Article(id=1148106726605316782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)03-0169-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1128, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728748800000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-13, revisedDate=1734710400000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659574413, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659574413, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659574413, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659574413, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106708670477182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401518130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=169, endPage=178, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767357565940281, articleId=1148106726605316782, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Bearing behavior of inclined pile for transmission towers in loess soils under immersion, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To improve the application of small-angle inclined piles in collapsible loess areas,finite element models of 2×2 pile groups with three different inclination angles were established. The modulus reduction method was employed to simulate the collapsibility effect of loess,and the influence of loading and soaking sequences on the bearing characteristics of pile groups with different inclination angles was analyzed. The results indicate that,based on the conducted tests of 0,10 and 15° pile groups,under both loading-before-soaking and soaking-before-loading conditions,the displacement of the pile cap and the settlement of the surrounding foundation soil are smaller for inclined pile groups compared to vertical pile groups. Moreover,the inclined pile group is less affected by the water-induced collapsibility of loess. However,the bending moment and shear force of the inclined piles are higher than those of the vertical piles. Compared to the loading-before-soaking condition,the soaking-before-loading condition results in smaller pile cap displacements and soil settlements but larger internal forces in the inclined pile shafts. Additionally,the shaft friction of inclined piles is smaller under the soaking-before-loading condition. Inclined pile groups with larger inclination angles demonstrate superior load-bearing capacity and resistance to loess collapsibility induced by soaking. Pre-soaking treatment of loess foundations effectively enhances the ultimate bearing capacity of pile group foundations.

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为提高小角度倾斜桩在湿陷性黄土地区的应用,建立3种角度的2×2群桩有限元模型,采用模量折减法模拟黄土湿陷效应,得到加载与浸水顺序对不同倾角群桩承载特性的影响特征。结果表明:基于所开展的0、10、15°群桩试验,先加载后浸水及先浸水后加载2种工况下,斜群桩承台位移量及桩周地基土沉降量均小于直群桩,且斜群桩受浸水湿陷的影响更小,但斜群桩桩身弯矩和剪力均大于直群桩。与先加载后浸水工况相比,先浸水后加载工况下承台位移及土体沉降量更小,斜群桩桩身内力则较大,而先浸水后加载工况下桩身侧摩阻力较小。倾角较大的斜群桩有着更好的承受荷载及抵抗黄土浸水湿陷能力,对黄土地基作预先浸水处理能有效提升后期群桩基础承载力。

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朱宇龙 (2000—),男,河南太康人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩土工程桩基础。E-mail:

曹卫平,教授;

赵 敏,教授

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Study on mechanism of negative skin friction on rectangular closed diaphragm wall as bridge foundation in collapsible loess subgrade[D]. Chengdu: Southwest Jiaotong University, 2009., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165678402095817430, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=33, authorNames=李大展, 何颐华, 隋国秀, journalName=岩土工程学报, refType=null, unstructuredReference=李大展, 何颐华, 隋国秀. Q2黄土大面积浸水试验研究[J]. 岩土工程学报, 1993, 15(2): 1-11., articleTitle=Q2黄土大面积浸水试验研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165678402238423767, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=1993, volume=15, issue=2, pageStart=1, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[18], rfOrder=34, authorNames=LI Dazhan, HE Yihua, SUI Guoxiu, journalName=Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, refType=null, unstructuredReference=LI Dazhan, HE Yihua, SUI Guoxiu. Study and test on immersion of Q2 loess in large area[J]. Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 1993, 15(2): 1-11., articleTitle=Study and test on immersion of Q2 loess in large area, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1165678402330698456, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2018, volume=75, issue=null, pageStart=165, pageEnd=177, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[19], rfOrder=35, authorNames=ZHU Bin, WEN Kai, KONG Deqiong, journalName=Applied Ocean Research, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHU Bin, WEN Kai, KONG Deqiong, et al. A numerical study on the lateral loading behaviour of offshore tetrapod piled jacket foundations in clay[J]. Applied Ocean Research, 2018, 75: 165-177., articleTitle=A numerical study on the lateral loading behaviour of offshore tetrapod piled jacket foundations in clay, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165678399885419183, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, awardId=2024JC-YBMS-299, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省自然科学基金资助(2024JC-YBMS-299), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165678395649172004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165678395657560613, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, companyId=1165678395649172004, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Civil Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China), 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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=图9, caption=桩身摩阻力变化曲线, figureFileSmall=0+0qqmHXJzpBksKmHH42vg==, figureFileBig=VEhUxeA89HueW2cpPRqmBg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165678399050752662, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Physical and mechanical properties of soil layers

