Article(id=1148106728400479048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)03-0187-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1994, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728921600000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-15, revisedDate=1734364800000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659574842, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659574842, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659574842, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659574842, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106708670477182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401518130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=187, endPage=193, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767354361491959, articleId=1148106728400479048, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Mathematical model of single-source multi-destinations evacuation and optimization of emergency exits, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of public buildings and reduce casualties caused by emergencies,in view of the optimization problems of emergency exits and evacuation plans,a mathematical model and algorithm for the single-source multi-sink evacuation problem were proposed. Firstly,all evacuation paths were identified using path algorithm and sorted based on evacuation time. Then,the recursive formula for calculating evacuation time was derived based on the User Equilibrium (UE) principle and k-shortest path. The capacity allocation issues of each evacuation path at intersections were analyzed. After that then the optimization strategy for emergency exits is obtained. Finally,taking a building as an example,the evacuation network was established and calculated to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm and optimization strategy. The results show that the evacuation efficiency of the building network increases gradually with the increase in the number of evacuees,and the rate of change stabilizes after reaching a certain threshold value,Evacuation efficiency is closely associated with the total traffic capacity of specific emergency exits. Through the optimization of specific emergency exits,the evacuation efficiency of the network is enhanced,evacuation time can be reduced,and the optimization effect becomes more pronounced as the number of evacuees increases.

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为提高公共建筑物疏散效率,减少因突发事故造成人员伤亡,针对建筑物安全出口及疏散方案的优化问题,提出单源多汇疏散问题的数学模型及其算法。首先,运用通路法,得到所有疏散通路,并按照疏散时间排序;其次,根据用户均衡原理(UE)、k最短路思想,得到计算疏散时间的递推公式,再分析各疏散通路在交叉点处容量分配问题;然后,得到建筑物安全出口的优化策略;最后,以某建筑物为例,建立疏散网络并进行计算,验证算法和优化策略的有效性。结果表明:随着疏散人数增加,建筑网络疏散效率逐渐增大;且当疏散人数达到某个特定值时,其变化率近似为恒值。疏散效率与特定的安全出口总的通行能力有关,优化特定安全出口,能够提高疏散网络的疏散效率,减少疏散时间,且疏散人数越多,优化效果越明显。

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周令昌 (1979—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士,讲师,主要从事消防工程、公共安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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周令昌 (1979—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士,讲师,主要从事消防工程、公共安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Multi-source emergency evacuation model and algorithm[J]. Journal of Management Sciences in China, 2009, 12(3):111-118., articleTitle=Multi-source emergency evacuation model and algorithm, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165678299289231459, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, awardId=51108297, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(51108297), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1165678299352146020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, awardId=2017KJ051, language=CN, fundingSource=天津市教委科研计划项目(2017KJ051), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165678296311275560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165678296319664169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, companyId=1165678296311275560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy and Safety Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165678296323858474, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, companyId=1165678296311275560, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1165678297951248465, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Two paths intersect each other, figureFileSmall=dtpsDUAfZiq0AlO3yxmI8g==, figureFileBig=E+j/ZL5lcd4AiMJghj6pIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298005774418, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图1, caption=2条通路节点交叉, figureFileSmall=dtpsDUAfZiq0AlO3yxmI8g==, figureFileBig=E+j/ZL5lcd4AiMJghj6pIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298127409235, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Calculation procedure of single-source multi-destinations evacuation based on path algorithm, figureFileSmall=4htuDxADiWZ4ISu+nVkitQ==, figureFileBig=zylz2Vk8ZP8dJtbdVVvU9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298211295316, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于通路法单源多汇疏散问题计算流程, figureFileSmall=4htuDxADiWZ4ISu+nVkitQ==, figureFileBig=zylz2Vk8ZP8dJtbdVVvU9g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298270015573, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Evacuation network, figureFileSmall=nNwoahTufcrgqA+y8FFkUQ==, figureFileBig=6NxJomxxT8rcVdiS6LZjWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298320347222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图3, caption=疏散网络, figureFileSmall=nNwoahTufcrgqA+y8FFkUQ==, figureFileBig=6NxJomxxT8rcVdiS6LZjWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298383261783, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between evacuation time and the number of evacuees before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=F7p8yaVibBaTPxl6cmyJIA==, figureFileBig=WdR+T4zS73Vf6Yhw7hFWsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298467147864, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图4, caption=优化前后疏散时间与疏散人数的关系, figureFileSmall=F7p8yaVibBaTPxl6cmyJIA==, figureFileBig=WdR+T4zS73Vf6Yhw7hFWsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298521673817, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Relationship between evacuation efficiency,traffic capability and the number of evacuees before and after optimization, figureFileSmall=nX8m75q34KPn1DUanLanFA==, figureFileBig=IS1TEI+Oww99YwIrfxeHEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298597171290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=图5, caption=优化前后疏散效率、通行能力与疏散人数的关系, figureFileSmall=nX8m75q34KPn1DUanLanFA==, figureFileBig=IS1TEI+Oww99YwIrfxeHEw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678298689445979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

