 s-1和1.5 mm,以分析织物周期性运动对系统温度分布和皮肤烧伤预测的影响。
皮肤组织中热传递主要以热传导为主。假定辐射热暴露期间皮肤组织的热物理属性恒定,通过Pennes热生物模型求解皮肤组织中的温度分布[25],如下式:
ρ s ( c p ) s T t = x k s T x
式中:ρs为各层皮肤组织的密度,g/cm3;(cp)s为各层皮肤组织比热容,J/(kg·K);ks为皮肤层的导热系数,W/(m·K)。Henriques烧伤积分模型被广泛用于评估人体的皮肤烧伤等级与时间[26],如下式:
Ω = 0 t 1 P e x p - Δ E R T d t 1
式中:Ω为烧伤程度量化值;P为频数因子,s-1;ΔE为皮肤活化能,J/mol;R为理想气体常数,8.315 J/(mol·K);t1为皮肤温度达到44 ℃(皮肤开始发生烧伤损伤)后的持续时间,s。
火场周围的环境温度为300 K,织物的相对湿度为0.65,初始时刻系统中温度和湿度均匀分布。皮肤-微环境-消防服系统中各控制方程均通过有限体积法及隐式格式离散求解。考虑水分对织物热物理属性的影响,通过体积加权法更新各层织物的基本属性。假设消防员运动期间衣下微环境中控制体积的尺寸随其瞬时厚度的变化而均匀变化[14]
此外,由于皮肤组织各层厚度的差异较大,考虑网格数量与计算精度之间的关系,区域离散化时将分别设置皮肤各层的空间步长以较好地反映皮肤温度的变化特征。求解过程在Matlab中实现。
为验证当前模型的有效性,预测暴露于闪火条件下15 s并冷却至60 s时,无微环境的多层织物系统传感器表面温度对比预测结果与文献[18]试验结果,如图1所示。当前模型预测的3层织物系统下传感器温升趋势与试验结果最大相对误差仅为3.79%,吻合度较高。出现误差可能是由于热暴露期间随着织物温度的升高,织物中的水分蒸发并向传感器移动,最终在传感器表面冷凝释放出大量热量,从而引起人体皮肤温度的升高。
为进一步验证当前模型的有效性,通过预测暴露期间织物不同位置的回潮率和水蒸气密度,并对比预测结果与文献[17]中的模拟结果;图2为具有微环境的消防服多层织物暴露于闪火环境中不同时刻织物中瞬态的湿度分布情况。从图2a可以看出,各层织物回潮率因其热物理属性的不同在界面处出现跳跃,随着暴露时间的增加织物瞬时回潮率会降低,这是由于温度升高导致织物中结合水的蒸发。图2b为织物中的水蒸气密度分布情况,热暴露开始阶段外层温度升高引起水蒸气密度增加,而隔热层中水蒸气密度无明显变化;随着暴露时间的增加,织物中的温度梯度导致水蒸气不断向内层织物移动,隔热层中水蒸气密度的上升速率将大于外层织物。当前模型预测织物中湿度分布与文献试验结果之间的差异,可能是由于当前模型中未考虑织物中水分蒸发进入外界环境,仅考虑织物厚度方向的水蒸气密度的传输。
随着织物温度的升高,织物中水分的相变与转移将作用于系统的热传递过程,系统热物理属性与温度梯度的改变又进一步影响其传质过程。通过当前模型参数化分析环境参数、织物属性对系统热质交换及对消防员皮肤烧伤预测的影响等因素,为消防服的设计优化提供思路。
通过当前模型预测暴露于8.5 kW/m2热辐射强度时湿态条件下人体表皮与真皮界面的温度,并与文献[21]干态热传递模型的预测结果进行对比,如图3所示。结果显示,热暴露开始阶段,当前模型预测的皮肤温度高于干态条件,热暴露75 s至暴露结束湿态条件下的皮肤温度偏低,与干态条件下皮肤温差逐渐增大。这是因为在热暴露开始阶段湿织物导热能力远大于干燥织物,皮肤表面吸收的热量快速上升,随着热暴露时间的增加,织物中水分发生相变,吸收大量热量,使传递至皮肤表面的热量发生断崖式下降[27]。通过当前模型预测的干态及湿态条件下人体二度皮肤烧伤时间分别为149.7和183.4 s,因此,在低辐射暴露条件下织物中,水分增加了消防服的热防护性能,与SU Yun等[28]的预测结果吻合。
通过当前模型预测20 kW/m2的热辐射暴露期间,消防员以1 m/s的速度靠近热源,干态及湿态条件下表皮与真皮界面处的温度对比,如图4所示。结果表明:消防员运动期间织物中的水分会导致人体皮肤温度的升高,在热暴露前50 s,湿态条件下表皮与真皮界面处温度均高于干态条件,湿态条件下消防员发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间较干态条件下提前2.3s。此外,由于热暴露期间人体靠近热源引起热暴露距离发生动态变化且伴随织物的周期性运动,因而表皮与真皮界面处温度波动上升。对比消防员长时间低辐射热暴露条件,当前运动状态下织物中的水分降低了消防服的热防护性能,增大了消防员的皮肤烧伤风险。
