Article(id=1148106723681890673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)03-0099-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0620, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1728662400000, receivedDateStr=2024-10-12, revisedDate=1734451200000, revisedDateStr=2024-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659573717, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1743091200000, pubDateStr=2025-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659573717, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659573717, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659573717, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106708670477182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='268', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570138, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401518130, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238915, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190184155238916, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106708670477182, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=99, endPage=106, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767349353492967, articleId=1148106723681890673, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Influence of temperature on combustion features of lithium-ion electric bicycles in confined spaces, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the safety risks caused by rapid fire spread and thermal smoke accumulation in confined spaces such as basements and underground warehouses due to lithium-ion electric bicycle fires,this study combines experimental and numerical simulation methods to investigate the temperature field evolution,flame characteristics,and smoke diffusion behavior of lithium-ion electric bicycle combustion under different ambient temperatures,clarifying the effect of temperature on combustion characteristics. The results show that under experimental conditions,the average temperature at the combustion center in the confined space is approximately 600 ℃,with a peak temperature exceeding 920 ℃. Ambient temperature significantly affects the initial stage of lithium-ion electric bicycle combustion. In a 40 ℃ environment,the time for combustion to enter the rapid development phase is shortened by 20 seconds compared to 20 and 0 ℃ environments. The time required for nearby temperatures to reach the ignition point of the lithium-ion electric bicycle is reduced by approximately 25 seconds compared to 20 and 0 ℃ environments. After about 80 seconds,the temperature rise rates converge. At 20 seconds,the flame morphology of lithium-ion electric bicycle combustion differs noticeably across environments:the flame height at 40 ℃ is approximately 1.15 times that at 20 ℃ and 1.32 times that at 0 ℃. Flame morphology converges after about 80 seconds. Within the first 30 seconds,the smoke diffusion velocity and production rate in a 40 ℃ environment are significantly higher than those at 20 and 0 ℃,but smoke concentrations stabilize to similar levels after approximately 50 seconds.

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为解决地下室、地下仓库等受限空间因锂电自行车火灾蔓延迅速、热烟气蓄积引发的安全风险,采用试验与数值模拟方法,探究不同环境温度下锂电自行车燃烧的温度场演变、火焰特征及烟气扩散行为,阐明初始环境温度对火灾动力学行为的作用机制。结果表明:试验条件下,受限空间燃烧中心平均温度约为600 ℃,最高温度超过920 ℃。环境温度对锂电自行车燃烧初期的影响较为显著,40 ℃环境温度下锂电自行车燃烧进入快速发展阶段的时间比20和0 ℃环境下均缩短20 s;附近温度达到锂电自行车燃点的时间比20和0 ℃环境下缩短大约25 s,约80 s后升温速率趋于一致;20 s时不同环境下锂电自行车燃烧火焰形态差异较为明显,40 ℃环境温度下的火焰高度约为20 ℃环境下的1.15倍、0 ℃环境下的1.32倍,约80 s后火焰形态趋于一致;30 s内40 ℃环境温度下烟气扩散速度和产生速率明显高于20和0 ℃的环境温度,约50 s后烟气含量基本一致。

, correspAuthors=李青蔚, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=7UYHvcVX7E7xgiFwMZrFqA==, magXml=lG5vb81gCIHpVymnPz0WCA==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=BXN3d/nSWEQJWqEcT+S58Q==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=aHHjrRNce8pKHZfAljADbg==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

李青蔚 (1989—),男,河北景县人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控理论与技术方面的研究。E-mail:

康付如,副教授;

任立峰,副教授

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李青蔚 (1989—),男,河北景县人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控理论与技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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李青蔚 (1989—),男,河北景县人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控理论与技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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康付如,副教授;

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康付如,副教授;

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任立峰,副教授

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任立峰,副教授

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Experimental study on the combustion characteristics of electric bicycles and the effect of simple separation fire[J]. 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Combustion parameters of main combustible materials contained in experimental bike

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可燃物 主要材料 燃点/
氧指
数/%
最大烟密度/
(mg·m-3)
座椅 PU 205 17 99
轮胎 BR 420 38 420~630
车体塑料 PVC 180~220 17.3 <300
), ArticleFig(id=1165678466730042290, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106723681890673, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

试验车主要可燃物燃烧参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
可燃物 主要材料 燃点/
氧指
数/%
最大烟密度/
(mg·m-3)
座椅 PU 205 17 99
轮胎 BR 420 38 420~630
车体塑料 PVC 180~220 17.3 <300
), ArticleFig(id=1165678466784568244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106723681890673, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Simulation results of heat source power

