Article(id=1148106711392579720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0043-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0958, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733760000000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-10, revisedDate=1739548800000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659570787, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659570787, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659570787, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659570787, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=43, endPage=50, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757852446798836, articleId=1148106711392579720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Forest fire safety detection and personnel evacuation based on collaborative MUAVs, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the current challenges of lacking unmanned detection systems amid frequent forest fires and inefficient personnel evacuation during uncontrolled fire scenarios,this article proposes a forest fire safety detection method based on collaborativeMUAVs and an optimized shelter location strategy. A dynamic forest fire spread model coupled with multiple influencing factors is developed on the NetLogo platform. MUAVscollaborative search mechanism,grounded in an improved ant colony algorithm,is enhanced by introducing attractive pheromones (guiding searches toward fire clusters) and repellent pheromones (avoiding redundant paths),thereby optimizing the transfer probability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight directions. Additionally,a flight model incorporating obstacle avoidance and water-carrying capacity-speed constraints was established. A dynamic evacuation simulation environment was constructed using geographic information system (GIS) data from Rhodes Island,Greece. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved ant colony algorithm reduces convergence time by 15% and 14% under 50% and 60% tree density scenarios,respectively,while search coverage increases by 35.02% and 32.16%. Furthermore,optimized shelter placement combined with the A* algorithm-based evacuation strategy reduces the overall mortality rate by 2.525%.

, correspAuthors=Yan LIU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Peng GENG, Haojie YANG, Fanglin XUE, Yan LIU), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106722578788615, articleId=1148106711392579720, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于多无人机协同的林火安全探测及人员疏散, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对当前林火频发背景下无人探测系统缺失及火灾失控后人员疏散效率低的问题,提出一种基于多无人机(MUAVs)协同的林火安全探测方法和避难所选址优化策略。在NetLogo平台上构建多因素耦合的森林火灾动态蔓延模型;改进基于蚁群算法的MUAVs协同搜索机制,该机制通过引入吸引信息素(引导火点聚集区域搜索)与排斥信息素(避免重复路径),优化无人机(UAV)飞行方向转移概率,并建立含避障功能及载水量-速度约束的飞行模型;结合希腊罗德岛地理信息系统(GIS)数据,构建人员疏散动态仿真环境。结果表明:改进蚁群算法在株树密度50%与60%场景下,收敛时间分别较传统算法缩短15%与14%,搜索覆盖率提升35.02%与32.16%;经过对避难所选址进行优化,基于A*算法的疏散策略使整体死亡率降低2.525%。

, correspAuthors=柳艳 副教授, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**柳 艳(1980—),女,江苏高邮人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂网络方面的研究。E-mail:
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耿 鹏 (1979—),男,湖北钟祥人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统、智能算法等方面的研究。Email:

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耿 鹏 (1979—),男,湖北钟祥人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统、智能算法等方面的研究。Email:

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耿 鹏 (1979—),男,湖北钟祥人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统、智能算法等方面的研究。Email:

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Simulation parameter settings

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参数名称 参数规格
吸引信息素蒸发系数 0.7
排斥信息素蒸发系数 0.5
吸引信息素增量 0.1
排斥信息素增量 0.2
随机行走算法转移概率 各方向概率相等
初始火点数量 3
每步火蔓延到相邻树木的概率 0.2
UAV数量 40
随机数量 5
初始水负荷 10
), ArticleFig(id=1165198447834575074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106711392579720, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

仿真参数设置

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参数名称 参数规格
吸引信息素蒸发系数 0.7
排斥信息素蒸发系数 0.5
吸引信息素增量 0.1
排斥信息素增量 0.2
随机行走算法转移概率 各方向概率相等
初始火点数量 3
每步火蔓延到相邻树木的概率 0.2
UAV数量 40
随机数量 5
初始水负荷 10
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基于多无人机协同的林火安全探测及人员疏散
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耿鹏 副教授 1 , 杨豪杰 1 , 薛芳琳 1 , 柳艳 副教授 2, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(4): 43-50
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(4): 43-50
基于多无人机协同的林火安全探测及人员疏散
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耿鹏 副教授1 , 杨豪杰1, 薛芳琳1, 柳艳 副教授2, **
作者信息
  • 1 南京工程学院 通信与人工智能学院、集成电路学院,江苏 南京 211167
  • 2 南京工程学院 数理学院,江苏 南京 211167
  • 耿 鹏 (1979—),男,湖北钟祥人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统、智能算法等方面的研究。Email:

