Article(id=1148106718212518722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0247-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0611, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734364800000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-17, revisedDate=1738771200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-06, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659572412, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659572412, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659572412, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659572412, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=247, endPage=258, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757848575460168, articleId=1148106718212518722, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research of urban emergency management in extreme situations based on scientific knowledge mapping, columnId=1149735802789348081, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Technology and engineering of disaster prevention and mitigation, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To grasp the development trends in urban emergency management research under extreme circumstances,a systematic review of the main studies and research characteristics in this field has been conducted. Using the scientific knowledge mapping tool VOSviewer software and Web of Science Core Collection (Wos CC) as the data retrieval source,this article performed a visual analysis on research literature on emergency management in extreme situations. The results show that in recent years,the research on urban emergency management in extreme situations has been increasing year by year,but the overall number of articles published is not much,with a total of 145 articles from 2004 to 2024. The United States,China,Australia are among those with the highest number of research papers,making significant contributions to the development of this field. Obvious research teams have been formed,mainly in China and the United States,but there is a lack of international cooperation. Through cluster analysis,the research topics can be summarized into five aspects,namely,disaster prevention management,disaster prediction models,urban vulnerability analysis,smart cities,and the impact of climate characteristics. Currently,as the probability of cities facing extreme risks increases,it is urgent to strengthen international cooperation,fully utilize the latest technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data,and construct a theoretical system for urban emergency management capable of facing extreme situations.

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为了掌握极端情况下城市应急管理研究的发展趋势,系统梳理该领域的主要研究及其特征,利用科学知识图谱工具VOSviewer软件,以科学网核心合集(Wos CC)为数据检索源,对极端情况下应急管理研究文献进行可视化分析。结果表明:对极端情况下城市应急管理的研究近些年来逐年增多,但总体发文量不大,2004—2024年总计文献为145篇;美国、中国、澳大利亚等是研究论文数量最多的国家之一,为该领域的发展作出重要贡献;当前已形成明显的研究团队,主要在中美两国,但缺乏国际合作;研究主题经聚类分析可归纳为灾害应急管理、灾害预测模型、城市脆弱性分析、智慧城市、气候特征影响等5个方面。目前,在城市面临极端风险的概率变大的情况下,急需加强国际合作,充分利用人工智能、大数据等最新技术,构建能够面对极端情况的城市应急管理理论体系。

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蒋卫平 (1983—),男,江西新余人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市应急管理、重大工程项目管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:

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蒋卫平 (1983—),男,江西新余人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市应急管理、重大工程项目管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:

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蒋卫平 (1983—),男,江西新余人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市应急管理、重大工程项目管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileBig=WLYVJnE+JbieA+frnMn1mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198221715448776, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=图5, caption=期刊合作网络, figureFileSmall=TtTVi2j20X3VgoER6AUnvg==, figureFileBig=WLYVJnE+JbieA+frnMn1mw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198221782557642, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Time evolution network diagram of keywords, figureFileSmall=SKrcQXrmYpllleXxhp1hUw==, figureFileBig=e7UMHoZe7G4ODktPWknsIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198221832889292, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=图6, caption=关键词时间演化网络, figureFileSmall=SKrcQXrmYpllleXxhp1hUw==, figureFileBig=e7UMHoZe7G4ODktPWknsIw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198221916775374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Co-occurrence network diagram of keywords, figureFileSmall=kk+Omo7Tpzv/2P1RctzqzA==, figureFileBig=L8DNMcSxvyfoq9AePcZesg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198221979689935, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=图7, caption=关键词共现网络, figureFileSmall=kk+Omo7Tpzv/2P1RctzqzA==, figureFileBig=L8DNMcSxvyfoq9AePcZesg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198222059381712, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Publication volume and citation count of top ten countries/regions

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排名 国家 发文量/篇 被引用量/次
1 USA美国 67 2 260
2 China中国 60 802
3 Australia澳大利亚 15 445
4 England英国 14 318
5 Italy意大利 10 118
6 Canada加拿大 8 319
7 Germany德国 6 67
8 Spain西班牙 6 26
9 Brazil巴西 5 44
10 Portugal葡萄牙 4 103
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222118101969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

排名前十的国家/地区发文量及被引用量

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排名 国家 发文量/篇 被引用量/次
1 USA美国 67 2 260
2 China中国 60 802
3 Australia澳大利亚 15 445
4 England英国 14 318
5 Italy意大利 10 118
6 Canada加拿大 8 319
7 Germany德国 6 67
8 Spain西班牙 6 26
9 Brazil巴西 5 44
10 Portugal葡萄牙 4 103
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222185210834, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Publication volume and citation count of top ten institutions