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
火源功率/
(kW·m-2)
1.5 m平面
最高温度/℃
存在问题
400 65 测点温度过低
800 200 测点温度过低
1 200 907 较符合实际情况
1 600 1 487 测点温度过高
), ArticleFig(id=1165678466855871414, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106723681890673, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

火源功率模拟结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
火源功率/
(kW·m-2)
1.5 m平面
最高温度/℃
存在问题
400 65 测点温度过低
800 200 测点温度过低
1 200 907 较符合实际情况
1 600 1 487 测点温度过高
), ArticleFig(id=1165678466910397368, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106723681890673, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

linear relationship between average temperature and time

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拟合线段 拟合区域/s 拟合方程式
L140 ℃ [0,30) y=0.292x+250.946
L240 ℃ [30,60) y=6.828x+42.636
L340 ℃ [60,80] y=24.794x-1105.230
L120 ℃ [0,50) y=1.345x+196.697
L220 ℃ [50,80] y=19.097x-754.053
L10 ℃ [0,50) y=1.340x+161.681
L20 ℃ [50,80] y=17.159x-682.176
), ArticleFig(id=1165678466973311930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106723681890673, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

燃烧平均温度与时间的线性关系

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
拟合线段 拟合区域/s 拟合方程式
L140 ℃ [0,30) y=0.292x+250.946
L240 ℃ [30,60) y=6.828x+42.636
L340 ℃ [60,80] y=24.794x-1105.230
L120 ℃ [0,50) y=1.345x+196.697
L220 ℃ [50,80] y=19.097x-754.053
L10 ℃ [0,50) y=1.340x+161.681
L20 ℃ [50,80] y=17.159x-682.176
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温度对受限空间锂电自行车燃烧特性的影响
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李青蔚 , 朱烨瑞 , 杨智翔 , 吕自琦 , 康付如 , 任立峰
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(3): 99-106
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(3): 99-106
温度对受限空间锂电自行车燃烧特性的影响
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李青蔚 , 朱烨瑞, 杨智翔, 吕自琦, 康付如, 任立峰
作者信息
  • 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 李青蔚 (1989—),男,河北景县人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防控理论与技术方面的研究。E-mail:

    康付如,副教授;

    任立峰,副教授

Influence of temperature on combustion features of lithium-ion electric bicycles in confined spaces
Qingwei LI , Yerui ZHU, Zhixiang YANG, Ziqi LYU, Furu KANG, Lifeng REN
Affiliations
  • College of Safety Science and Engineering,Xi'an University of Science and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710054,China
出版时间: 2025-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0620
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为解决地下室、地下仓库等受限空间因锂电自行车火灾蔓延迅速、热烟气蓄积引发的安全风险,采用试验与数值模拟方法,探究不同环境温度下锂电自行车燃烧的温度场演变、火焰特征及烟气扩散行为,阐明初始环境温度对火灾动力学行为的作用机制。结果表明:试验条件下,受限空间燃烧中心平均温度约为600 ℃,最高温度超过920 ℃。环境温度对锂电自行车燃烧初期的影响较为显著,40 ℃环境温度下锂电自行车燃烧进入快速发展阶段的时间比20和0 ℃环境下均缩短20 s;附近温度达到锂电自行车燃点的时间比20和0 ℃环境下缩短大约25 s,约80 s后升温速率趋于一致;20 s时不同环境下锂电自行车燃烧火焰形态差异较为明显,40 ℃环境温度下的火焰高度约为20 ℃环境下的1.15倍、0 ℃环境下的1.32倍,约80 s后火焰形态趋于一致;30 s内40 ℃环境温度下烟气扩散速度和产生速率明显高于20和0 ℃的环境温度,约50 s后烟气含量基本一致。

锂电自行车  /  受限空间  /  环境温度  /  燃烧  /  数值模拟

To address the safety risks caused by rapid fire spread and thermal smoke accumulation in confined spaces such as basements and underground warehouses due to lithium-ion electric bicycle fires,this study combines experimental and numerical simulation methods to investigate the temperature field evolution,flame characteristics,and smoke diffusion behavior of lithium-ion electric bicycle combustion under different ambient temperatures,clarifying the effect of temperature on combustion characteristics. The results show that under experimental conditions,the average temperature at the combustion center in the confined space is approximately 600 ℃,with a peak temperature exceeding 920 ℃. Ambient temperature significantly affects the initial stage of lithium-ion electric bicycle combustion. In a 40 ℃ environment,the time for combustion to enter the rapid development phase is shortened by 20 seconds compared to 20 and 0 ℃ environments. The time required for nearby temperatures to reach the ignition point of the lithium-ion electric bicycle is reduced by approximately 25 seconds compared to 20 and 0 ℃ environments. After about 80 seconds,the temperature rise rates converge. At 20 seconds,the flame morphology of lithium-ion electric bicycle combustion differs noticeably across environments:the flame height at 40 ℃ is approximately 1.15 times that at 20 ℃ and 1.32 times that at 0 ℃. Flame morphology converges after about 80 seconds. Within the first 30 seconds,the smoke diffusion velocity and production rate in a 40 ℃ environment are significantly higher than those at 20 and 0 ℃,but smoke concentrations stabilize to similar levels after approximately 50 seconds.

