Article(id=1148106715221975504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0127-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0882, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1734883200000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-23, revisedDate=1740412800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659571699, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659571699, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659571699, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659571699, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757854682366885, articleId=1148106715221975504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on influence of wetting modification of medium and high rank coal on gas-water migration, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of increasing difficulty of water injection in deep coal seam and poor inhibition effect of emission,based on the theoretical method of wetting modification of coal seam,wetting agent was used to act on gas-bearing coal body to inhibit gas desorption and migration. The fluorocarbon FS-3100 surfactant with strong wettability was used to test the influence of wettability on the gas-water migration process in coal through gas-containing coal desorption test and fracturing fluid displacement flow test,and to explore the change mechanism of coal wettability on gas-containing coal desorption efficiency and flow capacity. The results show that the surface tension of water is reduced to 17.9 mN /m after adding wetting agent in water,and the contact angle of coal water is only 3-3.5°. After the wetting agent was used to modify the coal body,the desorption rate of gas in the coal is significantly reduced. The gas desorption rates of Xinjing and Baode coals are reduced to 46.08% and 39.2%,respectively,which are 8.4% and 9.8% higher than that of water. After the wetting agent acts on the coal body,the displacement flow rate of the Xinjing coal sample increases from 8.59% to 14.10%,and the Baode coal sample increases from 10.65% to 16.67%,and the water injection capacity of the coal body is significantly enhanced. The wetting agent molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the coal matrix,which reduces the interfacial tension between coal and water and the surface energy of the coal body,so that the friction resistance of the water molecules flowing in the pores and fissures of the coal body is reduced,and the water molecules can infiltrate smaller-scale pores and produce stronger water lock effect. Finally,the gas desorption and migration adsorbed on the pores and coal surface are inhibited,and the gas plugging effect is formed.

, correspAuthors=Lin TIAN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yufei QI, Lin TIAN, Yunxing CAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106722486509810, articleId=1148106715221975504, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=中高阶煤润湿改性对气水运移的影响研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决深部煤层注水难度增大,涌出量抑制效果差的问题,基于煤层润湿改性的理论方法,使用润湿剂作用于含瓦斯煤体,抑制瓦斯解吸运移。采用润湿性极强的氟碳型FS-3100表面活性剂,开展含瓦斯煤解吸试验和压裂液驱替流动试验,测试润湿性对煤中气水运移过程的影响,探讨中高阶煤润湿改性对含瓦斯煤解吸效率及其流动能力的变化机制。研究结果表明:水中添加润湿剂,将水的表面张力降低至17.9 mN/m,煤水接触角仅有3~3.5°。润湿剂对煤体改性后,煤中瓦斯的解吸速率明显降低,新景和保德煤瓦斯解吸率分别降至46.08%和39.2%,相比于清水对瓦斯抑制效果分别增加8.4%和9.8%;煤体润湿改性后,新景煤样驱替流动率从8.59%提高至14.10%,保德煤样从10.65%提高至16.67%,煤体注水能力明显增强。润湿剂分子吸附于煤基质表面,降低煤水界面张力和煤体表面能,使水分子在煤体孔裂隙中流动的摩擦阻力减小,水分子能够浸润更小尺度孔隙,产生更强的水锁效应,最终抑制吸附于孔隙及煤表面的瓦斯解吸运移,形成瓦斯封堵作用。

, correspAuthors=田林 副教授, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**田 林(1986—),男,河南焦作人,博士,副教授,主要从事煤矿瓦斯治理、煤层气勘探开发方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=rBc+yYQM0AwNe0eT6m+V0A==, magXml=AdNfopHECU9Y/KiGRKkgCg==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=5vEY7hVuW+tt/Pbkk2/x+A==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=Y0hNpwc4BbgJind3AuBNog==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

齐羽飞 (1998—),男,河南焦作人,博士研究生,研究方向为煤矿瓦斯治理及煤层气开发。E-mail:

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齐羽飞 (1998—),男,河南焦作人,博士研究生,研究方向为煤矿瓦斯治理及煤层气开发。E-mail:

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articleId=1148106715221975504, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Effect of wettability on gas-water distribution and migration in medium-high rank coal, figureFileSmall=rXYloYVInZcgN0TDjMxtRA==, figureFileBig=uDbxYACx8P3AiOgpgDi8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198335469171175, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=CN, label=图10, caption=润湿性对中高阶煤体气水分布及运移作用效果, figureFileSmall=rXYloYVInZcgN0TDjMxtRA==, figureFileBig=uDbxYACx8P3AiOgpgDi8/g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198335532085736, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Surface tension test results of different concentration fracturing fluid

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性剂质量分数/% 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5
FS-3100/(mN·m-1) 38.3 27.7 20.1 18.0 17.8 17.9 17.8 17.8
清水/(mN·m-1) 71.8
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335582417385, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同浓度压裂液表面张力测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活性剂质量分数/% 0.001 0.005 0.01 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.3 0.5
FS-3100/(mN·m-1) 38.3 27.7 20.1 18.0 17.8 17.9 17.8 17.8
清水/(mN·m-1) 71.8
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335636943338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Test of fracturing fluid parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压裂液类型 质量分
数/%
黏度/
(mPa·s-1)
酸碱度/
pH
表面张力/
(mN·m-1)
新景煤样接
触角/(°)
保德煤样接
触角/(°)
FS-3100 0.05 1 6 17.8 3.5 3
清水 0 1 7 71.8 73.4 67.1
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335729218027, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

压裂液参数测试结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压裂液类型 质量分
数/%
黏度/
(mPa·s-1)
酸碱度/
pH
表面张力/
(mN·m-1)
新景煤样接
触角/(°)
保德煤样接
触角/(°)
FS-3100 0.05 1 6 17.8 3.5 3
清水 0 1 7 71.8 73.4 67.1
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335787938284, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experimental data of gas desorption of massive coal samples

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤样
编号
压裂液
类型
压裂液
接触角/
(°)
干燥煤样
质量/g
平衡
压力/
MPa
样品
吸附量/
(cm3·g-1)
样品
解吸压力/
MPa
样品
解吸量/
(cm3·g-1)
解吸
率/%
XJ-1 清水 73.4 256.48 2.08 8.011 2 1.31 4.029 5 50.30
XJ-2 0.05% FS-3100 3.5 256.80 2.08 8.027 2 0.82 3.699 3 46.08
BD-1 清水 67.1 227.55 2.16 6.102 43 1.54 2.651 8 43.45
BD-2 0.05% FS-3100 3 227.54 2.16 6.109 82 1.04 2.394 9 39.20
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335871824365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

块状煤样瓦斯解吸试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
煤样
编号
压裂液
类型
压裂液
接触角/
(°)
干燥煤样
质量/g
平衡
压力/
MPa
样品
吸附量/
(cm3·g-1)
样品
解吸压力/
MPa
样品
解吸量/
(cm3·g-1)
解吸
率/%
XJ-1 清水 73.4 256.48 2.08 8.011 2 1.31 4.029 5 50.30
XJ-2 0.05% FS-3100 3.5 256.80 2.08 8.027 2 0.82 3.699 3 46.08
BD-1 清水 67.1 227.55 2.16 6.102 43 1.54 2.651 8 43.45
BD-2 0.05% FS-3100 3 227.54 2.16 6.109 82 1.04 2.394 9 39.20
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335922156014, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Experimental data of different types of fracturing fluid flowback rate

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
矿井
煤样
编号
压裂液
类型
液体表
面张力/
(mN·m-1)
105 ℃真空
干燥后样品
质量/g
高压饱和
压裂液
质量/g
煤样含
水饱和
度/%
驱替后
样品质
量/g
压裂液
驱替占
比/%
新景 XJ-1 清水 71.8 198.73 201.99 1.640 201.71 8.589
XJ-2 0.05% FS-3100 17.8 140.70 142.90 1.564 142.59 14.091
保德 BD-1 清水 71.8 133.15 137.00 2.891 136.59 10.649
BD-2 0.05% FS-3100 17.8 199.89 204.75 2.431 203.94 16.667
), ArticleFig(id=1165198335976681967, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同类型压裂液的返排率试验数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
采样
矿井
煤样
编号
压裂液
类型
液体表
面张力/
(mN·m-1)
105 ℃真空
干燥后样品
质量/g
高压饱和
压裂液
质量/g
煤样含
水饱和
度/%
驱替后
样品质
量/g
压裂液
驱替占
比/%
新景 XJ-1 清水 71.8 198.73 201.99 1.640 201.71 8.589
XJ-2 0.05% FS-3100 17.8 140.70 142.90 1.564 142.59 14.091
保德 BD-1 清水 71.8 133.15 137.00 2.891 136.59 10.649
BD-2 0.05% FS-3100 17.8 199.89 204.75 2.431 203.94 16.667
), ArticleFig(id=1165198336031207920, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Fracturing fluid parameters and invasion pore scale calculation table