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排名 机构 所属国家 发文量/篇 被引用量/次
1 Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学) 中国 12 92
2 North Carolina State University(北卡罗莱纳州立大学) 美国 9 71
3 University of Cincinnati(辛辛那提大学) 美国 7 74
4 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(弗吉尼亚理工学院)
美国 6 42
5 China University of Geosciences(中国地质大学) 中国 3 9
6 Consortium for Ocean Leadership(海洋发展领导联盟) 美国 3 12
7 Goucher College(古彻学院) 美国 2 10
8 Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Water
Security Regulation(广东省水安全保障工程技术研究中心)
中国 2 26
9 Guangzhou Urban Planning & Design Survey Research Institute
(广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院)
中国 2 26
10 Ministry of Water Resources of China
(中华人民共和国水利部)
中国 2 10
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222260708307, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

排名前十的机构发文量及被引用量

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排名 机构 所属国家 发文量/篇 被引用量/次
1 Sun Yat-sen University (中山大学) 中国 12 92
2 North Carolina State University(北卡罗莱纳州立大学) 美国 9 71
3 University of Cincinnati(辛辛那提大学) 美国 7 74
4 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
(弗吉尼亚理工学院)
美国 6 42
5 China University of Geosciences(中国地质大学) 中国 3 9
6 Consortium for Ocean Leadership(海洋发展领导联盟) 美国 3 12
7 Goucher College(古彻学院) 美国 2 10
8 Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center for Water
Security Regulation(广东省水安全保障工程技术研究中心)
中国 2 26
9 Guangzhou Urban Planning & Design Survey Research Institute
(广州市城市规划勘测设计研究院)
中国 2 26
10 Ministry of Water Resources of China
(中华人民共和国水利部)
中国 2 10
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222344594388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Publication volume and citation count of top ten authors

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排名 作者 所属
国家
发文
被引
用量
1 CALDAS-ALVAREZ A 西班牙 5 40
2 DANIEL J E 德国 4 26
3 EHMELE F 美国 4 24
4 EHRET U 德国 2 16
5 FELDMANN H 德国 2 16
6 FRANCA M J 德国 2 16
7 GATTKE C 德国 2 14
8 HUNDHAUSEN M 德国 2 13
9 KNIPPERTZ P 德国 2 10
10 KUEPFER K 德国 2 7
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排名前十的作者发文量及被引用量

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排名 作者 所属
国家
发文
被引
用量
1 CALDAS-ALVAREZ A 西班牙 5 40
2 DANIEL J E 德国 4 26
3 EHMELE F 美国 4 24
4 EHRET U 德国 2 16
5 FELDMANN H 德国 2 16
6 FRANCA M J 德国 2 16
7 GATTKE C 德国 2 14
8 HUNDHAUSEN M 德国 2 13
9 KNIPPERTZ P 德国 2 10
10 KUEPFER K 德国 2 7
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222499783638, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Publication volume and citation count of top ten journals

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排名 期刊 发文量/
被引量/
影响
因子
1 International Journal of
Disaster Risk Reduction
17 426 5.0
2 Sustainability 11 96 3.9
3 International Journal of
Environmental Science
and Technology
8 91 3.1
4 Natural Hazards 8 208 3.7
5 Journal of Hydrology 6 81 6.4
6 International Journal of
Disaster Risk Science
5 26 4.0
7 Water 4 36 3.4
8 Australian Journal of
Emergency Management
3 10 0.9
9 Complexity 3 42 2.3
10 Isprs International Journal
of Geo-Information
3 41 3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222583669719, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

排名前十的期刊发文量及被引量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
排名 期刊 发文量/
被引量/
影响
因子
1 International Journal of
Disaster Risk Reduction
17 426 5.0
2 Sustainability 11 96 3.9
3 International Journal of
Environmental Science
and Technology
8 91 3.1
4 Natural Hazards 8 208 3.7
5 Journal of Hydrology 6 81 6.4
6 International Journal of
Disaster Risk Science
5 26 4.0
7 Water 4 36 3.4
8 Australian Journal of
Emergency Management
3 10 0.9
9 Complexity 3 42 2.3
10 Isprs International Journal
of Geo-Information
3 41 3.4
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222671750104, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Top ten high-frequency keywords in clusters