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层底深
度/m
含水
率/%
天然重度/
(kN·m-3)
饱和重度/
(kN·m-3)
天然
孔隙比
饱和
度/%
变形模
量/MPa
折减
系数
折减后
变形模
量/MPa
自重湿
陷系数
湿陷
系数
L1 5.2 16 14.3 17.2 1.19 36 6 0.8 4.8 0.017 0.085
F1 6.4 16 17.5 19.0 0.80 54 30 0.8 24 0.004 0.025
L2 10.4 17 17.0 18.7 0.86 53 38 0.8 30.4 0.006 0.040
F2 13.8 17 17.6 19.0 0.80 58 30 0.8 24 0.015 0.025
L3 19.9 16 16.5 18.5 0.90 48 15 0.8 12 0.030 0.040
F3 21.4 16 17.5 19.0 0.80 54 38 0.8 30.4 0.015 0.020
L4 26.5 16 16.8 19.0 0.93 47 18 0.8 14.4 0.020 0.030
F4 27.4 16 18.0 18.3 0.75 58 30 0.8 24 0.015 0.015
L5 33.3 17 17.2 19.3 0.84 55 27 0.8 21.6 0.020 0.023
F5 35.2 17 18.5 18.8 0.72 64 54 0.8 43.2 0.015 0.015
L6 39.0 17 18.5 19.5 0.72 64 48 0.8 38.4 0.007 0.008
F7 60 14 19.0 19.5 0.66 70 80 1 80 0.008 0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399134638744, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

土层物理力学性质指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=

层底深
度/m
含水
率/%
天然重度/
(kN·m-3)
饱和重度/
(kN·m-3)
天然
孔隙比
饱和
度/%
变形模
量/MPa
折减
系数
折减后
变形模
量/MPa
自重湿
陷系数
湿陷
系数
L1 5.2 16 14.3 17.2 1.19 36 6 0.8 4.8 0.017 0.085
F1 6.4 16 17.5 19.0 0.80 54 30 0.8 24 0.004 0.025
L2 10.4 17 17.0 18.7 0.86 53 38 0.8 30.4 0.006 0.040
F2 13.8 17 17.6 19.0 0.80 58 30 0.8 24 0.015 0.025
L3 19.9 16 16.5 18.5 0.90 48 15 0.8 12 0.030 0.040
F3 21.4 16 17.5 19.0 0.80 54 38 0.8 30.4 0.015 0.020
L4 26.5 16 16.8 19.0 0.93 47 18 0.8 14.4 0.020 0.030
F4 27.4 16 18.0 18.3 0.75 58 30 0.8 24 0.015 0.015
L5 33.3 17 17.2 19.3 0.84 55 27 0.8 21.6 0.020 0.023
F5 35.2 17 18.5 18.8 0.72 64 54 0.8 43.2 0.015 0.015
L6 39.0 17 18.5 19.5 0.72 64 48 0.8 38.4 0.007 0.008
F7 60 14 19.0 19.5 0.66 70 80 1 80 0.008 0.004
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399201747610, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Numerical simulation schemes