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压裂液
类型
表面
张力/
(mN·m-1)
新景
煤接
触角/
(°)
保德
煤接
触角/
(°)
12 MPa
侵入新
景煤孔
隙直
径/nm
12 MPa
侵入保
德煤孔
隙直
径/nm
清水 71.8 73.4 67.1 6.84 9.31
0.05%
FS-3100
17.8 3.5 3 5.92 5.93
), ArticleFig(id=1165198336073150961, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106715221975504, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

压裂液参数及侵入孔隙尺度计算表

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
压裂液
类型
表面
张力/
(mN·m-1)
新景
煤接
触角/
(°)
保德
煤接
触角/
(°)
12 MPa
侵入新
景煤孔
隙直
径/nm
12 MPa
侵入保
德煤孔
隙直
径/nm
清水 71.8 73.4 67.1 6.84 9.31
0.05%
FS-3100
17.8 3.5 3 5.92 5.93
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中高阶煤润湿改性对气水运移的影响研究
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齐羽飞 1 , 田林 副教授 1, ** , 曹运兴 教授 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(4): 127-136
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(4): 127-136
中高阶煤润湿改性对气水运移的影响研究
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齐羽飞1 , 田林 副教授1, ** , 曹运兴 教授1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 河南理工大学 资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000
  • 2 河南省非常规能源地质与开发国际联合实验室,河南 焦作 454000
  • 齐羽飞 (1998—),男,河南焦作人,博士研究生,研究方向为煤矿瓦斯治理及煤层气开发。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**田 林(1986—),男,河南焦作人,博士,副教授,主要从事煤矿瓦斯治理、煤层气勘探开发方面的研究。E-mail:
Study on influence of wetting modification of medium and high rank coal on gas-water migration
Yufei QI1 , Lin TIAN1, ** , Yunxing CAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Environment,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454000,China
  • 2 Henan International Joint Laboratory of Unconventional Energy Geology and Development,Jiaozuo Henan 454000,China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0882
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为解决深部煤层注水难度增大,涌出量抑制效果差的问题,基于煤层润湿改性的理论方法,使用润湿剂作用于含瓦斯煤体,抑制瓦斯解吸运移。采用润湿性极强的氟碳型FS-3100表面活性剂,开展含瓦斯煤解吸试验和压裂液驱替流动试验,测试润湿性对煤中气水运移过程的影响,探讨中高阶煤润湿改性对含瓦斯煤解吸效率及其流动能力的变化机制。研究结果表明:水中添加润湿剂,将水的表面张力降低至17.9 mN/m,煤水接触角仅有3~3.5°。润湿剂对煤体改性后,煤中瓦斯的解吸速率明显降低,新景和保德煤瓦斯解吸率分别降至46.08%和39.2%,相比于清水对瓦斯抑制效果分别增加8.4%和9.8%;煤体润湿改性后,新景煤样驱替流动率从8.59%提高至14.10%,保德煤样从10.65%提高至16.67%,煤体注水能力明显增强。润湿剂分子吸附于煤基质表面,降低煤水界面张力和煤体表面能,使水分子在煤体孔裂隙中流动的摩擦阻力减小,水分子能够浸润更小尺度孔隙,产生更强的水锁效应,最终抑制吸附于孔隙及煤表面的瓦斯解吸运移,形成瓦斯封堵作用。