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关键词 节点
大小
连接
强度
关键词 节点
大小
连接
强度
1 disaster(灾害) 367 1 687 3 extreme heat(酷热) 236 1 351
management(管理) 259 1 348 mortality(死亡) 217 1 102
preparedness(准备) 245 1 457 risk(风险) 196 1 004
emergency response(应急响应) 235 1 395 temperature(温度) 1 90 1 093
earthquake(地震) 186 864 urban resilience(城市韧性) 151 792
hazards(灾害) 162 806 adaptation(适应) 338 1 895
GIS 157 889 water(水) 264 1 121
evacuation(疏散) 151 861 city(城市) 210 883
health education(健康教育) 141 536 climate change(气候变化) 196 861
lessons(教训) 130 667 flood(洪涝) 152 871
2 natural disasters(自然灾害) 601 3 994 risk assessment(风险评估) 145 802
optimization(优化) 321 2 194 river-basin(流域) 115 593
preparedness(准备) 291 1 809 flood 110 682
system(系统) 167 1 172 risk management(风险管理) 102 599
wind(风) 159 1 356 urbanization(城市化) 98 567
basin(盆地) 156 1 349 4 resilience(韧性) 481 3 857
urban(城市) 152 668 river-basin(流域) 427 3 512
COVID-19 148 993 framework(框架) 394 3 214
extreme rainfall(极端降雨) 139 876 natural hazards(自然灾害) 214 1278
extreme weather(极端天气) 137 831 impacts(影响) 209 1 595
3 climate(气候) 638 3 781 transport(交通) 197 1 271
emergency management(应急管理) 513 3 004 travel(出行) 158 1 268
events(事件) 461 2 786 walkability(可步行) 152 1 104
exposure(暴露) 298 1 487 mobility(流动性) 151 1 100
health(健康) 267 16 01 land-use(土地利用) 149 981
), ArticleFig(id=1165198222793384921, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106718212518722, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

聚类中的前十个高频关键词

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关键词 节点
大小
连接
强度
关键词 节点
大小
连接
强度
1 disaster(灾害) 367 1 687 3 extreme heat(酷热) 236 1 351
management(管理) 259 1 348 mortality(死亡) 217 1 102
preparedness(准备) 245 1 457 risk(风险) 196 1 004
emergency response(应急响应) 235 1 395 temperature(温度) 1 90 1 093
earthquake(地震) 186 864 urban resilience(城市韧性) 151 792
hazards(灾害) 162 806 adaptation(适应) 338 1 895
GIS 157 889 water(水) 264 1 121
evacuation(疏散) 151 861 city(城市) 210 883
health education(健康教育) 141 536 climate change(气候变化) 196 861
lessons(教训) 130 667 flood(洪涝) 152 871
2 natural disasters(自然灾害) 601 3 994 risk assessment(风险评估) 145 802
optimization(优化) 321 2 194 river-basin(流域) 115 593
preparedness(准备) 291 1 809 flood 110 682
system(系统) 167 1 172 risk management(风险管理) 102 599
wind(风) 159 1 356 urbanization(城市化) 98 567
basin(盆地) 156 1 349 4 resilience(韧性) 481 3 857
urban(城市) 152 668 river-basin(流域) 427 3 512
COVID-19 148 993 framework(框架) 394 3 214
extreme rainfall(极端降雨) 139 876 natural hazards(自然灾害) 214 1278
extreme weather(极端天气) 137 831 impacts(影响) 209 1 595
3 climate(气候) 638 3 781 transport(交通) 197 1 271
emergency management(应急管理) 513 3 004 travel(出行) 158 1 268
events(事件) 461 2 786 walkability(可步行) 152 1 104
exposure(暴露) 298 1 487 mobility(流动性) 151 1 100
health(健康) 267 16 01 land-use(土地利用) 149 981
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基于科学知识图谱的极端情况下城市应急管理研究
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蒋卫平 副教授 1, 2 , 龚浩锋 1, 2 , 苏栋 教授 1, 2 , 林星涛 助理教授 1, 2 , 陈湘生 教授 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 防灾减灾技术与工程 2025,35(4): 247-258
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中国安全科学学报 | 防灾减灾技术与工程 2025, 35(4): 247-258
基于科学知识图谱的极端情况下城市应急管理研究
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蒋卫平 副教授1, 2 , 龚浩锋1, 2, 苏栋 教授1, 2, 林星涛 助理教授1, 2, 陈湘生 教授1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 深圳大学 未来地下城市研究院,广东 深圳 518060
  • 2 深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 深圳 518060
  • 蒋卫平 (1983—),男,江西新余人,博士,副教授,主要从事城市应急管理、重大工程项目管理、智能建造等方面的研究。E-mail:

Research of urban emergency management in extreme situations based on scientific knowledge mapping
Weiping JIANG1, 2 , Haofeng GONG1, 2, Dong SU1, 2, Xingtao LIN1, 2, Xiangsheng CHEN1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 Future Underground City Research Institute, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518060, China
  • 2 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518060, China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0611
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为了掌握极端情况下城市应急管理研究的发展趋势,系统梳理该领域的主要研究及其特征,利用科学知识图谱工具VOSviewer软件,以科学网核心合集(Wos CC)为数据检索源,对极端情况下应急管理研究文献进行可视化分析。结果表明:对极端情况下城市应急管理的研究近些年来逐年增多,但总体发文量不大,2004—2024年总计文献为145篇;美国、中国、澳大利亚等是研究论文数量最多的国家之一,为该领域的发展作出重要贡献;当前已形成明显的研究团队,主要在中美两国,但缺乏国际合作;研究主题经聚类分析可归纳为灾害应急管理、灾害预测模型、城市脆弱性分析、智慧城市、气候特征影响等5个方面。目前,在城市面临极端风险的概率变大的情况下,急需加强国际合作,充分利用人工智能、大数据等最新技术,构建能够面对极端情况的城市应急管理理论体系。