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组号 桩身倾角/(°) 荷载最大值/kN 工况
下压荷载 水平荷载
T1 0/10/15 3 000 天然湿密状态
T2 0/10/15 600 天然湿密状态
T3 0/10/15 1/2Vu 1/2Hu 先加载后浸水
T4 0/10/15 1/2Vu 1/2Hu 先浸水后加载
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399256273564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

数值模拟方案

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
组号 桩身倾角/(°) 荷载最大值/kN 工况
下压荷载 水平荷载
T1 0/10/15 3 000 天然湿密状态
T2 0/10/15 600 天然湿密状态
T3 0/10/15 1/2Vu 1/2Hu 先加载后浸水
T4 0/10/15 1/2Vu 1/2Hu 先浸水后加载
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399344353950, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Center displacement of cap mm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
水平 13.86 6.49 9.35 5.02 4.27 2.85
竖向 10.80 10.54 10.21 9.81 8.24 8.08
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399398879904, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

承台中心位移量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
水平 13.86 6.49 9.35 5.02 4.27 2.85
竖向 10.80 10.54 10.21 9.81 8.24 8.08
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399457600162, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Surface settlement of soilmm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
A点 10.61 6.74 9.59 6.58 8.18 4.68
B点 8.93 5.49 8.35 5.20 7.20 3.77
C点 11.50 10.57 11.26 10.00 9.54 8.44
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399554069156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

地基土表面沉降量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
A点 10.61 6.74 9.59 6.58 8.18 4.68
B点 8.93 5.49 8.35 5.20 7.20 3.77
C点 11.50 10.57 11.26 10.00 9.54 8.44
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399604400806, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Pile bending momentkN·m

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
前排桩 55 36 -49 -62 -55 -85
后排桩 112 38 99 109 83 121
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399667315368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

桩身弯矩

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
前排桩 55 36 -49 -62 -55 -85
后排桩 112 38 99 109 83 121
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399726035626, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Pile shear forcekN

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工况
位移
0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
前排桩 399 229 548 588 438 664
后排桩 369 160 -357 -385 -165 -397
), ArticleFig(id=1165678399780561580, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106726605316782, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

桩身剪力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况
位移
0°直群桩 10°斜群桩 15°斜群桩
先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水 先加载 先浸水
前排桩 399 229 548 588 438 664
后排桩 369 160 -357 -385 -165 -397
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黄土湿陷对输电塔斜桩基础承载性状的影响
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朱宇龙 1 , 曹卫平 1, 2 , 吕品 1 , 王悦 1 , 赵敏 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(3): 169-178
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(3): 169-178
黄土湿陷对输电塔斜桩基础承载性状的影响
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朱宇龙1 , 曹卫平1, 2, 吕品1, 王悦1, 赵敏3
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
  • 3 西安工业大学 建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710021
  • 朱宇龙 (2000—),男,河南太康人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为岩土工程桩基础。E-mail:

    曹卫平,教授;

    赵 敏,教授

Bearing behavior of inclined pile for transmission towers in loess soils under immersion
Yulong ZHU1 , Weiping CAO1, 2, Pin LYU1, Yue WANG1, Min ZHAO3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering,Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Geotechnical and Underground Space Engineering,Xi'an Shaanxi 710055,China
  • 3 School of Civil Engineering,Xi'an Technological University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710021,China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1128
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为提高小角度倾斜桩在湿陷性黄土地区的应用,建立3种角度的2×2群桩有限元模型,采用模量折减法模拟黄土湿陷效应,得到加载与浸水顺序对不同倾角群桩承载特性的影响特征。结果表明:基于所开展的0、10、15°群桩试验,先加载后浸水及先浸水后加载2种工况下,斜群桩承台位移量及桩周地基土沉降量均小于直群桩,且斜群桩受浸水湿陷的影响更小,但斜群桩桩身弯矩和剪力均大于直群桩。与先加载后浸水工况相比,先浸水后加载工况下承台位移及土体沉降量更小,斜群桩桩身内力则较大,而先浸水后加载工况下桩身侧摩阻力较小。倾角较大的斜群桩有着更好的承受荷载及抵抗黄土浸水湿陷能力,对黄土地基作预先浸水处理能有效提升后期群桩基础承载力。