中高阶煤  /  润湿改性  /  气水运移  /  表面活性剂  /  瓦斯解吸

In order to solve the problem of increasing difficulty of water injection in deep coal seam and poor inhibition effect of emission,based on the theoretical method of wetting modification of coal seam,wetting agent was used to act on gas-bearing coal body to inhibit gas desorption and migration. The fluorocarbon FS-3100 surfactant with strong wettability was used to test the influence of wettability on the gas-water migration process in coal through gas-containing coal desorption test and fracturing fluid displacement flow test,and to explore the change mechanism of coal wettability on gas-containing coal desorption efficiency and flow capacity. The results show that the surface tension of water is reduced to 17.9 mN /m after adding wetting agent in water,and the contact angle of coal water is only 3-3.5°. After the wetting agent was used to modify the coal body,the desorption rate of gas in the coal is significantly reduced. The gas desorption rates of Xinjing and Baode coals are reduced to 46.08% and 39.2%,respectively,which are 8.4% and 9.8% higher than that of water. After the wetting agent acts on the coal body,the displacement flow rate of the Xinjing coal sample increases from 8.59% to 14.10%,and the Baode coal sample increases from 10.65% to 16.67%,and the water injection capacity of the coal body is significantly enhanced. The wetting agent molecules are adsorbed on the surface of the coal matrix,which reduces the interfacial tension between coal and water and the surface energy of the coal body,so that the friction resistance of the water molecules flowing in the pores and fissures of the coal body is reduced,and the water molecules can infiltrate smaller-scale pores and produce stronger water lock effect. Finally,the gas desorption and migration adsorbed on the pores and coal surface are inhibited,and the gas plugging effect is formed.