lithium-ion electric bicycles  /  confined spaces  /  ambient temperature  /  combustion features  /  numerical simulation
李青蔚, 朱烨瑞, 杨智翔, 吕自琦, 康付如, 任立峰. 温度对受限空间锂电自行车燃烧特性的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (3) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0620
Qingwei LI, Yerui ZHU, Zhixiang YANG, Ziqi LYU, Furu KANG, Lifeng REN. Influence of temperature on combustion features of lithium-ion electric bicycles in confined spaces[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (3) : 99 -106 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0620
据统计,我国(不含港澳台地区)锂电自行车(简称锂电车)销量和使用量占全球90%以上[1];2023年,我国锂电车保有量达4亿辆,并预计2024年可达到4.2亿辆[2]。因锂电车自身材料属性、电池自燃特性、不安全充电行为等[3-5],锂电车火灾频发,且呈逐年增加的趋势。据国家消防救援局统计,2023年,全国共接报锂电车火灾2.1万起,较2022年上升17.4%[6]。研究锂电车燃烧特征,对掌握锂电车火灾发展情况,提升防灾减灾能力具有重要意义。
诸多学者对此开展了研究,如陈胜朋等[7]开展模拟研究,发现楼梯间锂电车燃烧火焰卷吸处上方的无量纲温度随楼梯井竖直高度的增加而减小;潘鸣宇等[8]利用火灾动力学模拟软件,模拟分析了电动汽车锂离子电池组火灾过程中的热释放速率(Heat Release Rate,HRR)、烟气、能见度、温度、CO和CO2含量的变化;刘得星[9]模拟发现,12 Ah三元软包电池火灾的HRR峰值为37 kW左右;张青松等[10]利用标准18650型锂离子电池HRR曲线模拟电池组的火灾蔓延,验证了修正后的等效HRR模型的可靠性;张阳琳等[11]研究发现,环境温度对三元锂电池的工作效率影响较为显著。可以看出,目前的研究主要集中在电池的燃烧和热失控特性方面,对地下室、地下仓库、储藏室等受限空间环境温度对锂电车燃烧特征的影响研究较少。
因此,笔者拟通过试验测试和数值模拟相结合的方法,研究环境温度对受限空间锂电车燃烧过程中的温度、火焰形态和烟气产生及分布情况的影响,分析锂电车燃烧特征变化情况,以期为锂电车防火提供理论支持。
试验模拟地下车库受限空间,空间长×宽×高为7m×3.5m×2.2m,混凝土墙厚0.2m,如图1所示。
试验锂电车(简称试验车)正前方设置摄像机,以采集试验车燃烧过程中的图像。试验车置于试验系统中心位置。选择1.5m为危险临界高度[12],在距地面1.5m的位置设置2、3号(T2和T3)热电偶,距地面1.3m处设置1号(T1)热电偶,测点布置如图2所示。T1位于车头正上方,T2和T3位于电瓶车上方,与T1水平距离0.1m,分别靠近坐垫、车头侧。为保证试验过程中的安全,试验车正上方设置管道式喷头灭火系统。
试验车搭载48 V12 Ah的18650三元锂电池(26cm×15cm×7cm),如图3所示。车身除电池、充电线路和相应的控制系统之外,还有仪表表盘、车头灯以及大量的塑料件,座位部分安装泡沫坐垫,主要可燃物的燃烧特征参数见表1
分别以PVC、BR和PU作为模拟锂电车的主要车体、轮胎和座椅材料。选用大涡模拟(Large Eddy Simulation,LES)方法计算,环境参数为20 ℃。模拟时长设置为150s。车棚处于受限空间,不考虑风速影响,设置室内风速为0m/s,相对湿度、重力等参数设置为软件默认数值。
参照文献[13-16],利用修正后的等效HRR模型模拟锂电池火灾。表2为不同火源功率的模拟结果。可以看出,火源功率为1 200kW/m2时,模拟达到最高温度结果与实际情况结果和现有研究结果较为吻合[7]。因此,设置火源功率为1 200kW/m2