黄土湿陷  /  输电塔  /  斜群桩  /  承载力  /  数值模拟

To improve the application of small-angle inclined piles in collapsible loess areas,finite element models of 2×2 pile groups with three different inclination angles were established. The modulus reduction method was employed to simulate the collapsibility effect of loess,and the influence of loading and soaking sequences on the bearing characteristics of pile groups with different inclination angles was analyzed. The results indicate that,based on the conducted tests of 0,10 and 15° pile groups,under both loading-before-soaking and soaking-before-loading conditions,the displacement of the pile cap and the settlement of the surrounding foundation soil are smaller for inclined pile groups compared to vertical pile groups. Moreover,the inclined pile group is less affected by the water-induced collapsibility of loess. However,the bending moment and shear force of the inclined piles are higher than those of the vertical piles. Compared to the loading-before-soaking condition,the soaking-before-loading condition results in smaller pile cap displacements and soil settlements but larger internal forces in the inclined pile shafts. Additionally,the shaft friction of inclined piles is smaller under the soaking-before-loading condition. Inclined pile groups with larger inclination angles demonstrate superior load-bearing capacity and resistance to loess collapsibility induced by soaking. Pre-soaking treatment of loess foundations effectively enhances the ultimate bearing capacity of pile group foundations.

collapsible loess  /  transmission towers  /  inclined pile group  /  ultimate bearing capacity  /  numerical simulation