medium-high rank coal  /  wetting modification  /  gas-water migration  /  surfactant  /  gas desorption
齐羽飞, 田林 副教授, 曹运兴 教授. 中高阶煤润湿改性对气水运移的影响研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 127 -136 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0882
Yufei QI, Lin TIAN, Yunxing CAO. Study on influence of wetting modification of medium and high rank coal on gas-water migration[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 127 -136 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0882
煤炭是我国能源的稳定器和压舱石[1],对经济和社会发展具有积极推动作用。随着煤矿逐渐向深部开采,煤储层瓦斯压力增加、含量增大、涌出量增加和煤储层渗透率降低。通过常规钻孔进行瓦斯抽采,效率低、效果差,严重影响采煤安全[2-3]。煤层含水率影响瓦斯解吸运移能力,煤层注水压裂技术是防治瓦斯突出,解决瓦斯超限的一种有效方法[4-6]。煤中瓦斯大多数以吸附态存在煤基质孔裂隙表面,其中60%以上存在于微孔中[7]。深部煤层地应力增加,渗透率低,煤层微孔比例高,压裂液进入微孔的难度越来越大[8-9]。润湿性是影响煤的含水率主要因素,润湿性与煤基质表面含氧官能团数量相关,煤化程度越高,含氧官能团数量越少,煤的润湿性也越差[10-11]。煤体润湿性也影响了水力压裂后煤层中的气水运移,在水中添加表面活性剂可以实现煤体润湿性的改变。润湿剂通过降低水的表面张力,降低水分子在煤基质表面的自由能,增加压裂液在煤基质中的浸润能力,增强深部煤层水锁效应,达到深部煤层卸压消突的效果。
HUANG Qiming等[12]通过表面活剂配制滑溜水、胍胶、黏弹性清洁压裂液等发现其注入煤体后对瓦斯解吸扩散能力造成了伤害。MENG Junqing等[13]研究了不同表面活性物质对煤样润湿性的影响规律,揭示了表活剂对煤表面润湿性的影响机理。LYU Shuaifeng等[14]研究了自然表面活性剂对高阶煤润湿性的影响,提供一种自然表面活性剂对煤体改性提高煤的开采效率新方法。WANG Ziwei等[15]总结了煤体润湿性对煤层瓦斯开采的影响,提出润湿煤层高效开采瓦斯研究方向。林海飞等[16]通过CaCl2与SDBS复配液有效降低纯水的表面张力、煤样接触角,复配溶液随解吸时间增加,瓦斯解吸速率迅速减小,提高了水分对瓦斯解吸量及解吸速率的抑制效率;周群等[17]在西铭矿通过磁化和复合活性剂对水分子间氢键结构破坏,降低溶液黏聚力,降低接触角,提高煤层的水润湿效果。杨威等[18]通过添加表面活性剂改变煤的微观结构,大幅改善了煤体的润湿性,使滞留在煤体孔隙中的溶液增多,卸压后,煤样瓦斯解吸和排出受阻,水锁效应增强,实现煤层气高效、安全抽采。
多位学者从不同角度研究了表面活性剂对中高阶煤体润湿性和瓦斯解吸的影响,证实表面活性剂可以降低表面张力以及煤水接触角,增强煤体的润湿效果[19],进而影响煤层中的气水运移。但表面活性剂在深部煤层高含瓦斯煤中抑制解吸的具体作用效果,和煤体润湿改性对气水运移的影响机制研究较少。因此,笔者拟通过优选润湿性极强的氟碳型表面活性剂,以阳泉和保德矿区中高阶煤为研究对象,测试煤体润湿性对瓦斯解吸过程的影响,基于接触角、表面张力、解吸速率、解吸量、解吸压力和水的流动能力等典型指标,探讨煤体润湿改性对深部煤层气水运移的影响机制,以期为深部煤层注水防治瓦斯提供理论支撑。
选取2种变质程度煤样,分别为山西阳泉新景煤矿山西组3号无烟煤(镜质组最大反射率为2.46%),和山西省保德煤矿太原组8号气煤(镜质组最大反射率为0.89%)。挑选煤矿井下取回的新鲜煤块,试验制作3种规格煤样。所有样品均进行105 ℃烘干6 h处理[20],并冷却至室温25 ℃,制作过程如下:
1) 利用线切割机制作直径为40mm×10 mm的饼状样品,依次使用61、23、18、10μm砂纸将煤样表面打磨光滑,保证所有样品粗糙度一致,以备接触角测试。