All paths and their travel time

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通路编号 包含的疏散弧 运动时间
e7e11e23e28 4
e17e18e22e31 6
e14e15e26e30 7
e7e9e11e31 7
e7e10e11e18e22e31 7
e16e19e21e22e31 8
e1e4e11e24e27 9
e3e4e11e23e28 9
e11e12e14e26e30 9
e16e19e20e26e30 9
e2e5e11e24e27 10
e8e11e13e14e26e30 10
e8e11e25e29 11
e3e4e9e11e31 12
e3e4e10e11e18e22e31 12
e5e6e11e13e14e26e30 14
e5e6e11e25e29 15
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298760749148, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所有通路及其运动时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通路编号 包含的疏散弧 运动时间
e7e11e23e28 4
e17e18e22e31 6
e14e15e26e30 7
e7e9e11e31 7
e7e10e11e18e22e31 7
e16e19e21e22e31 8
e1e4e11e24e27 9
e3e4e11e23e28 9
e11e12e14e26e30 9
e16e19e20e26e30 9
e2e5e11e24e27 10
e8e11e13e14e26e30 10
e8e11e25e29 11
e3e4e9e11e31 12
e3e4e10e11e18e22e31 12
e5e6e11e13e14e26e30 14
e5e6e11e25e29 15
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298827858013, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Evacuation paths and travel time before optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 通路编号 包含的疏散弧 运动时间
1 e7e11e23e28 4
2 e17e18e22e31 6
3 e 14 e 15 e 26 e30 7
4 e16e19e21e22e31 8
5 e1e4e11e24e27 9
6 e3e4e11e23e28 9
7 e11e12e14e26e30 9
8 e8e11e25e29 11
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298878189662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

优化前的疏散通路及运动时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 通路编号 包含的疏散弧 运动时间
1 e7e11e23e28 4
2 e17e18e22e31 6
3 e 14 e 15 e 26 e30 7
4 e16e19e21e22e31 8
5 e1e4e11e24e27 9
6 e3e4e11e23e28 9
7 e11e12e14e26e30 9
8 e8e11e25e29 11
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298932715615, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Evacuation paths and travel time after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 通路编号 包含的疏散弧 运动时间
1 e7e11e23e28 4
2 e17e18e22e31 6
3 e14e15e26e30 7
4 e16e19e21e22e31 8
5 e1e4e11e24e27 9
6 e3e4e11e23e28 9
7 e11e12e14e26e30 9
8 e8e11e25e29 9
9 e2e5e11e24e27 10
), ArticleFig(id=1165678298995630176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

优化后的疏散通路及运动时间

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 通路编号 包含的疏散弧 运动时间
1 e7e11e23e28 4
2 e17e18e22e31 6
3 e14e15e26e30 7
4 e16e19e21e22e31 8
5 e1e4e11e24e27 9
6 e3e4e11e23e28 9
7 e11e12e14e26e30 9
8 e8e11e25e29 9
9 e2e5e11e24e27 10
), ArticleFig(id=1165678299050156129, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Evacuation time,evacuation efficiency and traffic capability of exits before and after optimization