Pyrosim模拟结果的准确性和模拟时长受网格精度、尺寸影响,合理选择网格尺寸对于火灾数值模拟极为重要。Pyrosim在y轴、z轴上的部分计算采用基于快速傅里叶变换的泊松求解器,xyz方向的单元格数量不能为质数,且需分别满足2k×3m×5n的要求(kmn为整数)。经过网格敏感性分析,网格尺寸与特征火焰直径的比值应在1/16~1/4之间,一般取1/12~1/8[17]。特征火焰直径D*(m)表示为:
D * = ( Q - 1 ρ C p T g - 2 ) - 2 / 5
式中:Q为火源HRR,取4 302kW;T为环境温度,取303 K;CP为空气比热,取1.006 9 J/(kg·K) [18] ρ 为环境空气密度,取1.769kg/m3g为重力加速度,取9.80m/s2。网格空间为7.0m×2.2m×3.5m,设置网格尺寸为0.1m×0.1m×0.1m,网格总数为53 900,经计算符合要求,网格划分结果如图4所示。锂电车正上方,距地面2m处设置感烟探测器,温度测点设置与试验条件相同。
图5为试验车火灾的蔓延过程。可以看出,引燃30s时燃烧进入快速发展阶段,靠近引燃部位的车体的塑料部件开始燃烧;47s时座椅开始燃烧,102s时车头燃烧进入稳定燃烧阶段,120s时整个车体开始燃烧。
试验车燃烧温度变化如图6所示。可以看出,燃烧温度在20s之前上升缓慢,在20~30s后明显加速;T2和T3温度分别在60、80s之后波动降低,其原因是燃烧产生的烟气在受限空间内大量累积,一定程度上抑制可燃物燃烧过程,而T1离火源更近,温度无明显波动;T2和T3温度分别在80和100s以后上升。T1、T2和T3温度总体上先缓慢上升、后快速上升,最后快速下降,分别在118、105和119s达到最大温度值,最高温度达到920 ℃,整个过程平均温度约为600 ℃。与敞开空间锂电车燃烧时0~350s温度均呈上升趋势[19]的结果相比,受限空间试验车燃烧的加速过程明显提前,发展过程缩短,更早进入衰退阶段。这是因为受限空间热量蓄积,且缺乏氧气的持续供给,进入衰退阶段后,燃烧强度迅速降低,温度快速下降。
图7为T3处试验和模拟温度对比分析结果。
图7可以看出,模拟和试验曲线在前50s内温度缓慢上升,在50s左右温升加速,80s左右出现温度极大值。模拟过程由于是理想条件下,进入充分燃烧阶段后,温度迅速上升,由于受限空间烟气难以流通,温度也会聚集起来。而在试验中燃烧产生的烟气等在受限空间内大量累积,包裹可燃材料,抑制燃烧过程,对氧气向可燃物表面扩散形成阻力,因此,在80s时出现模拟结果和测试结果峰值差距较大的情况。整体上看,模拟结果和实测曲线的变化趋势相似,在前70s温度曲线几乎一致,后80s内温度变化特征点相近,因此,认为模型建立及参数选择合理,模拟结果可靠。
图8为0、20和40 ℃环境温度下燃烧平均温度(锂电车上方3个测点温度的平均值)的变化特征,表3为80s前燃烧平均温度与时间的线性关系。
图8可以看出,不同环境温度下锂电车在受限空间中燃烧温度的变化趋势相同,即燃烧初期温度变化不大,随后开始加速上升,达到极大值后开始缓慢下降。在80s以前,燃烧温度随着环境温度的升高而升高;环境温度为0和20 ℃时,50s之后平均升温速率(即表3中拟合方程式的斜率)明显增大,温度上升稳定加速,燃烧进入快速发展阶段,而当环境温度为40 ℃,30s之后平均升温速率明显增大,进入快速发展阶段,比环境温度20和0 ℃提前了40%,而平均温度比0和20 ℃环境下分别增大56和19 ℃。这一燃烧特征的动态演变受限于热力学条件,当燃烧强度持续增强时,受限空间氧气供给不足,烟气积聚效应开始主导燃烧过程,不同环境温度下的燃烧特征逐渐显现趋同性,约80 s后温度值及其变化速率趋于一致。
不同环境温度火焰形态如图9所示。可以看出,在0、20和40 ℃下,第20s时平均火焰高度(火焰高度根据模型比例换算)依次为81、93和107 cm,40 ℃环境温度下火焰高度几乎是20 ℃下的1.15倍,是0 ℃下的1.32倍。从燃烧三要素的角度分析,燃烧的剧烈程度跟可燃物与助燃物的含量直接相关。初始温度的升高会增加气体分子的平均动能,促进燃烧反应,导致更快的燃烧速率和更剧烈的火势蔓延。这一燃烧特征的动态演变在80 s后趋于收敛即不同环境温度下火焰形态趋于一致,这是因为燃烧反应逐渐达到稳定状态,燃烧产物的生成速率逐渐减缓,温度和化学组成会趋于稳定,不再受到初始条件的影响。