通讯作者:

**柳 艳(1980—),女,江苏高邮人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂网络方面的研究。E-mail:
Forest fire safety detection and personnel evacuation based on collaborative MUAVs
Peng GENG1 , Haojie YANG1, Fanglin XUE1, Yan LIU2, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Communication and Artificial Intelligence,School of Integrated Circuits,Nanjing Institute of Technology,Nanjing Jiangsu 211167,China
  • 2 School of Mathematics and Physics,Nanjing Institute of Technology,Nanjing Jiangsu 211167,China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0958
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针对当前林火频发背景下无人探测系统缺失及火灾失控后人员疏散效率低的问题,提出一种基于多无人机(MUAVs)协同的林火安全探测方法和避难所选址优化策略。在NetLogo平台上构建多因素耦合的森林火灾动态蔓延模型;改进基于蚁群算法的MUAVs协同搜索机制,该机制通过引入吸引信息素(引导火点聚集区域搜索)与排斥信息素(避免重复路径),优化无人机(UAV)飞行方向转移概率,并建立含避障功能及载水量-速度约束的飞行模型;结合希腊罗德岛地理信息系统(GIS)数据,构建人员疏散动态仿真环境。结果表明:改进蚁群算法在株树密度50%与60%场景下,收敛时间分别较传统算法缩短15%与14%,搜索覆盖率提升35.02%与32.16%;经过对避难所选址进行优化,基于A*算法的疏散策略使整体死亡率降低2.525%。

森林火灾  /  多无人机(MUAVs)  /  人员疏散  /  火点探测  /  改进蚁群算法  /  A*算法

To address the current challenges of lacking unmanned detection systems amid frequent forest fires and inefficient personnel evacuation during uncontrolled fire scenarios,this article proposes a forest fire safety detection method based on collaborativeMUAVs and an optimized shelter location strategy. A dynamic forest fire spread model coupled with multiple influencing factors is developed on the NetLogo platform. MUAVscollaborative search mechanism,grounded in an improved ant colony algorithm,is enhanced by introducing attractive pheromones (guiding searches toward fire clusters) and repellent pheromones (avoiding redundant paths),thereby optimizing the transfer probability of unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) flight directions. Additionally,a flight model incorporating obstacle avoidance and water-carrying capacity-speed constraints was established. A dynamic evacuation simulation environment was constructed using geographic information system (GIS) data from Rhodes Island,Greece. Experimental results demonstrate that the improved ant colony algorithm reduces convergence time by 15% and 14% under 50% and 60% tree density scenarios,respectively,while search coverage increases by 35.02% and 32.16%. Furthermore,optimized shelter placement combined with the A* algorithm-based evacuation strategy reduces the overall mortality rate by 2.525%.