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 人数 疏散时间
T/s
疏散效率/
(人·s-1)
ΔN∶ΔT/
(人·s-1)
优化前 优化后 优化前 优化后 优化前 优化后
1 0 4 4
2 5 6.2 6.2 0.81 0.81 2.27 2.27
3 10 7.14 7.14 1.4 1.4 5.32 5.32
4 15 7.86 7.86 1.9 1.9 6.94 6.94
5 20 8.5 8.44 2.35 2.37 7.81 8.62
6 25 9.07 9.0 2.76 2.78 8.77 8.93
7 30 9.46 9.31 3.17 3.22 12.82 16.00
8 35 9.85 9.63 3.55 3.64 12.82 16.00
9 40 10.23 9.94 3.91 4.03 13.16 16.00
10 45 10.61 10.24 4.24 4.4 13.16 16.79
11 50 11 10.53 4.54 4.75 12.82 17.00
12 55 11.33 10.82 4.8 5.08 15.02 16.97
13 60 11.67 11.12 5.14 5.4 14.97 17.01
14 65 12 11.41 5.4 5.7 15.02 17.01
15 70 12.33 11.7 5.68 5.98 15.02 17.01
16 75 12.67 12.0 5.92 6.25 14.97 17.01
17 80 13 12.29 6.15 6.51 15.02 17.01
18 85 13.33 12.59 6.38 6.75 15.02 17.01
19 90 13.67 12.88 6.58 6.99 14.98 16.99
20 95 14 13.18 6.79 7.21 15.00 17.00
21 100 14.33 13.47 6.98 7.42 15.02 17.00
22 105 14.67 13.77 7.16 7.63 14.97 16.98
23 110 15 14.06 7.33 7.82 15.02 17.02
24 115 15.33 14.35 7.5 8.01 15.02 17.00
25 120 15.67 14.65 7.66 8.196 14.97 17.01
), ArticleFig(id=1165678299129847906, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106728400479048, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

优化前后的疏散时间、疏散效率及安全出口通行能力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
序号 人数 疏散时间
T/s
疏散效率/
(人·s-1)
ΔN∶ΔT/
(人·s-1)
优化前 优化后 优化前 优化后 优化前 优化后
1 0 4 4
2 5 6.2 6.2 0.81 0.81 2.27 2.27
3 10 7.14 7.14 1.4 1.4 5.32 5.32
4 15 7.86 7.86 1.9 1.9 6.94 6.94
5 20 8.5 8.44 2.35 2.37 7.81 8.62
6 25 9.07 9.0 2.76 2.78 8.77 8.93
7 30 9.46 9.31 3.17 3.22 12.82 16.00
8 35 9.85 9.63 3.55 3.64 12.82 16.00
9 40 10.23 9.94 3.91 4.03 13.16 16.00
10 45 10.61 10.24 4.24 4.4 13.16 16.79
11 50 11 10.53 4.54 4.75 12.82 17.00
12 55 11.33 10.82 4.8 5.08 15.02 16.97
13 60 11.67 11.12 5.14 5.4 14.97 17.01
14 65 12 11.41 5.4 5.7 15.02 17.01
15 70 12.33 11.7 5.68 5.98 15.02 17.01
16 75 12.67 12.0 5.92 6.25 14.97 17.01
17 80 13 12.29 6.15 6.51 15.02 17.01
18 85 13.33 12.59 6.38 6.75 15.02 17.01
19 90 13.67 12.88 6.58 6.99 14.98 16.99
20 95 14 13.18 6.79 7.21 15.00 17.00
21 100 14.33 13.47 6.98 7.42 15.02 17.00
22 105 14.67 13.77 7.16 7.63 14.97 16.98
23 110 15 14.06 7.33 7.82 15.02 17.02
24 115 15.33 14.35 7.5 8.01 15.02 17.00
25 120 15.67 14.65 7.66 8.196 14.97 17.01
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单源多汇疏散问题的数学模型及安全出口优化
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周令昌 , 梁茵 , 赖艳萍
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2025,35(3): 187-193
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2025, 35(3): 187-193
单源多汇疏散问题的数学模型及安全出口优化
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周令昌 , 梁茵, 赖艳萍
作者信息
  • 天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384
  • 周令昌 (1979—),男,河南驻马店人,硕士,讲师,主要从事消防工程、公共安全技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

Mathematical model of single-source multi-destinations evacuation and optimization of emergency exits
Lingchang ZHOU , Yin LIANG, Yanping LAI
Affiliations
  • School of Energy and Safety Engineering,Tianjin Chengjian University,Tianjin 300384,China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1994
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为提高公共建筑物疏散效率,减少因突发事故造成人员伤亡,针对建筑物安全出口及疏散方案的优化问题,提出单源多汇疏散问题的数学模型及其算法。首先,运用通路法,得到所有疏散通路,并按照疏散时间排序;其次,根据用户均衡原理(UE)、k最短路思想,得到计算疏散时间的递推公式,再分析各疏散通路在交叉点处容量分配问题;然后,得到建筑物安全出口的优化策略;最后,以某建筑物为例,建立疏散网络并进行计算,验证算法和优化策略的有效性。结果表明:随着疏散人数增加,建筑网络疏散效率逐渐增大;且当疏散人数达到某个特定值时,其变化率近似为恒值。疏散效率与特定的安全出口总的通行能力有关,优化特定安全出口,能够提高疏散网络的疏散效率,减少疏散时间,且疏散人数越多,优化效果越明显。