朱宇龙, 曹卫平, 吕品, 王悦, 赵敏. 黄土湿陷对输电塔斜桩基础承载性状的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (3) : 169 -178 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1128
Yulong ZHU, Weiping CAO, Pin LYU, Yue WANG, Min ZHAO. Bearing behavior of inclined pile for transmission towers in loess soils under immersion[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (3) : 169 -178 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1128
风力发电是国家推动实现“双碳”目标的重要支柱,“十四五”规划中,我国明确指出进一步扩大风电设施规模[1]。这对基建设施提出更高要求。在我国西电东送北干线上,输电线路需要穿过大片陕甘宁地区的黄土地区,降雨引起的黄土湿陷问题一直是该地区地基基础施工不可忽视的重要因素。输电塔基础除受到上部结构自重引起的竖向荷载,还受到风、水流、地质作用等引起的水平荷载,因此,要求这类基础具有良好的水平承载力。斜桩能将桩顶水平荷载转换成轴向荷载和横向荷载,较直桩具有更优的水平承载性能,已在我国输电线路工程中得到应用[2]。同时,黄土湿陷使得斜桩产生位移和附加内力,由于桩身倾斜,桩前与桩后的桩土相互作用效应并不对称,斜桩与黄土之间的相互影响更为复杂。
为避免由土体主动位移引发的桩土承载系统发生破坏,众多学者开展了黄土湿陷试验或等效试验。SHIBATA等[3]通过压缩地基土以分析土体固结沉降对斜桩受弯变形模式,并建立相关的理论计算模型;何颐华[4]、刘明振[5]等分别提出黄土地基单桩与群桩沉降计算方法;刘小华等[6]通过室内模型试验分析了黄土湿陷对桩顶沉降与桩身内力的影响;董建军等[7]基于理论模型并结合数值分析研究了降雨对输电塔直桩基础抗拔性能的影响,并分析了浸水前后各阶段土体的不同破坏模式;张延杰等[8]借助室内2×2群桩模型试验,探究了黄土湿陷量对桩端阻力及桩侧摩阻力的影响。目前,关于湿陷性黄土中桩基承载力计算方法尚不成熟,模型试验采用重塑黄土难以较好地还原黄土的复杂结构,因此,模型试验研究结果缺乏一致性认识。后续众多学者又陆续开展了湿陷性黄土地区现场原位试验[9-11],得到桩顶位移、桩身内力、桩侧及桩端阻力、中性点位置等分布及发展特征,但不同的浸水及成孔方式[12]所得到的结果亦有较大区别。另外,现场试验对象均为单桩,工程应用中的群桩承台各单桩间的耦合效应导致基础承载能力并非各单桩承载力的简单叠加。因此,关于黄土浸水湿陷对斜桩的影响还未见研究。另外,这些研究也较少考虑桩顶既有荷载对土体沉降的影响。
鉴于此,笔者拟利用有限元软件ABAQUS[13]分析上部结构荷载及黄土浸水湿陷共同作用对输电塔下2×2斜群桩的影响,采用模量折减法模拟黄土湿陷变形,研究先加载后浸水及先浸水后加载2种工况下斜桩倾角对群桩位移、桩周土体沉降、桩身内力及桩侧摩阻力的影响,以期为推广小角度倾斜桩在湿陷性黄土地区的应用提供理论依据。
湿陷性黄土孔隙比大,天然含水率较低,可溶盐含量较高,具有天然垂直节理,浸水饱和后结构易坍塌,发生湿陷变形。目前,一般采用本构模型法[14]、叠加法[15]、水力等效法[16]等方法模拟黄土湿陷变形,这些方法或因参数较多或因与实际偏差较大或因无法真实反映黄土湿陷过程而难以推广应用。
黄土浸水后,伴随着孔隙比减小、重度增加、强度减小[17],结构逐步坍塌,具有重要工程价值的参数如变形模量在不断减小。模量折减法采用浸水后黄土重度增加、变形模量减小从而引起土体附加沉降的方法模拟黄土湿陷变形。其没有考虑黄土浸水后黏聚力c、内摩擦角 φ以及泊松比 ν和孔隙比e变化,仅通过调整浸水范围土体重度和变形模量进行湿陷模拟。黄土浸水后其重度取饱和重度,因此,模拟黄土湿陷的核心问题是确定浸水后黄土的变形模量E0s,具体可按下式计算:
E 0 s = ξ E 0
式中: E 0为浸水前变形模量,   ξ为模量折减系数, ξ与含水率密切相关,文华[17]通过试算法与实际浸水湿陷沉降量对比来确定折减系数。以蒲城电厂[18]场地黄土为例,经多次试算,直至模拟与实测湿陷量接近,以此确定模量折减系数。
蒲城电厂场地土由黄土和古土壤组成,属于大厚度黄土场地。地下水稳定水位为-62.8m,地基土物理力学性质见表1。经过反复试算,取折减系数 ξ=0.80时,模拟湿陷量与实测值较为接近,如图1所示。模拟所得地基土累计湿陷量为61.5mm,与实测值65mm相比误差仅为4.9%。
以输电塔下2×2斜桩群桩为例进行分析,如图2a所示。基桩沿承台对角线方向倾斜,桩长16m,桩径D为0.8m,桩顶处基桩中心间距为3D,基桩中心距离承台边缘取为1.5D,承台厚度取为1D,承台尺寸为长×宽×高=3.6m×3.6m×0.8m。
有限元计算模型如图2b所示,地基模型采用圆柱体形状。模型尺寸的大小对计算结果有较大的影响,地基土圆柱体直径取30D=24m以避免边界效应,持力层土体厚度取大于10D以避免桩端触底效应,最终模型高度取35m。模型土层仍选取蒲城电厂场地基,折减后土体相关物理力学参数见表1。桩及承台为钢筋混凝土材料、模拟采用线弹性模型,弹性模量为30 GPa,密度为2 500kg/m3,泊松比为0.2,土体采用摩尔-库仑本构模型。
对于有限元分析,桩-土之间接触面的相互作用分析尤其重要。ABAQUS接触面相互作用分为法向和切向应力行为。当接触面间没有间隙时,法向应力通过接触面之间的约束条件传递接触压力;当接触面出现间隙发生脱开时,法向应力则无法传递。接触面的切向力学行为常用摩擦模型,当接触面有法向接触压力时,接触面可传递切向应力,或称摩擦力。摩擦力小于极限值时,ABAQUS则认为接触面处于黏结状态;当摩擦力大于极限值时,则认为接触面出现相对滑动变形,称之为滑动状态。
ABAQUS提供有限滑动和小滑动2种接触跟踪方法。有限滑动方法会在材料接触过程中不断地判定主从接触面的哪一部分发生了接触,文中选用主从接触算法模拟桩体与土体之间的接触关系。主面选择刚度较大的桩侧表面,从面选择土体表面,主、从面之间选择小滑动。
计算模型土体圆柱体侧面为约束水平位移边界(U1=U2=0),圆柱体底部水平及竖向位移均为0位移边界(U1=U2=U3=0)。
网格的数量与质量直接影响到模型计算量与计算精度。参考ZHU Bin等[19]的研究,模拟同样采用结构化网格划分规则,桩身与地基土有限元模型均使用六面体八节点单元。另外,为便于收敛,桩土接触面的主面网格精度须略小于从面。
数值模拟方案见表2。第1组(T1)和第2组(T2)试验分别确定地基黄土在天然湿密状态下群桩的竖向极限承载力Vu和水平极限承载力Hu;第3组(T3)试验对群桩先逐级施加竖向荷载至0.5Vu并保持不变,再逐级施加水平荷载至0.5Hu,保持水平荷载及竖向荷载不变的情况下给黄土地基浸水湿陷;第4组(T4)试验预先对地基黄土作浸水处理,在承台顶部中心施加0.5Vu竖向荷载并保持不变,再逐级施加水平荷载至0.5Hu
黄土浸水湿陷自上而下逐渐发生,土层湿陷厚度与时间可按一维渗透理论计算,如下式:
t = z 2 k ( h p + z )
式中:t为水渗透到深度z所需时长,s;k为渗透系数,cm/s;hp为降雨水头高度,cm。计算取hp=10cm,k=1.25×10-4cm/s,假定发生湿陷的土层厚度为3m。
在竖向荷载V、水平荷载H分别作用下群桩承台中心的位移S图3所示。从图3可以看出,倾角越大对应承台竖向及水平位移越小,竖向荷载-位移曲线Vy~Sy、水平荷载-位移曲线Hx~Sx的走势均为缓变型。根据《建筑基桩检测技术规范》(JGJ106—2014),对于缓变形荷载-位移曲线,取Sy=40mm处对应竖向荷载值作为极限抗压承载力,水平位移Sx=20mm处对应水平荷载值作为极限水平承载力。由图3可知:竖向与水平承载方面均为直桩承台最先达到极限状态,极限抗压与水平承载力分别为2 800、300 kN。