图10为不同环境温度下燃烧时第50s时的温度分布。可以看出,当0、20 ℃环境温度下即将进入快速发展阶段(即燃烧持续至约50s)时,40 ℃下燃烧已经进入快速发展阶段,并持续了约20s。燃烧50s时,0和20 ℃环境温度下,距离锂电车1.5m范围内的温度分别达到180和 200 ℃;而在40 ℃环境温度下,1.5m范围内的温度达到340 ℃(该温度超过了大多数可燃固体的燃点),比20和0 ℃环境温度下达到340 ℃的时间提前25s。这一燃烧特征的显著差异源于环境温度对燃烧反应的影响机制,在较低环境温度下,燃烧反应的起始速率较低,火势发展较为迟缓;而在较高环境温度下,燃烧反应的起始速率较高,燃烧反应更容易迅速发展并维持。
CO2常被用作衡量烟气特征的参考指标[8]图11为不同环境温度下锂电车燃烧过程中CO2体积分数变化。可以看出,30s之前,环境温度越高,CO2体积分数越高;40 ℃下的CO2体积分数平均约为20和0 ℃下的1.60和2.24倍。30s之后,尽管环境温度越高,CO2体积分数越高,但不同环境下CO2体积分数的差异性逐渐减小。在50~150s范围内,40 ℃环境下的CO2体积分数与20和0 ℃环境下比值的平均值分别约为1.05和1.06,CO2体积分数基本变化不大。这一燃烧特征演变源于环境温度对燃烧过程的影响机制,在低温环境下,燃烧蓄热环境较差,燃烧温度较低,火焰规模较小,导致燃烧不充分,烟气产生量相对较低;较高的环境温度提供了相对良好的蓄热环境和较高的反应活性,燃烧强度增大,烟气产生量增大。50s以后,不同环境温度下锂电车的燃烧均已进入快速发展阶段,初始环境温度对蓄热的影响被削弱,氧气的供给量成为影响燃烧的主要因素,燃烧状态相差不大,烟气产生量趋同。
受限空间具有空气流动较差,烟气易聚积等特点。不同环境温度下受限空间中烟气分布特征如图12所示。
图12可以看出,到达快速发展阶段时,不同环境温度下的烟气分布特征基本相同,而燃烧初期30s之前的烟气分布特征差距较为明显。在燃烧初期,高温环境下气体密度低、热膨胀效应明显、对流速度快且燃烧效率高,促使烟气向上升腾并扩散;而低温环境下气体密度高、热膨胀效应不显著、对流速度慢且燃烧效率低,导致烟气可能在燃烧周围相对稳定地停留,呈现出不同的烟气分布特征。在0 ℃的低温环境下,由于气体分子活动减缓,烟气更倾向于在空间中停留较长时间,形成较为稳定的分布。20 ℃的中等温度环境下,烟气相对均匀地分布在空间中,受到温度影响较小。而在40 ℃的高温环境下,气体分子活动增强,烟气更快地扩散和上升,导致烟气分布更广泛且更快速。因此,燃烧特征的变化过程揭示了环境温度对气体扩散的调控机制,最终主导了烟气在受限空间中的扩散路径与体积分数分布。
1) 试验车在受限空间中燃烧30s时进入快速发展阶段,47s座椅开始燃烧,102s进入稳定燃烧阶段,最高温度超过920 ℃。受限空间热量易聚集是试验车燃烧快速发展的主要原因。
2) 环境温度越高,锂电车燃烧初期温度越高,发展越快。当环境温度由0 ℃升高到40 ℃,到达快速发展阶段的时间和达到引燃邻近锂电车的温度的时间均提前40%,80s后锂电车燃烧温度和发展过程趋于一致。
3) 环境温度越高,锂电车燃烧初期火焰高度、烟气含量越高。第20s火焰形态差异较为明显,火焰高度增大32%;前30s内CO2含量的差异性较为稳定,约增大124%。火焰高度和烟气含量分别在80s和50s以后趋于一致。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52104219)
  • 陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-YBGY-479)
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2025年第35卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.03.0620
  • 接收时间:2024-10-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-10-12
  • 修回日期:2024-12-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52104219)
陕西省重点研发计划项目(2023-YBGY-479)
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    西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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