单源多汇  /  安全出口  /  疏散模型  /  用户均衡原理  /  通路法

In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of public buildings and reduce casualties caused by emergencies,in view of the optimization problems of emergency exits and evacuation plans,a mathematical model and algorithm for the single-source multi-sink evacuation problem were proposed. Firstly,all evacuation paths were identified using path algorithm and sorted based on evacuation time. Then,the recursive formula for calculating evacuation time was derived based on the User Equilibrium (UE) principle and k-shortest path. The capacity allocation issues of each evacuation path at intersections were analyzed. After that then the optimization strategy for emergency exits is obtained. Finally,taking a building as an example,the evacuation network was established and calculated to validate the effectiveness of the algorithm and optimization strategy. The results show that the evacuation efficiency of the building network increases gradually with the increase in the number of evacuees,and the rate of change stabilizes after reaching a certain threshold value,Evacuation efficiency is closely associated with the total traffic capacity of specific emergency exits. Through the optimization of specific emergency exits,the evacuation efficiency of the network is enhanced,evacuation time can be reduced,and the optimization effect becomes more pronounced as the number of evacuees increases.

single-source multi-destinations  /  emergency exit  /  evacuation model  /  User Equilibrium principle  /  path algorithm
周令昌, 梁茵, 赖艳萍. 单源多汇疏散问题的数学模型及安全出口优化. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (3) : 187 -193 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1994
Lingchang ZHOU, Yin LIANG, Yanping LAI. Mathematical model of single-source multi-destinations evacuation and optimization of emergency exits[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (3) : 187 -193 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1994
随着我国经济不断发展和城市化进程的加快,建筑物高度及复杂性也大大提高,同时人员在建筑物内的分布情况往往比较复杂,使得安全疏散的难度随之增大。单源多汇是建筑物内人员疏散较常见的情况,如体育馆、大型会议室等;另外当建筑物内人员分布不确定时,多源多汇疏散问题可以简化成单源多汇疏散模型进行求解,从而得到最不利情况下有序疏散所需的时间及疏散策略,为建筑物消防设施的设计和优化提供理论依据[1-2]