分别施加各倾角群桩承台中心的竖向荷载及水平荷载为直群桩竖向及水平极限承载力特征值,即V=1 400 kN、H=150 kN。荷载施加在承台上表面中心点,水平荷载沿x轴正向。
先加载后浸水工况下群桩承台中心荷载-位移曲线如图4a所示。组合荷载下0、10和15°群桩承台的水平位移分别为8.17、5.26、2.36mm,位移量随倾角增大而减小,浸水湿陷后承台竖向位移无明显变化,而水平位移有所增长,增长量随桩身倾角增大而减小。地基表面3m厚黄土浸水后各群桩承台中心水平位移分别为13.86、9.35、4.27mm,较未浸水之前增幅分别达到69%、78%和74%。
先浸水后加载工况下群桩承台荷载-位移曲线如图4b所示。预先浸水时承台位移极小,说明浅层土体的湿陷不会直接引起群桩承台产生明显位移。竖向荷载作用下群桩倾角越大承台竖向位移增速越小,而水平位移没有受到明显影响,施加水平荷载后,群桩承台水平位移明显增长,同样倾角越大对应水平位移增速越小。
2种工况下各群桩承台中心最终水平及竖向位移量见表3,对比可知:承台位移量随着群桩倾角增大而减小。对比先加载工况,先浸水工况下群桩位移量减小,尤其是水平位移减少量更为显著。以15°斜群桩为例,其承台水平与竖向位移量分别减小33%和2%。
桩基及荷载布置均对称于x轴,则土体沉降也对称于x轴,因此,选取承台中心在地表面投影点(C点)、1与4桩身中心在地表面投影A点(后排桩沉降点)、B点(前排桩沉降点)来分析荷载施加过程及黄土浸水湿陷过程中的桩周土体沉降。这里规定竖向位移向下为正,水平位移沿x轴正向为正,沉降点提取位置如图5所示。
图6a为先加载后浸水工况下土体沉降曲线。显然仅竖向荷载作用下15°斜群桩承载能力更好;水平荷载会引起前排桩桩侧土体小幅隆起而后排桩桩侧土体小幅沉降;降雨发生后,桩周土体发生湿陷,在模拟工况下原状土层自由湿陷量共2.44mm,0、10和15°群桩承台A点湿陷量分别增加2.85、2.69、2.61mm,B点分别增加1.92、2.04、2.08mm,考虑是水平荷载的施加导致左侧土体塌陷松软,因此,湿陷量大于自然沉降,而右侧土体受到挤密作用土体被压实,因而湿陷量小于自由湿陷量。0°直群桩对桩周土的扰动最大。C点土体中心沉降量分别增加1.22、1.34、1.60mm;0°直群桩受湿陷影响较小,因为组合荷载下直桩承台沉降最大导致下方地基土受到的挤密程度最大。
图6b为先浸水后加载工况下桩周土体沉降曲线。桩基础的存在会限制降雨引起桩周土体湿陷,斜群桩更为显著,竖向荷载作用下,桩周土体受承台下沉影响发生沉降,水平荷载会引起前排桩侧土体塌陷而后排桩侧土体隆起,曲线受影响变化均随着桩身倾角增大而减小。
2种工况对比下0、10和15°群桩承台在各沉降观测点处的最终土体位移量见表4。从表4可以看出,斜群桩桩周各沉降点位移量最小,B点土体沉降量小于A点,先浸水工况下桩周土体沉降整体小于先加载工况,尤以15°斜群桩最显著,A、B、C点沉降分别减少43%、48%、12%。
水平荷载作用下群桩中各基桩受力不同,为便于分析,称图2中3、4号桩为前排桩,1、2号桩为后排桩。因为基桩布置及荷载均对称于x轴,因此,1号桩与2号桩、3号桩与4号桩的内力及位移相同,取4号桩代表前排桩,1号桩代表后排桩,作为内力分析对象。
2种工况下桩身弯矩变化曲线如图7所示。整体来看,先加载后浸水工况下前排桩桩身倾角越大桩顶弯矩便越大。地基土浸水湿陷后,前排桩桩身弯矩增大,而后排桩弯矩则减小。先浸水后加载工况下,不论前排桩还是后排桩,较之前一工况明显发现桩身倾角较大时桩身弯矩更大。
2种工况下桩身最大弯矩值见表5,浸水、加载顺序对直群桩与斜群桩桩身弯矩的影响不同。与先加载后浸水工况相比,先浸水后加载导致直群桩弯矩减小,前、后排桩桩身弯矩分别减小35%和66%,而斜群桩桩身弯矩增大且随桩身倾角增大而增大,15°斜群桩前后排桩最大弯矩增长55%和46%。
图8为2种工况下桩身剪力变化曲线。显然,地基土浸水湿陷使前排桩剪力值增大、后排桩剪力减小。随倾角增大,剪力中性点与反弯点均向下移动。不论前排桩还是后排桩,预先浸水引起的桩身剪力均很小,加载后倾角越大剪力值越大。
