Article(id=1148106728400479048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)03-0187-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1994, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659574842, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659574842, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659574842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659574842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106708670477182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401518130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767354361491959, articleId=1148106728400479048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Mathematical model of single-source multi-destinations evacuation and optimization of emergency exits, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of public buildings and reduce casualties caused by emergencies,in view of the optimization problems of emergency exits and evacuation plans,a mathematical model and algorithm for the single-source multi-sink evacuation problem were proposed. Firstly,all evacuation paths were identified using path algorithm and sorted based on evacuation time. Then,the recursive formula for calculating evacuation time was derived based on the User Equilibrium (UE) principle and k-shortest path. The capacity allocation issues of each evacuation path at intersections were analyzed. After that then the optimization strategy for emergency exits is obtained. Finally,taking a building as an example,the evacuation network was established and calculated to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm and optimization strategy. The results show that the evacuation efficiency of the building network increases gradually with the increase in the number of evacuees,and the rate of change stabilizes after reaching a certain threshold value,Evacuation efficiency is closely associated with the total traffic capacity of specific emergency exits. Through the optimization of specific emergency exits,the evacuation efficiency of the network is enhanced,evacuation time can be reduced,and the optimization effect becomes more pronounced as the number of evacuees increases.
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为提高公共建筑物疏散效率,减少因突发事故造成人员伤亡,针对建筑物安全出口及疏散方案的优化问题,提出单源多汇疏散问题的数学模型及其算法。首先,运用通路法,得到所有疏散通路,并按照疏散时间排序;其次,根据用户均衡原理(UE)、k最短路思想,得到计算疏散时间的递推公式,再分析各疏散通路在交叉点处容量分配问题;然后,得到建筑物安全出口的优化策略;最后,以某建筑物为例,建立疏散网络并进行计算,验证算法和优化策略的有效性。结果表明:随着疏散人数增加,建筑网络疏散效率逐渐增大;且当疏散人数达到某个特定值时,其变化率近似为恒值。疏散效率与特定的安全出口总的通行能力有关,优化特定安全出口,能够提高疏散网络的疏散效率,减少疏散时间,且疏散人数越多,优化效果越明显。
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周令昌 (1979—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士,讲师,主要从事消防工程、公共安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:zzhoudong@126.com。
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周令昌 (1979—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士,讲师,主要从事消防工程、公共安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:zzhoudong@126.com。