目前,国内外学者对疏散网络的研究主要采取计算机模拟仿真和数学分析2种方法。仿真模型一般是从微观或宏观层次分析疏散过程,利用计算机进行仿真,用于评估疏散时间预测及疏散方案,如社会力模型、元胞自动机模型等。数学分析是宏观分析方法,以网络优化理论为基础,把疏散问题转化为网络解算问题[3-5]。很多学者利用数学分析研究疏散问题,如HAMACHER等[6]综述了疏散问题宏观模型,将时间作为最主要的考虑因素,用动态网络流描述疏散问题,建立了最快流疏散模型,给出单源点疏散算法;LIM等[7]根据网络优化理论,运用图论预测建筑物内可用路径的数量,并分析其通行流量;董皓男等[8]提出一种基于组合赋权法和实时监测的Dijkstra优化算法的疏散路径规划算法,利用层次分析法和熵权法的组合赋权法建立赋权模型,得到室内火灾疏散路径规划的步骤;王丽等[9]基于A*算法依据火情实现建筑物内整体疏散路径的动态规划,同时利用Zigbee无线通信技术,在火灾场景下为人群提供疏散方向指引,确保人群安全、快速疏散;曹祥红等[10]提出一种用于火灾疏散路径动态规划的新型改进蚁群算法,通过A*算法提高初始信息素浓度,并改进启发函数,从而提高最优路径搜索速度;袁媛等[11]考虑了灾害扩散的实时影响,将疏散网络中各弧段上的通行速度表示为动态递减函数,建立应急疏散路径选择模型;高明霞等[12]将交叉口延误及通行能力作为节点权重,建立点权交通网络的疏散模型。综上,上述研究对交叉口延迟及安全出口的优化策略的分析各有特点,但在整体考虑上还有所欠缺。
鉴于此,笔者拟利用通路法得到所有的疏散路径,并以k最短路思想和用户均衡原理为基础,以期简化单源多汇疏散模型,同时得到交叉口容量分配原则及安全出口优化策略。
数学分析法解决疏散问题,是以建筑物实际情况为基础,分析有序疏散过程,为应急疏散方案的制定、安全设施的优化等提供参考。
数学分析一般会进行理想化假设[313]:每个安全出口、每段弧均有容量限制;假定疏散人员能完全听从指挥,并按预先制定的疏散计划进行疏散行动;假设疏散人员具有固定的疏散速度和疏散密度;疏散过程不允许返回和绕圈现象出现。
大多数文献[1314]中,常用单源多汇疏散模型。首先引入超级终点,与各个安全出口连接,作为虚拟的出口,令其容量为无穷大,把单源多汇问题转化为单源单汇问题;然后根据疏散群集现象和从众心理,利用k短路思想,仅考虑在k条最短路上进行疏散;最后基于Wardrop用户均衡原理,解决单源多汇疏散问题。
利用前m条路径疏散,其总的疏散时间为Tm(单位:s):
T m = N + i = 1 m t i C i i = 1 m F D i
式中:N为总疏散人数;ti疏散通路运动时间,s, t i = l i vli为第i条疏散通路的长度,m;v为疏散速度,m/s; C i为该条通路疏散流量,人/s, C i = ρ v d iρ为疏散密度,人/m2 d i为该通路疏散宽度,m;F为疏散门单位宽度最大疏散流量,人/m·s;Di为该通路对应疏散门有效疏散宽度,m。
若安全出口充分被利用,则安全出口总通行能力不再增加,且等于疏散通路容量之和,即 ρ v d = F D i,任选剩余路径的1条,假设为第m+1条,则 T m + 1 = l m + 1 v + N - i = 1 m l m + 1 v - l i v ρ v d i i = 1 m + 1 ρ v d i,化简: T m + 1 = N + i = 1 m + 1 l i v ρ v d i F D < T m,因此,安全出口充分利用后,继续增加疏散路径,疏散时间反而增加。
图1所示,若采用通路rs进行疏散,交叉点为O点,共用交叉弧为P。第r(s)条路径上源点至O点之间长度为 l ' r ( l ' s ) O点至疏散门之间长度为 l r ( l s ) 假设路径r为较短路径且使O点处容量饱和,则 l s ' l r ' l s l r 由于路径r上的疏散过程不受影响,而路径s也参与疏散时,在O点必存在等待时间。
s条路径第1个人到达O点的时间: t = l s ' v;第r条路径最后1个人通过O点的时间: t ' = l r ' v + N r ρ v d r;则第s条路径延迟时间 Δ t = t ' - t = l r ' - l s ' v + N r ρ v d r;第r条路径最后1个人通过安全出口的时间为 T ' = l r v + N r ρ v d r;第s条路径第1个人到达安全出口时间为: T = l s v + Δ t = l s v + l r ' - l s ' v + N r ρ v d r = T ' + l s - l r v;由于 l s l r ,则 T T ',即较短路径r上最后1个人通过安全出口时,较长路径s第1个人还未到达安全出口,故不满足Wardrop的用户均衡原理,多个疏散弧交叉的情况亦然。
可见对交叉口(交叉路径),疏散人数按照路径容量进行分配是不合理的,其处理原则为:若交叉口(交叉路径)容量饱和时,则可删除较长的疏散路径;若不饱和,则长路径容量应按交叉口(交叉路径)容量的余量进行取值。