极端情况  /  城市应急管理  /  科学知识图谱  /  可视化  /  VOSviewer

To grasp the development trends in urban emergency management research under extreme circumstances,a systematic review of the main studies and research characteristics in this field has been conducted. Using the scientific knowledge mapping tool VOSviewer software and Web of Science Core Collection (Wos CC) as the data retrieval source,this article performed a visual analysis on research literature on emergency management in extreme situations. The results show that in recent years,the research on urban emergency management in extreme situations has been increasing year by year,but the overall number of articles published is not much,with a total of 145 articles from 2004 to 2024. The United States,China,Australia are among those with the highest number of research papers,making significant contributions to the development of this field. Obvious research teams have been formed,mainly in China and the United States,but there is a lack of international cooperation. Through cluster analysis,the research topics can be summarized into five aspects,namely,disaster prevention management,disaster prediction models,urban vulnerability analysis,smart cities,and the impact of climate characteristics. Currently,as the probability of cities facing extreme risks increases,it is urgent to strengthen international cooperation,fully utilize the latest technologies such as artificial intelligence and big data,and construct a theoretical system for urban emergency management capable of facing extreme situations.

extreme situations  /  urban emergency management  /  scientific knowledge mapping  /  visualization  /  VOSviewer
蒋卫平 副教授, 龚浩锋, 苏栋 教授, 林星涛 助理教授, 陈湘生 教授. 基于科学知识图谱的极端情况下城市应急管理研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 247 -258 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0611
Weiping JIANG, Haofeng GONG, Dong SU, Xingtao LIN, Xiangsheng CHEN. Research of urban emergency management in extreme situations based on scientific knowledge mapping[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 247 -258 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0611