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12(3):111-118., articleTitle=Multi-source emergency evacuation model and algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165678299289231459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, awardId=51108297, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(51108297), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1165678299352146020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, awardId=2017KJ051, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市教委科研计划项目(2017KJ051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165678296311275560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165678296319664169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, companyId=1165678296311275560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy and Safety Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165678296323858474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, companyId=1165678296311275560, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1165678297951248465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=
Two paths intersect each other, figureFileSmall=dtpsDUAfZiq0AlO3yxmI8g==, figureFileBig=E+j/ZL5lcd4AiMJghj6pIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298005774418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
2条通路节点交叉, figureFileSmall=dtpsDUAfZiq0AlO3yxmI8g==, figureFileBig=E+j/ZL5lcd4AiMJghj6pIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298127409235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Calculation procedure of single-source multi-destinations evacuation based on path algorithm, figureFileSmall=4htuDxADiWZ4ISu+nVkitQ==, figureFileBig=zylz2Vk8ZP8dJtbdVVvU9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298211295316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
基于通路法单源多汇疏散问题计算流程, figureFileSmall=4htuDxADiWZ4ISu+nVkitQ==, figureFileBig=zylz2Vk8ZP8dJtbdVVvU9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298270015573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Evacuation network, figureFileSmall=nNwoahTufcrgqA+y8FFkUQ==, figureFileBig=6NxJomxxT8rcVdiS6LZjWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298320347222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
疏散网络, figureFileSmall=nNwoahTufcrgqA+y8FFkUQ==, figureFileBig=6NxJomxxT8rcVdiS6LZjWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298383261783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=
Relationship between evacuation time and the number of evacuees before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=F7p8yaVibBaTPxl6cmyJIA==, figureFileBig=WdR+T4zS73Vf6Yhw7hFWsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298467147864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图4, caption=
优化前后疏散时间与疏散人数的关系, figureFileSmall=F7p8yaVibBaTPxl6cmyJIA==, figureFileBig=WdR+T4zS73Vf6Yhw7hFWsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298521673817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=
Relationship between evacuation efficiency,traffic capability and the number of evacuees before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=nX8m75q34KPn1DUanLanFA==, figureFileBig=IS1TEI+Oww99YwIrfxeHEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298597171290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图5, caption=
优化前后疏散效率、通行能力与疏散人数的关系, figureFileSmall=nX8m75q34KPn1DUanLanFA==, figureFileBig=IS1TEI+Oww99YwIrfxeHEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298689445979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=
All paths and their travel time
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 通路编号 | 包含的疏散弧 | 运动时间 |
| ① | e7、e11、e23、e28 | 4 |
| ② | e17、e18、e22、e31 | 6 |
| ③ | e14、e15、e26、e30 | 7 |
| ④ | e7、e9、e11、e31 | 7 |
| ⑤ | e7、e10、e11、e18、e22、e31 | 7 |
| ⑥ | e16、e19、e21、e22、e31 | 8 |