forest fire  /  multiple unmanned aerial vehicles(MUAVs)  /  personnel evacuation  /  fire detection  /  improved ant colony algorithm  /  A* algorithm
耿鹏 副教授, 杨豪杰, 薛芳琳, 柳艳 副教授. 基于多无人机协同的林火安全探测及人员疏散. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0958
Peng GENG, Haojie YANG, Fanglin XUE, Yan LIU. Forest fire safety detection and personnel evacuation based on collaborative MUAVs[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 43 -50 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0958
森林火灾不仅严重威胁人类生命及财产安全,而且对自然生态系统造成长远的影响[1-2]。2023年7月,希腊罗德岛森林火灾导致3万人被紧急疏散[3]。2023年8月,美国夏威夷州毛伊岛爆发的森林火灾导致数以百计的人员死亡[4],自然景观和历史遗迹遭到破坏。2024年,我国贵阳、毕节、六盘水、黔西南等地陆续发生森林火灾[5]。因此,研究森林火灾扑救与人员疏散策略十分必要。
目前,基于森林火灾的模拟研究已经开展。JIANG Wenyu等[6]基于异质性元胞自动机,开发了火灾蔓延场景模拟,具有高效率、强时效性、竞争性和准确性。SINGH等[7]的评估结果表明:野火混合建模方法能够提高预测的效率和准确性。KHACHUMOV等[8]提出启发式搜索算法,考虑了气流、无人机(Unmanned Aerial Vehicle,UAV)速度以及轨迹的影响,能够在给定的区域内规划出局部最优路线。XING Zhewen等[9]设计递归最小二乘估计器,通过UAV编队收集在线测量数据来估计风速,进而用于森林火灾监测。JOHN等[10]利用多群组协同信息驱动搜索和分治算法控制多无人机(Multiple Unmanned Aerial Vehicles,MUAVs)。INNOCENTE等[11]提出基于物理火灾传播模型和自组织算法的高效自主灭火系统,能够通过调用MUAVs来扑灭森林火灾。UMEKI等[12]开发了模拟估计疏散期间道路拥堵影响的方法,并根据模拟结果将避难所重新分配给疏散人员。SHARMA等[13]提出基于深度强化学习的火灾疏散环境,通过预训练的Q矩阵转移学习方法,能够快速生成最优疏散路径并应对动态变化的火灾场景。
当前研究大多未考虑实际风速、风向、植被类型、可燃性和分布等因素,且存在无人探测系统缺失以及火灾失控后人员疏散效率低的问题,因此,笔者拟利用NetLogo平台[14]在多智能体仿真中的优势,构建多因素耦合的大规模森林野火蔓延场景,并结合改进的蚁群算法优化MUAVs火点探测与扑灭策略;基于大规模森林野火蔓延场景,设计以罗德岛为例的森林火灾人员疏散策略;通过整合火灾蔓延、扑救与人员疏散的多维度要素,提供全局视角下的林火应急响应方案。
在火点快速移动的火灾蔓延场景[15]基础上加入树木可燃性、风速、风向、火苗的远距离传播以及火点位置的随机性等因素,在NetLogo平台上建立火灾蔓延场景,如图1所示,其中,t为时间变量,步;场景中的所有智能体和燃烧过程按照统一的时间步长更新和交互。
没有外力干预时,森林受灾面积与株树密度之间关系如图2所示。可以看出,株树密度低于50%时受灾面积较小;株树密度为50%~60%时受灾面积显著增加;株树密度超过60%时受灾面积达90%以上。图3图4为株树密度为50%和60%时的火灾蔓延过程。
在真实火灾中,火势蔓延通常表现为线状扩展过程,且可观察到多条火线,其结构可分为火头、火尾和火翼等部分。在中大尺度遥感监测下,由于空间分辨率的限制,火灾通常表现为较大面积的点状特征,即火点。基于卫星遥感图像下的视角,在多因素影响下的森林野火蔓延场景基础上,提出一种基于改进蚁群算法的MUAVs森林火点检测与扑灭模型,该模型在火点搜索时引入排斥信息素和吸引信息素更新UAV飞行方向的转移概率。同时,还为UAV加入避障功能,并考虑飞行速度与载水量之间关系。文中所提MUAVs是指多智能体系统,即多个独立的智能体(UAV)协同工作以完成特定任务。