2) 部分样品破碎后,用直径1 cm和2 cm的标准分样筛得到块状样品,以备压裂解吸测试。
3) 利用线切割机制作直径为50 mm×50 mm的柱状煤样,用于压裂液驱替流动试验。
参照文献[21],表面活性剂优选的主要原则:①所添加活性剂要尽可能降低液体表面张力和固液接触角,使液体进入煤中更小孔隙;②压裂液能够降低煤体表面自由能,使压裂液能够有较强的运移能力,保证煤层中气水运移通道。
依照上述优选原则,选用FS-3100活性剂配制活性水压裂液,并和清水进行对比试验,以便清晰认识煤体润湿性变化对气水运移的作用效果。
使用表面张力仪吊环法测试清水以及不同浓度FS-3100压裂液表面张力值,结果如图1表1所示。
表活剂使用量达到一定质量分数时,表面张力值不再变化,而是以稳定束胶存在,该值称为临界胶束质量分数。为了保证活性剂配制的压裂液均能生成束胶团,发挥其最大效果,质量分数配比略高于活性剂的临界束胶质量分数[22]。因此,选用0.05%质量分数的FS-3100活性剂进行后续测试(图1中的标记点)。
在室温25℃条件下,使用光学测量仪进行接触角测试。首先,将打磨好的样品放在载物台上,滴定5~7μL后向上调节升降平台,待煤样表面接触液滴后,等待10s测量其平衡接触角,每种压裂液滴定5次,求平均值。采用电子六速旋转黏度计,测量压裂液的黏度值,采用pH试纸测试酸碱度。测试结果见表2
基于井下注水消突过程,直接将压裂液高压注入甲烷气-水两相吸附平衡状态的煤层,形成气-液-固三相重新平衡的复杂体系。试验在含瓦斯煤压裂解吸试验平台进行测试,包括气体驱动系统、吸附解吸系统、注水压裂系统、恒温水浴系统等,试验平台流程如图2所示。具体试验步骤如下;
1) CH4吸附。取1~2 cm3煤样250 g放入样品缸,水浴温度25℃;进行气密性检查;用氦气标定样品缸中自由空间体积;真空泵脱气持续40 min;按照国家标准《煤的高压等温吸附实验方法》[23]中高压容量法进行甲烷的吸附操作。
计算充入煤样罐中的甲烷量Qci,其表达式为:
Q c i = P 1 i Z 1 i · 273.2 V 0 273.2 + 0.101   325 t 1
式中:P1iP2i 分别为充气前后参考缸内压力,MPa;Z1tZ2t分别为P1iP2i 压力下及 t1时甲烷的压缩系数,1/MPa;t1为室内温度,℃;V0 为参考缸及连通管标准体积,cm3
吸附平衡后剩余空间的游离甲烷量Qsi
Q s i = 273.2 V s P i 0.101   325 × Z i ( 273.2 + t 2 )
式中:Vs为剩余体积,cm3t2为试验温度,℃;Pi 为平衡压力,MPa;Zi为平衡压力对应压缩系数,1/MPa;
平衡压力条件下甲烷吸附量ΔQi
Δ Q i = Q c i - Q s i
每克煤平衡压力条件下的吸附量Vi
V i = Δ Q i G c
式中Gc为煤样质量,g。
2) 模拟压裂流程。压裂液注入缓冲缸中,驱替样品缸中自由空间中的甲烷;持续注入压裂液使压力达到12 MPa,持续压裂2 h。
3) 解吸过程。样品缸压力降至P2,每次阶梯式降压0.1 MPa,通过样品缸可视窗口观察煤样表面若有气泡且压力升高,此时样品缸压力即为解吸压力;采用排水集气法收集解吸气,记录解吸相关试验数据。
试验使用柱状煤样饱和压裂液后,在 TCQT-Ⅲ 型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置使用氦气进行驱替,测试煤基质中压裂液的运移能力,如图3所示。具体操作流程如下:
1) 饱和压裂液煤样制作。将样品置于闷压罐内,加入压裂液,以12 MPa压力向罐体内部注液加压,压力持续跟踪稳定2 h;取出煤样,用清洁纱布擦去煤样表面液体,得到饱和压裂液煤样。
2) 压裂液流动驱替。将饱液后的煤样装入如图3所示夹持器中;围压加载至4 MPa,轴压加载至2 MPa后,氦气入口压力稳定1 MPa,持续驱替1 h;卸掉围压和轴压,驱替过程结束,取出柱状煤样并进行称重。
对来自新景(XJ)和保德(BD)矿区的4组含瓦斯块状煤样品进行了压裂解吸试验。根据《煤层气含量测定方法》[24]将解吸数据校正为标准气压条件下解吸量,校正公式如下:
V S T P = 273.15 × P m × V m 101.325 × ( 273.15 + T m )
式中:VSTP(Standard Temperature and Pressure)为标准状态下的气体体积,cm3Pm为大气压力,kPa;Cm为大气温度,℃;Vm为测试的气体体积,cm3