| ⑦ | e1、e4、e11、e24、e27 | 9 |
| ⑧ | e3、e4、e11、e23、e28 | 9 |
| ⑨ | e11、e12、e14、e26、e30 | 9 |
| ⑩ | e16、e19、e20、e26、e30 | 9 |
| ⑪ | e2、e5、e11、e24、e27 | 10 |
| ⑫ | e8、e11、e13、e14、e26、e30 | 10 |
| ⑬ | e8、e11、e25、e29 | 11 |
| ⑭ | e3、e4、e9、e11、e31 | 12 |
| ⑮ | e3、e4、e10、e11、e18、e22、e31 | 12 |
| ⑯ | e5、e6、e11、e13、e14、e26、e30 | 14 |
| ⑰ | e5、e6、e11、e25、e29 | 15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298760749148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
所有通路及其运动时间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 通路编号 | 包含的疏散弧 | 运动时间 |
| ① | e7、e11、e23、e28 | 4 |
| ② | e17、e18、e22、e31 | 6 |
| ③ | e14、e15、e26、e30 | 7 |
| ④ | e7、e9、e11、e31 | 7 |
| ⑤ | e7、e10、e11、e18、e22、e31 | 7 |
| ⑥ | e16、e19、e21、e22、e31 | 8 |
| ⑦ | e1、e4、e11、e24、e27 | 9 |
| ⑧ | e3、e4、e11、e23、e28 | 9 |
| ⑨ | e11、e12、e14、e26、e30 | 9 |
| ⑩ | e16、e19、e20、e26、e30 | 9 |
| ⑪ | e2、e5、e11、e24、e27 | 10 |
| ⑫ | e8、e11、e13、e14、e26、e30 | 10 |
| ⑬ | e8、e11、e25、e29 | 11 |
| ⑭ | e3、e4、e9、e11、e31 | 12 |
| ⑮ | e3、e4、e10、e11、e18、e22、e31 | 12 |
| ⑯ | e5、e6、e11、e13、e14、e26、e30 | 14 |
| ⑰ | e5、e6、e11、e25、e29 | 15 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298827858013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=
Evacuation paths and travel time before optimization
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 通路编号 | 包含的疏散弧 | 运动时间 |
| 1 | ① | e7、e11、e23、e28 | 4 |
| 2 | ② | e17、e18、e22、e31 | 6 |
| 3 | ③ | e30 | 7 |
| 4 | ⑥ | e16、e19、e21、e22、e31 | 8 |
| 5 | ⑦ | e1、e4、e11、e24、e27 | 9 |
| 6 | ⑧ | e3、e4、e11、e23、e28 | 9 |
| 7 | ⑨ | e11、e12、e14、e26、e30 | 9 |
| 8 | ⑬ | e8、e11、e25、e29 | 11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298878189662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
优化前的疏散通路及运动时间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 通路编号 | 包含的疏散弧 | 运动时间 |
| 1 | ① | e7、e11、e23、e28 | 4 |
| 2 | ② | e17、e18、e22、e31 | 6 |
| 3 | ③ | e30 | 7 |
| 4 | ⑥ | e16、e19、e21、e22、e31 | 8 |
| 5 | ⑦ | e1、e4、e11、e24、e27 | 9 |
| 6 | ⑧ | e3、e4、e11、e23、e28 | 9 |
| 7 | ⑨ | e11、e12、e14、e26、e30 | 9 |
| 8 | ⑬ | e8、e11、e25、e29 | 11 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298932715615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=
Evacuation paths and travel time after optimization
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| 序号 | 通路编号 | 包含的疏散弧 | 运动时间 |
| 1 | ① | e7、e11、e23、e28 | 4 |
| 2 | ② | e17、e18、e22、e31 | 6 |
| 3 | ③ | e14、e15、e26、e30 | 7 |
| 4 | ⑥ | e16、e19、e21、e22、e31 | 8 |
| 5 | ⑦ | e1、e4、e11、e24、e27 | 9 |
| 6 | ⑧ | e3、e4、e11、e23、e28 | 9 |
| 7 | ⑨ | e11、e12、e14、e26、e30 | 9 |
| 8 | ⑩ | e8、e11、e25、e29 | 9 |
| 9 | ⑪ | e2、e5、e11、e24、e27 | 10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298995630176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
优化后的疏散通路及运动时间
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 通路编号 | 包含的疏散弧 | 运动时间 |
| 1 | ① | e7、e11、e23、e28 | 4 |
| 2 | ② | e17、e18、e22、e31 | 6 |
| 3 | ③ | e14、e15、e26、e30 | 7 |
| 4 | ⑥ | e16、e19、e21、e22、e31 | 8 |
| 5 | ⑦ | e1、e4、e11、e24、e27 | 9 |
| 6 | ⑧ | e3、e4、e11、e23、e28 | 9 |
| 7 | ⑨ | e11、e12、e14、e26、e30 | 9 |
| 8 | ⑩ | e8、e11、e25、e29 | 9 |
| 9 | ⑪ | e2、e5、e11、e24、e27 | 10 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678299050156129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=
Evacuation time,evacuation efficiency and traffic capability of exits before and after optimization
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 人数 | 疏散时间 T/s | 疏散效率/ (人·s-1) | ΔN∶ΔT/ (人·s-1) |