基于改进蚁群算法的MUAVs森林火点检测与扑灭模型主要由火灾蔓延、UAV飞行以及火点探测与消防3部分组成,其运行流程如图5所示。为便于算法性能的比较研究,假设UAV携带无限的电量和信息素,能够持续飞行并搜索火点。
设定搜索区域尺寸为101×101个嵌块。UAV的飞行速度与其水载荷的关系为:
v ( t ) = 1 - w ( t ) w 0 + 10 v 0
式中:v(t)为UAV的飞行速度,块/步;v0为UAV最大飞行速度,块/步;w0为UAV的初始载水量;w(t)为时刻t的载水量。UAV在飞行途中遇到火灾时会执行灭火;水用完后,UAV飞回基地补充水源。每架UAV起飞时携带10个单位的水量,扑灭1个嵌块火点需消耗1个单位水量。
UAV飞行过程中遇到信号塔、电力线塔等障碍物时必须绕行,因此,在模拟环境中随机放置5个障碍物。飞行过程中UAV探测以其为中心的扇形区域是否有障碍物,角度为60°,半径为8个嵌块。当探测到障碍物时,UAV向左转弯150°并减速以避开障碍物。
转移概率和信息素更新机制是蚁群算法的核心[16],改进的蚁群算法引入吸引信息素与排斥信息素,通过飞行途中的2种不同信息素的变化,UAV能够扩大搜索范围并减少无效搜索。信息素强度体现了信息素在特定空间或时间范围内的量度,反映其对生物行为或反应的影响力。吸引信息素与排斥信息素相互转移概率Pij为:
P i j = e x p ( α i j ) j = 1 k e x p ( α i j ) + j = 1 k e x p ( β i j D i j )
式中: α i j β i j分别为路径(ij)上的吸引信息素强度和排斥信息素的强度; D i j为路径(ij)的距离。αij β i j的更新表达式为:
α i j ( t + 1 ) = ( 1 - ρ α ) α i j ( t ) + Δ α i j
β i j ( t + 1 ) = ( 1 - ρ β ) β i j ( t ) + Δ β i j
Δ α i j = k = 1 m Δ α i j k
Δ β i j = k = 1 m Δ β i j k
式中: ρ α ρ β分别为吸引信息素和排斥信息素的蒸发系数; Δ α i j Δ β i j分别为吸引信息素和排斥信息素增量。
图6为在改进蚁群算法下UAV执行火点探测与扑灭任务的具体过程。步骤包括初始化、UAV在搜索时释放排斥信息素、探测火点、在火点释放吸引信息素、消耗水源灭火,以及持续上述过程直到所有火点被探测和消灭。
基于NetLogo平台建立森林火灾与MUAVs协调机制,性能通过收敛时间(火灾开始至火点数减少为0)和t=100步时的搜索覆盖率(搜索面积与森林总面积的比率)来衡量。评估所提改进蚁群算法、传统蚁群算法及随机行走算法的性能,每种算法均独立重复试验20次,取平均值。表1为相关参数设置。
图7图8分别为在株树密度分别为50%和60%约束条件下,UAV分别采用随机算法、蚁群算法和改进蚁群算法探测和扑灭森林火灾时,火点数量随时间的变化。
图7图8可以看出,改进蚁群算法的火点峰值数量显著小于基础算法的峰值数量。50%株树密度下,使用随机行走算法、传统蚁群算法和改进蚁群算法的收敛时间分别为65、53和49步;60%株树密度下,三者分别为93、78和67步。这表明所提出的算法可将火势的蔓延控制在较小的范围内,并表现出更快的收敛速度。
图9图10为在株树密度分别为50%和60%约束条件下,UAV分别采用随机算法、蚁群算法和改进蚁群算法探测和扑灭时森林火灾,搜索覆盖率随时间的变化。可以看出,改进蚁群算法在同一步内提供了比2种基础算法更大的搜索覆盖范围。如在50%株树密度下,3种算法在t=100步时的搜索覆盖率分别达到了44.38%、46.05%和79.40%。在60%株树密度下,3种算法在t=100步时的搜索覆盖率分别达到了44.98%、47.28%和77.14%。
利用地理信息系统(Geographic Information System,GIS)技术[17-18]建立希腊罗德岛地形和路网数据,考虑多因素影响构建火灾蔓延场景,基于A*算法[19]模拟人员疏散行为,分析避难所选址策略对疏散效果的影响。