中高阶煤含瓦斯块状煤样压裂后的瓦斯累积解吸量随时间变化特征如图4所示。
对比新景与保德中高阶煤样瓦斯累积解吸量随时间变化规律可以得出:2种煤样的瓦斯解吸量随时间变化一直处于上升趋势,新景煤样的上升速率较为显著,保德煤样的上升速率趋于平缓。根据黏土矿物测试结果,压裂液侵入煤体后,煤基质膨胀对瓦斯解吸造成了影响,新景煤样含有的黏土矿物成分较少,瓦斯的解吸速率较快,并在7 500 min后的增长趋势明显,也表明该煤样解吸速率主要受控于润湿性造成的水锁效应影响。然而,保德煤样煤化程度低,黏土矿物成分较多,压裂液侵入后导致煤基质膨胀,原有煤体孔裂隙空间减少,堵塞气体运移通道,瓦斯累积解吸曲线快速趋于平缓。同时可以看出,FS-3100润湿性压裂液对中高阶煤的瓦斯解吸抑制效果非常明显。
块状煤样压裂解吸试验数据结果统计见表3。试验块状煤样的解吸时间较长,大部分煤样在7 500 min(125 h)时,解吸速率<10 cm3/12 h,以该时间节点数据作为参考,计算解吸率。
不同类型压裂液侵入煤体后,煤样解吸率如图5所示。该结果表明:在水中添加表面活性剂后,煤体润湿改性造成瓦斯解吸量降低。相比于清水压裂液,0.05% FS-3100压裂液导致解吸率的降低,新景煤样解吸率从50.3%降至46.08%,降低幅度为4.22%,保德煤样解吸率从43.45%降至39.2%,降低幅度为4.25%。
在相同条件下,煤体润湿改性后,新景煤样的解吸率高于保德煤样,原因可能是气体在不同煤阶孔裂隙中的流动阻力不同。根据YAO Yanbin等[25]的研究结果,低煤阶中煤层气倾向于驱动水分子聚集形成更大水桥,高阶煤中倾向于在孔隙表面形成更厚水膜。在解吸过程中,气-水分子在孔隙中相互作用,气体需要克服毛管力的作用在孔隙中流动,煤阶越低煤基质表面亲水点位越多,水分子就越容易在此吸附聚集形成水桥,堵塞了气体运移通道,导致解吸量下降;煤阶越高,煤基质表面亲水点位越少,与低阶煤相比,在相同孔径条件下,水分子则不易聚集,通常形成水膜,并不影响气体运移通道,这是导致新景煤样解吸率高于保德煤样的主要原因。
解吸速率可以定量地分析煤样在各时间段水锁效应的影响。试验过程短期和长期解吸速率相差较大,为更加清晰地分析不同类型压裂液对煤层气解吸在短期和长期的效果,将新景和保德煤样的解吸速率曲线分成前1h和1 h之后2部分。
图6为压裂液作用中高阶煤体后,瓦斯解吸速率曲线图。从中分析得出,在解吸初始阶段,压裂液侵入煤体后解吸速率较快,这是由于水分子和活性剂分子侵入后在煤基质表面及孔隙中与甲烷分子产生竞争吸附,甲烷分子的吸附能力小于水分子,占据部分甲烷分子的吸附位,降低煤体表面自由能,同时增加游离气体体积,导致甲烷分子快速解吸。0.05% FS-3100压裂液导致煤样在5 min之后的解吸速率明显低于清水解吸速率,这表明:甲烷分子被置换作用解吸完成后,水锁效应对解吸的影响占据了主导地位,润湿煤体增强了水锁效应,抑制了煤中的瓦斯解吸,煤体的润湿是影响瓦斯解吸速率的关键。
煤层气解吸压力是影响煤层气解吸过程的重要指标,是评价压裂液作用下,煤层气解吸时间提前或滞后的直接参数,也是评价压裂液造成水锁效应,对渗透率伤害程度的直接指标。
不同压裂液对煤样瓦斯解吸压力的影响如图7所示。0.05% FS-3100压裂液侵入后,新景煤样解吸压力为0.82 MPa,比等离子水降低0.49 MPa;保德煤样解吸压力为1.04 MPa,比等离子水降低0.50 MPa,降低幅度分别为37.4%和32.5%。亲水性FS-3100压裂液导致煤体润湿性改变,造成新景和保德煤样解吸压力的降低,也表明强润湿压裂液侵入煤储层后会引起水锁效应的增强。
压裂施工阶段,压裂液在高压作用进入煤基质的入侵区,煤基质孔隙会产生自吸作用引起煤基质膨胀[26-27],发生水锁效应。因此,压裂液的流动特征,能够反应其在煤中孔裂隙的侵入能力。
文中模拟了清水和FS-3100压裂液注入煤层后的流动情况,测试结果统计见表4
柱状煤样在饱和压裂液后,新景煤样含水饱和度平均值1.60%,整体上低于保德煤样平均值2.60%。高压压汞试验结果表明:新景煤样孔隙度小于保德煤样。新景煤样孔隙以微孔(<10 nm)和小孔(10~100 nm)为主,中孔(100~1 000 nm)和大孔(>1 000 nm)发育程度较低,而保德矿区煤样10nm以上孔隙平均占比达到43.54%,远高于新景矿区煤样[28-29]。相同质量条件下,煤样孔容及孔径结构特征的差异,是造成含水饱和度不同的主要原因。