城市是社会经济发展的重要空间载体[1],随着全球气候变化异常以及社会发展中各种矛盾的日益激化,城市发展被极端情况所干扰的概率日益增大。自然灾害如极端降雨、极端高温发生的次数呈现不断攀升的趋势。联合国政府间气候变化专门委员会发布的第六次评估报告指出,随着全球变暖加剧,预计极端事件(如极端热、强降水等)发生频率会更高,事件的极端强度会更大。极端情况一旦发生,往往使城市各项能力处在极端考验之下,极有可能使人民生命和财产安全遭受巨大损失。在我国,由于气候异常导致城市重大损失的事件时有发生。2018年,台风“山竹”造成广东、广西、海南、湖南、贵州5省(区)近300万人受灾,5人死亡,1人失踪,造成中国经济损失136.8亿元[2]。2021年,郑州“7·20”特大暴雨导致郑州市死亡失踪380人,直接经济损失1 200.6亿元[3]
目前,面对极端情况的城市应急管理日益受到重视。城市应急管理正逐渐从单一的防灾减灾向综合性、系统性的风险管理转变,涉及预警机制的建立、应急预案的制定、应急资源的配置、应急救援队伍的建设等多个方面。一部分研究关注于面对极端天气(如风暴潮、暴雨)以及引发的内涝的应急管理体系与流程[4-7];也有一部分研究关注于城市生命线工程的运行保障,如公路交通运行研究[8]、应急通信保障研究[9]、城市电力系统运行保障研究[10]。但总体而言,目前缺乏对该领域研究特征、热点和研究趋势的综合梳理,尚未形成对该学科领域的整体认知。
科学知识图谱基于数学和统计学等方法对某领域文献进行数量和发展趋势的统计分析,再通过软件绘制图谱将文献传达的信息可视化[11]。该方法通过定性与定量相结合的方式,将文献相关性以更加直观的方式呈现。因此,笔者拟运用科学知识图谱方法,分析极端情况下城市应急管理研究文献,旨在揭示极端情况下城市应急管理的研究动态和发展趋势,为未来本领域的科学研究提供一定的参考。
使用3个数据库进行文献检索,包括科学网核心合集(Web of Science Core Collection,WoS CC)、Scoups和Google Scholar。其中,WoS CC(https://www.webofscience.com)数据库是最主要的来源,因为WOS CC是世界上具有重要影响力的多学科学术文献数据库。检索时段为2004—2024年,检索式为:Topic=“urban emergency management” AND “catastrophic disaster” OR “major disaster” OR“extreme weather” OR “extreme event” OR “extreme climate”,并且限定范围为“Article”OR“Review Article”。通过检索3个数据库,初步得到285篇文献,剔除重复性文献以及与研究主题不符的文献后,最终选取145篇开展后续研究。
采用VOSviewer version 1.6.20软件对纳入文献进行可视化分析,该软件旨在促进可视化文献计量地图的生成和显示[12]。VOSviewer 提供3种不同的查看模式:网络可视化、叠加和密度可视化。文中只使用网络可视化,因为它使人们能够根据共现分析、合著者和文献产出地区等因素快速了解不同的关键词和出版主题的相关性[13]。设置时间跨度为20年,时间切片为“1”。利用 HistCite软件对不同参数指标进行归类提取,获取作者、国家、机构、期刊和关键词等不同特征。首先,对文献分别进行国家、机构、作者、期刊合作网络分析,再以关键词为节点进行共现分析和聚类分析。其中节点的大小通常表示某个文献、作者、机构或关键词的重要性或影响力,较大的节点通常代表更具影响力或重要性的实体。连接线的宽度或厚度表示2个节点之间的关联程度。较粗的连接线表示2个节点之间有更多的共现或合作关系,而较细的连接线表示关联程度较低。在关键词共现分析中,使用文献共现分析的方法来进行聚类。分析单元类型为:“co-occurrence-all keyword (author keyword+keyword plus)”,计数方式为“full counting”,节点过滤标准为节点的出现频次≥3。该方法根据文献中的共同引用或共同出现的关键词将文献分组成不同的簇或群组,使用颜色来表示特定研究的相关性。色调较深表示强相关,相反,色调较浅则表示弱相关。随着一个术语在多个研究领域中得到更广泛的使用,连接线呈现出更鲜明的对比。
对所有纳入的文献进行年度发文量分析,年度发文量如图1所示。图1显示,检索所得文献起始年份为2004年,极端情况下城市应急管理的相关研究文献在2004—2018年间每年发文量在2篇左右,从2019年开始每年的发文量逐渐增加。总体处于上升趋势。在2023年时达到峰值,发文量为29篇。由此可见:学者对于极端情况下城市应急管理的关注程度逐渐上升。
国家/地区分布调查有助于了解文章的空间分布,文中的出版物来自30个国家/地区。表1为发表论文最多的10个国家的相关信息,由表1可知:美国的极端情况下城市应急管理相关论文产量最大(67篇),其次是中国(60篇)和澳大利亚(15 篇)。一个国家/地区的总被引次数反映了其在该领域的科学影响力。表1显示,美国的总被引频次排名第1(2 260次),其次是中国(802次)和澳大利亚(445次)。从文献被引次数来看,美国、中国、澳大利亚、加拿大和英国是极端情况下城市应急管理研究的主要贡献国。无论从相关文章数量还是被引用次数来看,美国都是极端情况下城市应急管理研究的主要贡献者。
根据WoS导出的国家或地区数据,将相关研究的国家合作网络可视化,如图2所示。节点大小代表国家发表文章的数量。节点越大,发表的文章越多。节点的颜色与文章的发表年份相对应。节点之间的连线反映了国家之间的合作情况。粗线表示合作密切。美国是极端情况下城市应急管理研究领域合作国家最多的国家,在WoS数据库中有11个合作国家。其次是中国,共有8个合作国家。从国家合作情况来看,美国和中国与大部分国家和地区有着紧密的合作关系,是国际合作的核心贡献者。美国在极端情况下城市应急管理相关的学术研究方面处于领先地位。