罗德岛原始地形如图11a所示,对之进行路网构建,形成图11b所示路网边界图,其横纵坐标表示地理位置经纬度,所选取的道路网络类型被限定为“可驾驶道路”。岛内人口分布如图11c所示,除机场、港口区域人口密度较高以及山区人口较少外,其余地区人口分布相对均匀。于岛屿的东、南、西、北4个方向,每个方向均随机设置一处避难所,每个避难所可容纳2 000人。
以2023年希腊罗德岛森林火灾为背景,起火点位置和风向设定均依据实际事故数据。在疏散过程中,居民根据概率选择步行或驾车逃离,2种方式具有不同的速度特征:步行速度服从正态分布(μ=1.5 m/s,σ=0.2 m/s);汽车行为考虑前车速度、车间距等因素,设定最大速度为19.4 m/s,加速度为3 m/s2,减速度为9 m/s2。仿真过程统计疏散成功率和死亡率。
图12为路径规划分别采用A*算法和随机行走算法的死亡率比较。结果表明:A*算法的疏散效果更优,如图12a,步行疏散死亡率最高为13.875%,驾车疏散死亡率最高为20.05%,整体死亡率最高为33.925%。而随机行走算法的对应指标,如图12b,分别为16.2%、25.85%和42.05%。值得注意的是,由于可能出现的交通拥堵,驾车疏散的死亡率高于步行疏散。
在森林火灾避难所选址过程中,需要考虑风向、地形地貌、避难所容量、交通条件、人口分布等因素(图13)。在避难所数量与容量、道路情况不变的情况下,考虑风向与人口密度因素影响,进行避难所选址优化,其中,2个避难所位于人口密集区域(图13中1号和2号位置),以满足该区域大量人员的紧急避难需求;另外2个避难所则位于地图右下角的沿海地带(图13中3号和4号位置),考虑了当地风向因素对火灾疏散的影响,避免避难所处于火灾烟雾扩散的下风向。通过A*算法模拟人员疏散过程,统计步行和驾车2种情况下的人员死亡率随时间的变化,如图14所示。可以看出,步行疏散死亡率最高为13.35%,汽车疏散死亡率最高为18.05%,整体死亡率最高为31.4%,与图12a相比,整体死亡率减少2.525%。
罗德岛的海陆风变化增加了火灾管理的复杂性。研究表明:合理的风场预测和科学的疏散策略是提高人员安全的关键[20]。考虑风向与人口密度因素的避难所选址方法相较于均匀选址,可在一定程度上降低死亡率,这揭示了避难所选址对疏散效率的较大影响。同时,A*算法规划的疏散路径比随机行走效率更高,死亡率显著降低。
1) 改进的蚁群算法通过引入吸引和排斥信息素,可显著提升MUAVs效率。在搜索效率方面,株树密度50%时,收敛时间缩短至49步(较传统算法减少15%);株树密度60%时,缩短至67步(减少14%)。搜索覆盖率在100步时达79.40%(50%密度)和77.14%(60%密度),较随机算法分别提高35.02%和32.16%。在灭火效率方面,UAV在株树密度为50%时的平均灭火效率提升23%,在株树密度为60%时提升21%。
2) 优化后的疏散路径规划与避难所选址方法降低了火灾人员死亡率。以希腊罗德岛火灾为背景的仿真显示,结合A*算法与考虑风向与人口密度因素的避难所选址后的步行疏散死亡率最高为13.35%,汽车疏散死亡率最高为18.05%,整体死亡率最高为31.4%,整体死亡率降低2.525%。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(61901211)
  • 江苏科技智库计划(青年)项目(JSKX24085)
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.0958
  • 接收时间:2024-12-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-10
  • 修回日期:2025-02-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(61901211)
江苏科技智库计划(青年)项目(JSKX24085)
作者信息
    1 南京工程学院 通信与人工智能学院、集成电路学院,江苏 南京 211167
    2 南京工程学院 数理学院,江苏 南京 211167

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**柳 艳(1980—),女,江苏高邮人,硕士,副教授,主要从事复杂网络方面的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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