在当前模型中,设置外层与隔热层织物厚度分别为0.4~1.2 mm与1.4~2.2 mm,增量为0.4 mm。织物厚度对系统热质传递与皮肤烧伤预测的影响如图5所示。由图5a可知:热暴露开始阶段传递至皮肤表面的瞬时热能快速增大,随后趋于稳定,这可能是由于当织物中储存一定热能后来自热源的热量以稳定速率传递至皮肤组织,当外层织物厚度增加至1.2 mm时,皮肤表面吸收的总热能下降12.9%;由图5b可知:当隔热层织物厚度增加至2.2 mm时,皮肤表面吸收的总热能下降20%,人体发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间延长10.9 s。对比可知:增加隔热层厚度可有效阻止热暴露期间人体与环境之间的热交换。然而,当前研究结果未讨论冷却期间织物蓄热释放对皮肤烧伤的影响,由于隔热层靠近皮肤其储存热量在冷却期间大部分释放至皮肤组织,从而加速人体的皮肤烧伤风险。因此,通过隔热层织物厚度优化防护性能的同时应考虑织物系统的蓄热。
消防服多层织物与皮肤之间的微环境具有良好的绝缘性能,可有效阻止或降低系统中热量的传递速率,从而延长人体发生皮肤烧伤的时间。文中模型设定消防员运动速度为1 m/s,期间衣下微环境厚度和热暴露距离将发生动态变化。
采用当前模型预测微环境厚度为1.5、3、5 mm时表皮-真皮界面的温度,如图6所示。结果显示,在1.5 mm的初始微环境厚度下,热暴露期间人体表皮与真皮界面处温度快速升高且发生显著波动,与其他微环境厚度下皮肤温度的差异随暴露时间而增加。皮肤温度发生波动且峰值较高的原因可能是由于当前结果是基于1.5 mm的运动振幅下预测的,当人体运动期间高温织物会周期性与人体皮肤直接接触,以传导的方式释放大量热量至皮肤表面,从而引起皮肤温度快速升高,导致二度皮肤烧伤的时间由52.7 s缩短至9 s。因此,灭火救援期间关注服装合体性与不同部位的烧伤分布预测是有必要的。
通过当前模型进一步分析辐射热暴露期间皮肤组织温度分布,如图7所示。由于人体运动期间微环境厚度的周期性变化,假设系统中皮肤组织的厚度从0~0.005 1 m逐渐加深,结果显示,热暴露期间,皮肤温度始终处于上升趋势;但随着消防员撤离火场,皮肤的温升速率下降。当表皮与真皮界面处温度达到44 ℃时,人体皮肤开始发生烧伤损伤。
热暴露期间不同时刻织物层相对湿度分布和微环境中水蒸气密度如图8所示。从图8a中可以看出,消防服多层织物的相对湿度上升,这意味着由于外层织物温度快速上升引起织物内外表面温度梯度改变,织物中水分随其厚度方向的转移。通过当前模型预测的热暴露期间织物中湿度变化趋势与闪火暴露中CHITRPHIROMSR等[17]预测结果基本一致,但文中未考虑冷却期间湿度的恢复过程。热暴露期间随着织物温度的升高,织物中水分蒸发并向人体皮肤移动,因此,微环境中热质传递建模非常关键。考虑织物中水分蒸发进入微环境,热暴露期间微环境中水蒸气密度分布,如图8b所示。热暴露前20 s内微环境从织物获得水分,水蒸气密度增加,随后由于织物中水分完全蒸发且储能达到最大值,水蒸气密度趋于稳定,此时来自热源的热量将以一定速率传递至皮肤组织。
1) 人体运动导致的织物周期运动会影响消防服多层织物热湿传递,增加传递至皮肤表面的总热能;人体的运动状态下织物中存在的水分增加皮肤烧伤发生的风险,降低消防服的热防护性能。
2) 服装合体性是影响皮肤烧伤时间的关键因素,随着微环境厚度的减小,高温织物周期性接触皮肤表面并释放大量热量,导致发生二度皮肤烧伤的时间显著减少。
3) 当前模型考虑了人体活动引起的织物周期运动、热暴露距离动态变化、织物中水分的相变、吸附与解吸等过程,但忽略了出汗、颤抖、血管收缩等人体热调节功能的影响,可能导致结果存在一定误差。后续可通过CFD模拟的UDF功能,结合人体热生理调节功能,使模拟结果更接近消防实战。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52474248)
  • “十四五”国家重点研发子课题(2022YFC300610502)
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2025年第35卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0531
  • 接收时间:2024-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-14
  • 修回日期:2024-12-24
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目资助(52474248)
“十四五”国家重点研发子课题(2022YFC300610502)
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    西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054

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** 雷颖(1997—),女,陕西渭南人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为职业健康。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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