表2为发表文章数量排名前十的研究机构,其中为极端情况下城市应急管理研究作出巨大贡献机构包括:中山大学(12篇)、北卡罗莱纳州立大学(9篇)、辛辛那提大学(7篇)、弗吉尼亚理工大学(6篇)和中国地质大学(3篇)。中山大学的被引次数位居第一,这体现了中山大学在极端情况下城市应急管理研究领域具有较高的权威性。此外,排名前十的机构均来自中国或美国,其中有5个在中国,另外5个在美国。这一结果既体现了两国在极端情况下城市应急管理研究领域的强大实力和高度活跃性,也揭示了国际合作与交流对于推动该领域发展的重要性。
图3为使用 VOSviewer 映射的机构合作出版物网络,该网络表明:许多来自不同国家的机构都开展了一定数量的关于极端情况下城市应急管理的研究,中国的相关机构与其他的机构形成了一定的合作关系;然而,细长的连接线表明机构间的合作强度较低。因此,各国的研究机构应提高研究合作频率以及强度,确保城市应急管理研究的多元化和全面性。
根据发表文章的数量对前 10 位作者排名,结果见表3。CALDAS-ALVAREZ(5篇)在发表文章数量上占优势,并且文章的被引用量也位居榜首,在排名前十的作者中,8位来自德国,一位来自西班牙,一位来自美国,德国的学者占据最大比例
图4为极端情况下城市应急管理研究作者合作的可视化网络。从节点的大小与线连接强度来看,德国的作者为极端情况下城市应急管理研究作出了较大贡献;但是作者之间的合作大多处在与本国人较为密切的状态,缺少国际化合作,今后应加强不同国家地区学者的相互交流。
关于极端情况下城市应急管理的文章发表在102个期刊上。表4为发文量前十的期刊,其中,International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction期刊的发文量最多,共有17篇与城市应急管理相关的文章,被引量则是以426次远远超越了其他期刊。这表明International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction期刊是极端情况下城市应急管理领域贡献最大的出版物。其次为Sustainability(11篇)、International Journal of Environmental Science and Technology(8篇)、Natural Hazards(8篇)。这些期刊涵盖了从灾害风险管理、可持续发展到环境科学与技术等多个学科领域,表明极端情况下城市应急管理是一个高度跨学科的研究领域。International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction作为发文量最多的期刊,凸显了灾害风险管理在极端情况下城市应急管理中的核心地位。灾害风险管理不仅是应对突发事件的过程,更是一个长期、系统的工程。需要建立完善的灾害风险管理体系,以实现灾害风险的全面管理和有效控制。
图5为期刊之间的合作网络图。其中,International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction拥有最大的节点和最多的关联线,这是因为它是发文量和引文量排名第一的出版物。该期刊面向地理科学、环境科学、城市管理和社会科学等多个学科的研究者。期刊主题主要包括灾害风险管理、城市脆弱性分析、新兴风险管理等。该期刊拥有最大的节点和最多的关联线,不仅反映了其作为发文量和引文量榜首的高影响力,更体现了其在促进跨学科合作、推动灾害风险管理理论与实践融合方面的关键作用。通过吸引并整合地理科学、环境科学、城市管理、社会科学等多领域的研究成果,该期刊为研究者提供了一个广阔的交流平台,促进了知识共享与思想碰撞,加速了灾害风险管理领域创新理念和技术方法的诞生与传播。这种强大的网络效应,不仅提升了期刊自身的学术声誉,也为全球灾害风险的预防、减轻与适应工作提供了强有力的智力支持,展现了科研合作在应对全球性挑战中的巨大潜力与价值。
选取近20年间的期刊论文的关键词进行关键词演化分析。图6为关键词时间图,时间顺序由左至右为2004—2023年。由图6可知:climate change(气候变化)、disaster(灾害)、model(模型)等一直是大家所关注的主题。2006年,城市气候变化成为研究热点,废热气体进入城市空气环境后,使空气中的含热量增加,加强了城市热岛的强度[14]。2010年,国内极端温度灾害发生频率上升,学者开展了关于城市高温灾害的趋势分析研究[15]。2014年,建立城市灾害风险综合评价模型成为极端灾害的防控手段,特别是对于城市极端洪涝灾害的风险评价模型受到了关注[16]。2019年,针对城市区域对气候变化的脆弱性问题,学者通过使用压力-状态-响应模型来研究人类和自然活动对环境的影响[17]。直到近年来,水灾、天气、城市敏感性等问题仍然是大家所关注的主题。城市化进程加快和人口密集化加剧了城市脆弱性,但现有研究对城市系统动态变化的响应机制仍不够全面,特别是在极端气候频发的背景下,如何量化长期脆弱性变化仍是难题。此外,城市与野外交界区域的管理涉及多方利益和复杂的生态系统,需要平衡城市发展与生态保护,以及在灾害发生时协调应急资源。未来应推动风险评估系统的智能化升级,结合物联网、机器学习等技术,实现灾害风险的实时监测、动态评估和精准预警。