利用k-1条路径疏散时,根据式⑴,疏散人数为: N = T k - 1 i = 1 k - 1 F D i - i = 1 k - 1 t i ρ v d i,若增加第k条路径,必有 T k < T k - 1,此时其前k-1条路径疏散的人数为: N k - 1 = T k i = 1 k - 1 F D i - i = 1 k - 1 t i ρ v d i,与利用k-1条路径疏散相比,减少人数 N - N k - 1 = ( T k - 1 - T k ) i = 1 k - 1 F D i,而第k条路径疏散的人数为 ρ v d k T k - l k v,若总人数N不变,则必有: ( T k - 1 - T k ) i = 1 k - 1 F D i = ρ v d k T k - l k v。化简可得疏散模型的递推公式:
T k = T k - 1 - T k - 1 - l k v ρ v d k i = 1 k F D i
可以看出,若通路k能够作为疏散路径必须满足2个条件: T k - 1 - l k v > 0 ρ v d k 0
最短路搜索方法有很多,如深度优先搜索、Dijkstra算法等,对于较简单的疏散网络,可采用通路法计算[15-17]。流体网络G=(VE),源点V-(G)与汇点V+(G)之间全部通路为B,可通过展开疏散网络节点邻接矩阵A对应的余子式Ae获得。
利用通路法计算所有通路的步骤如下:
1) 建立网络节点邻接矩阵A及对应的Ae
2) 令 U = A e + II为单位矩阵。
3) 对U取行列式。
4) 展开行列式中源点及汇点(源点对应列,汇点对应行)对应的余子式。
对于给定的疏散网络,首先利用通路法计算出源汇点所有通路,并利用最短通路进行饱和疏散,同时记录最短路径各路径容量,得到疏散时间;然后选择次最短通路同时进行疏散,记录交叉点(路径),按照2.2节内容进行容量赋值,实时更新网络容量,利用式⑵计算疏散时间;重复以上步骤,到增加疏散通路,疏散时间变大为止[18]
令交叉口(交叉路径)容量为C,则计算流程如图2所示。
某建筑物疏散网络如图3所示[1]。其中,有1个受灾点S,5个安全出口D1~D5,假设一个超级终点D,弧上括号中的数分别表示该疏散弧的最大容量C和运动时间ti,出口节点的数字表示其最大通行量。利用通路法计算,可得到17条通路,见表1
疏散网络的优化对象包括疏散通道和安全出口,对于既有建筑物而言,囿于建筑物结构,疏散通道较难改变,因此常常对安全出口宽度进行优化。安全出口宽度的优化,需以最大程度利用疏散网络为原则,其优化策略为:每选取一条通路,必须保证本条通路上其中的一个疏散弧饱和,若安全出口门的宽度小于通路的最小疏散宽度,则增大安全出口的宽度,使其等于通路的最小疏散宽度;否则不优化。
对该疏散网络,假设疏散人数为5~120,每间隔5人次,根据优化策略得:D1容量由2增大到3,D4容量由4增大到6,D5容量由4增大到5,优化前后所利用的疏散通路见表2表3,优化前后的疏散时间、疏散效率(即疏散网络单位时间内能够疏散的人数,N/T)及安全出口通行能力对比见表4
优化前后疏散时间随疏散人数的变化如图4所示。从图4可以看出,疏散时间随着疏散人数而增加,相同疏散人数的情况下,优化后的疏散时间要小,且疏散时间差随着疏散人数的增加而增大。
优化前后疏散效率、ΔNT与疏散人数的关系如图5所示。从图5可以看出,优化前当人数大于55时,疏散网络被充分利用,疏散效率(N/T)随疏散人数的增加近似为一条直线,其斜率ΔNT=15,此为优化前利用到的所有安全出口总的通行能力。优化后,当人数大于45时,疏散网络被充分利用,疏散效率(N/T)随疏散人数的增加近似为一条直线,其斜率ΔNT=17,也为优化后利用到的所有安全出口总的通行能力。
1) 在传统单源多汇疏散模型的基础上,利用通路法和疏散模型的递推公式,可简化对疏散模型的计算工作量。
2) 合理地增加安全出口的宽度,有利于充分利用疏散网络,提高其疏散效率。疏散网络的疏散效率会随着疏散人数的变化而变化,其规律不但与安全出口的宽度有关,还依赖于建筑物的布局及疏散通道的宽度。因此,安全出口优化要以建筑物的布局为前提,同时考虑各疏散通路的容量,还要兼顾疏散人数的影响。
3) 对于单(多)源单汇疏散过程中的路径交叉问题,可以利用用户均衡原理和k最短路进行分析,也可以利用优化理论和k最短路分析,但对多源多汇的疏散问题,由于每个源点的疏散时间不同,用户均衡原理不再适用,因此,多源多汇的疏散问题需以优化理论为基础进行分析。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51108297)
  • 天津市教委科研计划项目(2017KJ051)
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2025年第35卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1994
  • 接收时间:2024-10-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-15
  • 修回日期:2024-12-17
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(51108297)
天津市教委科研计划项目(2017KJ051)
作者信息
    天津城建大学 能源与安全工程学院,天津 300384
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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