对煤样进行不同润湿压裂液的驱替试验,0.05% FS-3100条件下,新景和保德煤样驱替率高于清水压裂液,新景煤样驱替率从8.59%提高至14.10%,保德煤样驱替率从10.65%提高至16.67%,如图8所示。
保德煤样的驱替率整体高于新景煤样,主要原因是新景煤样的微孔和小孔的发育程度远大于保德煤样,孔喉半径越小则毛细作用能力越强,气液流动能力越差。压裂液表面张力与驱替率的对应关系如图9所示。
在同种煤样条件下,压裂液的流动能力主要受控于液体表面张力。驱替率均随压裂液表面张力的减小而增大。因此,为降低压裂液的流动阻力,增加煤层的注入能力,达到最大效果的瓦斯抑制能力,添加表面活性剂应尽可能降低液体表面张力。
煤层注入流体的过程可以简述为2个阶段:渗流阶段和渗吸阶段。在渗流阶段,注入煤层的流体会在外部压力的作用下沿着煤层裂缝流动,导致煤样中较大的孔裂隙被压裂液迅速占满。随后,在毛细管力的作用下,水流在微孔中自发渗吸,进入孔隙更深处,最终扩散进入更加微小的孔隙中[30-31]。根据Laplace方程可知:在相同注入压力条件下,压裂液表面张力与侵入煤基质中的孔喉半径成正比,表面张力降低可以提高流体在孔隙中的渗吸效果。如下式:
P c = 2 σ c o s θ r
式中:Pc为液体注入压力,MPa;σ 为压裂液表面张力,mN/m;θ 为接触角,(°);r为液体能够侵入孔喉半径,nm。
以12MPa施工注入压力进行计算,清水压裂液和FS-3100压裂液可侵入保德煤样的最小孔隙半径分别为6.84和5.92nm,侵入保德煤样的最小孔隙半径分别为9.31和5.93nm,计算结果见表5。润湿剂通过降低界面表面张力和接触角,使液体侵入煤体孔隙尺度更小,水锁效应更严重,如图10所示。
润湿性是引起煤层中气水运移流动变化的主要原因。煤体被压裂液侵入后,首先裂隙被压裂液填充,由于煤基质表面和水分子同时存在着范德华力和氢键的作用[32],压裂液在高压作用下,润湿煤体更小的孔裂隙。润湿剂配制压裂液由于降低了表面张力以及煤水界面接触角,使得煤体与水分子间作用力更强,导致压裂液润湿煤体能力增加,增加了液体在孔裂隙表面的流平性,则压裂液在孔裂隙中流动的摩擦阻力越小,流动时影响的孔隙面积更广[33],引起孔隙产生水锁效应尺度更小。甲烷分子主要是以吸附态存在于煤孔隙中,压裂液润湿煤基质表面能力越强,孔隙形成水锁、贾敏等效应造成孔隙堵塞越严重,最终影响瓦斯的解吸以及运移能力。
1) 表面活性剂分子吸附在煤基质表面,使煤的亲水能力增强,在煤表面形成水膜抑制瓦斯解吸,形成瓦斯封堵效应。润湿氟碳型FS-3100压裂液作用后,新景和保德煤样瓦斯抑制解吸效果分别增加8.4%和9.8%。
2) 表面活性剂分子吸附在煤体,降低煤体表面能,水分子在孔裂隙中流动的摩擦阻力减小,流动能力增强。润湿氟碳型FS-3100压裂液作用后,新景和保德煤样驱替流动率分别提高5.51%和6.02%。
3) 润湿性表面活性剂降低煤水界面张力及接触角,使水分浸润煤层的孔裂隙尺度减小,润湿煤体能力更强、范围更广,水锁效应增强。
  • 国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(42230814)
  • 国家科技重大专项课题(2016ZX05067006-002)
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0882
  • 接收时间:2024-12-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-23
  • 修回日期:2025-02-25
基金
国家自然科学基金重点项目资助(42230814)
国家科技重大专项课题(2016ZX05067006-002)
作者信息
    1 河南理工大学 资源环境学院,河南 焦作 454000
    2 河南省非常规能源地质与开发国际联合实验室,河南 焦作 454000

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**田 林(1986—),男,河南焦作人,博士,副教授,主要从事煤矿瓦斯治理、煤层气勘探开发方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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