在文献计量学研究中,关键词共现分析是一种揭示科学文章集合中关键词之间模式和关联的关键技术;它基于文档中关键词的分析,能够深刻反映研究内容和讨论主题,并清晰揭示出这些关键词在多个文本中所构建的研究领域结构。这种分析将常用的关键词组合起来,识别它们之间的潜在关联,并揭示出主要研究领域及领域间的联系,从而形成知识热点。为了更直观地展示这些分析结果,关键词共现分析会利用关键词和共现图的可视化叠加,这些图表能够清晰地展现研究领域的结构,帮助研究者迅速识别关键领域和热点话题[18]
文中采用VOSviewer进行关键词聚类分析,首先,分析文献中关键词之间的相关性。这种相关性可能是基于关键词的共现、共被引或者其他计量指标。基于上述的相关性分析,VOSviewer采用K-means算法将关键词进行分组。随机选择K个数据点作为初始的簇中心(质心),并计算每个数据点到所有簇中心的距离。之后,算法进入迭代过程,每一个迭代过程分为分配步骤和更新步骤。在分配步骤中,算法计算每个数据点到所有簇中心的距离,并将每个数据点分配给距离它最近的簇中心,形成k个簇。在更新步骤中,算法重新计算每个簇的质心,即计算该簇内所有点的均值作为新的簇中心。这2个步骤交替进行,直到达到预设的迭代次数。最终算法将数据集划分为k个簇,每个簇内的点具有较高的相似度,而不同簇之间的点则相对不相似[19]。根据VOSviewer的簇分类,将总计1 000个关键词分为5个簇,表5为每一个簇中节点强度最大,即最高频的前十个关键词。
图7为 5个簇中前100个关键词的可视化网络图,以及它们的共现关系。节点标签表示关键词,每个节点的大小是指关键词的频率。连接2个节点的链接表示2个关键词之间的共现关系。VOSviewer自动将所有关键词分类为5个簇,分别为防灾管理、灾害预测模型、气候特征影响、智慧化城市和城市脆弱性。
簇包括灾难、灾害管理、防灾、地震、应急响应、疏散、GIS、危害、卫生、应急管理、教训等264个高频关键词。城市灾害应急管理是一个高度综合的领域,旨在通过预防、准备、响应和恢复减轻自然和人为灾害的影响。这一领域结合了技术、规划、政策制定和公共参与等多方面的内容,以确保城市在面对灾害时的韧性[20]。当前的城市灾害应急管理研究主要集中在灾害风险评估、应急能力评估与应急响应。例如:ZHANG Zhuo等[21]基于GIS构建了跨尺度框架,用于评估台风登陆期间各种洪水情景下的城市应急服务覆盖范围。应急能力评估体系必须不断完善,最大限度地发挥其有效性,提供实时量化、动态化、有针对性的数据。加拿大、澳大利亚、中国等国家已经建立了城市应急能力评估体系。一些研究人员构建了一个指标体系,由主要指标、次要指标和相应标准组成[22]。此外,应急响应是减少灾害损失的重要手段,通过及时、有序的救援行动,可以快速控制灾害的扩散,减小其对城市基础设施、居民生活和经济的破坏程度。PEIXOTO等[23]采用多传感器应急检测单元来检测突发灾害情况,用于缩短城市灾害应急的初始阶段与实际响应之间的时间。
簇包括盆地、COVID-19、极端降雨、极端天气、未来、影响、基础设施、管理、模型、网络等240个高频关键词。机器学习技术在计算机视觉、自然语言处理、机器翻译和机器人技术等各个领域取得了重大进展[24],已经为城市地区开发了许多基于机器学习技术的实时洪水预测模型。大多数研究使用水文站测量数据来训练机器学习模型。FU Jincheng等[25]利用多元加性回归树进行河流阶段预测,利用 2005—2009年间台湾八章河流域16次台风的降雨量和河流数据训练和测试模型。测试结果表明,多元加性回归树在测试过程中有效地描述了洪水传播过程。ASALY等[26]提出了一种使用支持向量机改进山洪暴发预测的新方法,该方法结合了来自地面全球导航卫星系统接收器的可降水水蒸气数据,以及地表压力测量值和附近的闪电发生数据来预测山洪暴发。此外,随着计算能力的提高,机器学习技术在其他城市灾害类型的预测中得到了广泛应用。例如:ZHAI Chenwei等[27]利用历史数据和各种解释变量来构建统计和机器学习模型,用于开发因飓风引起的城市停电预测模型。LEI Xiaoming等[28]开发了一个可解释的集成学习代理模型,用于预测和解释城市公路桥梁的关键地震需求。结果表明:该模型克服了基于机器学习的桥梁地震需求预测研究中的可解释性和超参数调整耗时问题。
簇包括脆弱性、事件、暴露、极端高温、健康、死亡率、风险、温度、城市韧性等190个高频关键词。城市灾害脆弱性是城市在面对自然灾害时的敏感性和易损性。自然因素如气候、地质等条件对城市的自然灾害脆弱性具有直接影响。从研究对象来看,城市灾害脆弱性评估涵盖了广泛的灾害,包括城市地震脆弱性、城市暴雨和洪水脆弱性、城市滑坡脆弱性、城市热脆弱性等[29]。例如:ORTEGA等[30]使用一种新开发的建筑结构脆弱性地震评估方法,用于定性和简单的定量数据来估计建筑的抗震能力。此外,学者还提出了各种方法来评估城市灾害脆弱性,如基于历史灾害的数理统计、脆弱性指数系统的设计[31],基于损伤曲线函数的潜在损失计算[32]。由于脆弱性形成机制尚不清楚,目前指数系统方法最便于城市灾害脆弱性评估,并得到了广泛的应用。