2种工况下桩身剪力的对比见表6。相较于先加载后浸水工况,先浸水后加载工况下直群桩桩身剪力减小而斜群桩桩身剪力增大,15°斜群桩增量最大,其前后排桩剪力分别增大142%和52%。
斜桩同一截面两侧桩土接触状态不同,因此,摩阻力分布比较复杂,采用下式计算斜桩桩身平均摩阻力qsi来描述桩身摩阻力的变化:
q s i = Q i - 1 - Q i M l i
式中:Qi为第i截面处的桩身轴力;M为横截面周长;li为第i-1到i截面的距离。
图9a图9b为先加载后浸水工况下桩侧摩阻力变化曲线。从图9a图9b可以看出,前排桩侧摩阻力均为正向,摩阻力大小随桩身倾角增大而减小,反弯点出现在0.2~0.3相对深度处。浸水湿陷导致整体桩侧摩阻力减小。荷载作用下后排桩桩端0.3相对深度以上出现负摩阻力且随着桩身倾角增大而增大,浸水湿陷导致其上部负摩阻力进一步增大,0.5相对深度以下均为正向摩阻力且随着桩身倾角增大而增大。
先浸水后加载工况下群桩桩身摩阻力变化如图9c图9d所示。地基土预先浸水使前、后排桩在相对深度0.3以上区段出现负摩阻力,且随深度增长,增长率随桩身倾角增大而增大。组合荷载下后排斜群桩负摩阻力分布深度更大,中性点向下移动,但桩侧摩阻力较先加载后浸水工况整体均有所减小。
1) 群桩桩身倾角越大,对应的承台位移量越小。相比于直群桩地基,10、15°这2种工况下15°斜群桩地基相同位置处土体受扰动程度均有20%~30%的减少,因此,斜群桩地基具有更好的承载能力。先加载后浸水工况下,后续3m深度浸水会导致0、10、15°群桩承台水平位移量增长94%、78%和74%;先浸水后加载工况下,承台位移及桩周土体沉降量明显小于先加载后浸水工况。
2) 先浸水后加载工况下,直群桩前后排桩弯矩减小35%和66%,剪力减小58%和43%,而斜群桩前后排桩弯矩与剪力均增大,且倾角越大增量越多。先加载后浸水工况下,桩身倾角越大,弯矩、剪力反弯点与中性点位置越靠下,而先浸水后加载工况下则相反。
3) 先加载后浸水工况下,前排桩整体为正摩阻力且倾角大者侧摩阻力更小,后排桩桩端0.3相对深度以上出现负摩阻力,倾角大者中性点更靠下,且之后正摩阻力增长速度更快。后续湿陷导致桩侧摩阻力整体减小。先浸水后加载工况下,浸水引起的桩侧负摩阻力随着桩身倾角增大而增大,施加组合荷载后,后排桩负摩阻力深度分布更大,中性点向下移动。整体的桩侧摩阻力变化走势与先加载后浸水工况类似但数值较小。
4) 2种工况下,0、10、15°群桩承台位移及桩身内力的数值分析发现,倾角较大的斜群桩有着更好的承载能力,先浸水后加载工况能有效减小群桩位移,推测可知:上部结构施工前,降雨条件或对黄土地基做预先浸水处理,能有效提升后期斜群桩基础的承载能力。
  • 陕西省自然科学基金资助(2024JC-YBMS-299)
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2025年第35卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.1128
  • 接收时间:2024-10-13
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-13
  • 修回日期:2024-12-21
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陕西省自然科学基金资助(2024JC-YBMS-299)
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    1 西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 陕西省岩土与地下空间工程重点实验室,陕西 西安 710055
    3 西安工业大学 建筑工程学院,陕西 西安 710021
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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