| 优化前 | 优化后 | 优化前 | 优化后 | 优化前 | 优化后 |
| 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| 2 | 5 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 2.27 | 2.27 |
| 3 | 10 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 5.32 | 5.32 |
| 4 | 15 | 7.86 | 7.86 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 6.94 | 6.94 |
| 5 | 20 | 8.5 | 8.44 | 2.35 | 2.37 | 7.81 | 8.62 |
| 6 | 25 | 9.07 | 9.0 | 2.76 | 2.78 | 8.77 | 8.93 |
| 7 | 30 | 9.46 | 9.31 | 3.17 | 3.22 | 12.82 | 16.00 |
| 8 | 35 | 9.85 | 9.63 | 3.55 | 3.64 | 12.82 | 16.00 |
| 9 | 40 | 10.23 | 9.94 | 3.91 | 4.03 | 13.16 | 16.00 |
| 10 | 45 | 10.61 | 10.24 | 4.24 | 4.4 | 13.16 | 16.79 |
| 11 | 50 | 11 | 10.53 | 4.54 | 4.75 | 12.82 | 17.00 |
| 12 | 55 | 11.33 | 10.82 | 4.8 | 5.08 | 15.02 | 16.97 |
| 13 | 60 | 11.67 | 11.12 | 5.14 | 5.4 | 14.97 | 17.01 |
| 14 | 65 | 12 | 11.41 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 15 | 70 | 12.33 | 11.7 | 5.68 | 5.98 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 16 | 75 | 12.67 | 12.0 | 5.92 | 6.25 | 14.97 | 17.01 |
| 17 | 80 | 13 | 12.29 | 6.15 | 6.51 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 18 | 85 | 13.33 | 12.59 | 6.38 | 6.75 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 19 | 90 | 13.67 | 12.88 | 6.58 | 6.99 | 14.98 | 16.99 |
| 20 | 95 | 14 | 13.18 | 6.79 | 7.21 | 15.00 | 17.00 |
| 21 | 100 | 14.33 | 13.47 | 6.98 | 7.42 | 15.02 | 17.00 |
| 22 | 105 | 14.67 | 13.77 | 7.16 | 7.63 | 14.97 | 16.98 |
| 23 | 110 | 15 | 14.06 | 7.33 | 7.82 | 15.02 | 17.02 |
| 24 | 115 | 15.33 | 14.35 | 7.5 | 8.01 | 15.02 | 17.00 |
| 25 | 120 | 15.67 | 14.65 | 7.66 | 8.196 | 14.97 | 17.01 |
), ArticleFig(id=1165678299129847906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表4, caption=
优化前后的疏散时间、疏散效率及安全出口通行能力
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
| 序号 | 人数 | 疏散时间 T/s | 疏散效率/ (人·s-1) | ΔN∶ΔT/ (人·s-1) |
| 优化前 | 优化后 | 优化前 | 优化后 | 优化前 | 优化后 |
| 1 | 0 | 4 | 4 | — | — | — | — |
| 2 | 5 | 6.2 | 6.2 | 0.81 | 0.81 | 2.27 | 2.27 |
| 3 | 10 | 7.14 | 7.14 | 1.4 | 1.4 | 5.32 | 5.32 |
| 4 | 15 | 7.86 | 7.86 | 1.9 | 1.9 | 6.94 | 6.94 |
| 5 | 20 | 8.5 | 8.44 | 2.35 | 2.37 | 7.81 | 8.62 |
| 6 | 25 | 9.07 | 9.0 | 2.76 | 2.78 | 8.77 | 8.93 |
| 7 | 30 | 9.46 | 9.31 | 3.17 | 3.22 | 12.82 | 16.00 |
| 8 | 35 | 9.85 | 9.63 | 3.55 | 3.64 | 12.82 | 16.00 |
| 9 | 40 | 10.23 | 9.94 | 3.91 | 4.03 | 13.16 | 16.00 |
| 10 | 45 | 10.61 | 10.24 | 4.24 | 4.4 | 13.16 | 16.79 |
| 11 | 50 | 11 | 10.53 | 4.54 | 4.75 | 12.82 | 17.00 |
| 12 | 55 | 11.33 | 10.82 | 4.8 | 5.08 | 15.02 | 16.97 |
| 13 | 60 | 11.67 | 11.12 | 5.14 | 5.4 | 14.97 | 17.01 |
| 14 | 65 | 12 | 11.41 | 5.4 | 5.7 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 15 | 70 | 12.33 | 11.7 | 5.68 | 5.98 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 16 | 75 | 12.67 | 12.0 | 5.92 | 6.25 | 14.97 | 17.01 |
| 17 | 80 | 13 | 12.29 | 6.15 | 6.51 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 18 | 85 | 13.33 | 12.59 | 6.38 | 6.75 | 15.02 | 17.01 |
| 19 | 90 | 13.67 | 12.88 | 6.58 | 6.99 | 14.98 | 16.99 |
| 20 | 95 | 14 | 13.18 | 6.79 | 7.21 | 15.00 | 17.00 |
| 21 | 100 | 14.33 | 13.47 | 6.98 | 7.42 | 15.02 | 17.00 |
| 22 | 105 | 14.67 | 13.77 | 7.16 | 7.63 | 14.97 | 16.98 |
| 23 | 110 | 15 | 14.06 | 7.33 | 7.82 | 15.02 | 17.02 |
| 24 | 115 | 15.33 | 14.35 | 7.5 | 8.01 | 15.02 | 17.00 |
| 25 | 120 | 15.67 | 14.65 | 7.66 | 8.196 | 14.97 | 17.01 |
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