簇包括智慧城市、设计、系统、仿真优化、框架、城市地区、可靠性、自动驾驶汽车、机器学习、安全性、挑战、深度学习等172个高频关键词。智慧城市的概念旨在通过创新提高城市区域的便利性和高效管理[33]。物联网和网络物理系统是现代技术领域的关键概念,填补了许多传统系统的空白,并提供了广泛的新应用和机会,尤其是在元宇宙和智慧城市中[34]。随着2020年代新一代信息技术的出现,智慧城市的概念开始流行。一般来说,智慧城市是一个主要由信息和通信技术组成的框架[35],旨在有效利用最新的信息技术来应对城市工业日益全球化和城市化带来的挑战。基于新一代知识社会创新背景,智慧城市能够使大城市能够实现信息技术、工业化和城镇化的深度融合[36]。KIM等[37]指出减灾服务是智慧城市概念的重要组成部分,可以为城市带来可持续的未来。智慧城市的减灾是一个复杂而重要的任务。通过应用先进的技术手段和创新的管理方法,结合公众参与和信息共享的理念,可以有效地提高城市的灾害应对能力,保障市民的生命安全和城市的稳定运行。
簇包括韧性、气候、框架、影响、自然灾害、交通、步行能力、出行、土地利用、流动性等73个高频关键词。气候变化被认为是对人类社会的重大威胁,促使世界各国政府实施各种政策和计划,旨在减轻其影响,寻求可持续和包容性的低碳发展[38]。作为温室气体排放的主要贡献者,城市在减缓气候变化方面发挥着至关重要的作用[39]。许多城市已经接受了低碳城市的概念,将其作为控制碳排放和改善市民福祉的关键方法。在我国,国家发展和改革委员会分别于2010年、2012年和2017年启动了3批低碳城市试点,强调了采用低碳生活方式和减少碳排放的重要性。实证研究表明:低碳城市在提高碳排放效率、促进低碳创新和推进产业升级方面具有有效性[40]。此外,气候变化的影响使城市在社会、经济和环境方面变得脆弱。随着海平面上升以及更频繁的极端降雨和热浪,发生洪水的概率以及造成的破坏将增加[41]。沿海城市发生洪水的可能性更高,预计到 2050 年,低洼地区将有10 亿多人面临沿海特定气候灾害的风险[42]。因此,需要加强城市规划和基础设施建设,提高城市的抗灾能力。同时推动绿色发展和低碳生活,缓解气候变化的影响。
1) 通过对研究机构合作网络和作者合作网络分析可以看出,研究合作强度有待加强,特别是国际合作更应值得重视。相关研究机构应突破地域限制和学科限制,推动该学科领域形成更具体系的研究和更多研究成果。
2) 通过研究主题演化分析发现,极端情况下城市应急管理领域虽然已经有了一定的研究,但对于极端情况以及灾难出现后的应急管理实施过程的研究比较缺乏,建议对于灾害出现后的应急救灾措施、方法、技术等投入更多的研究,形成能够面对极端情况的城市应急管理的理论框架与体系,探索跨学科以及各类技术综合应用的研究范式。
3) 应投入更多力量研究智慧城市在面对极端情况时如何发挥感知、预测以及智慧决策的作用。对于人工智能、大数据、数字孪生等技术的应用尤其要加强研究,以提升极端情况下智慧城市的应对能力。
4) 从长远视角看,绿色低碳发展不仅是环保的要求,更是城市减少极端情况发生的重要策略。在全球气候变化的背景下,绿色低碳实践对增强城市韧性至关重要。未来研究更应关注应对全球极端气候的长效机制,涵盖优化城市能源结构、城市规划融入绿色低碳理念、增加城市绿地面积、城市建设采用环保材料等,为市民创造宜居环境等城市规划、建设与管理工作。
1) 对极端情况下城市应急管理的研究近些年来逐年增长,2019年以来,发展相对迅速,但总体发文量还不多。
2) 从国家分布看,美国、中国、澳大利亚等是研究论文数量最多的国家。从文献被引量看,美国、中国、澳大利亚、加拿大、英国等是主要贡献国。
3) 极端情况下的城市应急管理研究已有明显的研究团队,主要在中美2国,但研究团队之间的合作强度较弱,没有形成紧密的合作网络;研究者合作网络以德国学者最为紧密,但多为与本国人合作,缺乏国际化合作。
4) 极端情况下城市应急管理研究期刊主要有International Journal of Disaster Risk ReductionSustainabilityInternational Journal of Environmental Science and TechnologyNatural Hazards等,单个期刊发表的有关研究的数量都不大。
5) 研究主题经聚类分析可归纳为灾害应急管理、灾害预测模型、城市脆弱性分析、智慧城市、气候特征影响等5个方面,极端情况下城市应急管理研究已经形成了一定的体系。
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0611
  • 接收时间:2024-12-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-17
  • 修回日期:2025-02-06
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中国工程院咨询项目(2022-JB-02)
中国工程院咨询项目(2023-HZ-03)
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    1 深圳大学 未来地下城市研究院,广东 深圳 518060
    2 深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院,广东 深圳 518060
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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