Article(id=1148106707319907105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)02-0186-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0116, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727452800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-28, revisedDate=1732118400000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659569815, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659569815, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659569815, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659569815, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106698197295351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401525528, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=186, endPage=195, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767842968547631, articleId=1148106707319907105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Analysis of spatial distribution and variation characteristics of cyclists' heart rates in non-motorized lane, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To guide healthy travel for cyclists in hot weather,a cycling measurement platform using micro-sensors was developed to collect high-resolution data on cyclists' heart rates,as well as atmospheric particulate matter (i.e.,PM2.5,PM10,and BC(Black Carbon) on the non-motorized lanes of the Western Third-Ring Expressway in Fuzhou. Statistical analyses were conducted to characterize and interpret variations in cyclists' heart rates. Results indicate that cyclists' average heart rates near residential zones are higher than that of riverside segments,showing strong and sustained associations with all measured particulates. The number of diesel vehicles,ambient temperature,and atmospheric pressure are found to significantly influence the heart rate changes across sections of the entire route,riverside,and residential sections,respectively. Cyclists' heart rates also fluctuate due to varying environmental and topographical conditions along the route. Immediate effects of PM2.5 and BC on heart rate are observed,while PM10 effects are delayed. Therefore,implementing road-segment-specific control measures for motor vehicles,particularly strict regulation of those emitting pollutants with immediate effects on cyclists,and guiding the selection of routes with better roadside ventilation and higher greenery coverage,can effectively enhance the travel quality for cyclists.

, correspAuthors=Zhanyong WANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xinyuan LIN, Kaixuan LIU, Xing AN, Xisheng HU, Jinqiang XU, Zhanyong WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106715125506501, articleId=1148106707319907105, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=慢行道骑行者心率的空间分布及变化特征解析, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为指导炎热天气下骑行者健康出行,以福州市西三环快速路沿侧慢行道为试验靶区,构建基于微型传感器的骑行测量平台,采集骑行者心率(HR)以及骑行路线上PM2.5、PM10和黑碳(BC)等大气颗粒物的高分辨率样本,统计解析骑行者HR变化特征及原因。结果表明:骑行者平均HR呈现小区侧大于沿江侧,与所有颗粒物均表现出较强的长期持续性关联特征;柴油车数量、气温、大气压强分别对全路段、沿江侧和小区侧慢行道的骑行者HR变化有较大解释权重,但骑行者HR也因路侧环境、地形等条件的差异而不同;PM2.5和BC对骑行者HR的影响具有即时效应,PM10的影响存在滞后性。因此,分路段差异化管控机动车,尤其严控排放对骑行者有即时影响污染物的机动车,并引导选择路侧通透、绿化覆盖率高的路线出行,能够提升骑行者出行品质。

, correspAuthors=王占永, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**王占永(1983—),男,河南临颍人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通环境与健康方面的研究。E-mail:
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林鑫源 (2000—),男,福建厦门人,硕士研究生,研究方向为道路交通空气污染监测与模拟。E-mail:

胡喜生 教授

徐锦强 副教授

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注:路段A:福建农林大学至橘园洲大桥,路段B:橘园洲大桥至浦上大桥;P1、P2、P3分别表示相机架设位置。

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F-statistics for covariant coefficient of ln(HR) GAM model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
协变量 整条试验路线 A1路段 B1路段 B2路段 A2路段
F VER p F VER p F VER p F VER P F VER p
s(PM2.5) 18.91 4.99 <0.001 5.29 2.64 0.022 5.17 4.48 <0.001 4.62 3.39 <0.001 1.41 0.96 0.187
s(PM10) 28.74 7.58 <0.001 1.58 0.79 0.126 5.44 4.71 <0.001 2.74 2.01 0.007 4.27 2.91 <0.001
s(BC) 15.62 4.12 <0.001 9.50 4.74 0.002 0.82 0.71 0.438 4.75 3.49 0.029 8.66 5.91 <0.001
s(AP) 80.15 21.14 <0.001 41.70 20.79 <0.001 9.92 8.60 <0.001 24.77 18.21 <0.001 38.98 26.60 <0.001
s(AT) 61.24 16.15 <0.001 28.02 13.97 <0.001 38.21 33.11 <0.001 12.97 9.54 <0.001 7.23 4.93 <0.001
s(RH) 37.60 9.92 <0.001 9.55 4.76 <0.001 4.50 3.90 <0.001 11.88 8.73 <0.001 4.17 2.84 <0.001
s(DP) 31.80 8.39 <0.001 11.82 5.89 <0.001 6.42 5.56 <0.001 12.87 9.46 <0.001 11.34 7.74 <0.001
s(SG) 9.18 2.42 <0.001 11.70 5.83 <0.001 3.18 2.75 0.037 9.60 7.05 <0.001 2.96 2.02 0.003
s(DE) 14.59 3.85 <0.001 10.35 5.16 <0.001 14.10 12.21 <0.001 13.90 10.22 <0.001 18.93 12.92 <0.001
s(VC) 10.46 2.76 <0.001 2.85 1.42 0.037 4.55 3.94 <0.001 0.41 0.30 0.521 4.66 3.18 <0.001
s(DV) 9.21 2.43 <0.001 46.76 23.32 <0.001 12.04 10.43 <0.001 16.31 11.99 <0.001 24.83 16.94 <0.001
s(TV) 42.90 11.31 <0.001 16.16 8.06 <0.001 9.12 7.90 <0.001 18.41 13.53 <0.001 8.44 5.76 <0.001
te(WS,WD) 18.82 4.96 <0.001 5.28 2.63 <0.001 1.96 1.70 0.027 2.83 2.08 <0.001 10.70 7.30 <0.001
), ArticleFig(id=1165682024011543225, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106707319907105, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

ln(HR) GAM模型的协变量系数的F统计检验

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
协变量 整条试验路线 A1路段 B1路段 B2路段 A2路段
F VER p F VER p F VER p F VER P F VER p
s(PM2.5) 18.91 4.99 <0.001 5.29 2.64 0.022 5.17 4.48 <0.001 4.62 3.39 <0.001 1.41 0.96 0.187
s(PM10) 28.74 7.58 <0.001 1.58 0.79 0.126 5.44 4.71 <0.001 2.74 2.01 0.007 4.27 2.91 <0.001
s(BC) 15.62 4.12 <0.001 9.50 4.74 0.002 0.82 0.71 0.438 4.75 3.49 0.029 8.66 5.91 <0.001
s(AP) 80.15 21.14 <0.001 41.70 20.79 <0.001 9.92 8.60 <0.001 24.77 18.21 <0.001 38.98 26.60 <0.001
s(AT) 61.24 16.15 <0.001 28.02 13.97 <0.001 38.21 33.11 <0.001 12.97 9.54 <0.001 7.23 4.93 <0.001
s(RH) 37.60 9.92 <0.001 9.55 4.76 <0.001 4.50 3.90 <0.001 11.88 8.73 <0.001 4.17 2.84 <0.001
s(DP) 31.80 8.39 <0.001 11.82 5.89 <0.001 6.42 5.56 <0.001 12.87 9.46 <0.001 11.34 7.74 <0.001
s(SG) 9.18 2.42 <0.001 11.70 5.83 <0.001 3.18 2.75 0.037 9.60 7.05 <0.001 2.96 2.02 0.003
s(DE) 14.59 3.85 <0.001 10.35 5.16 <0.001 14.10 12.21 <0.001 13.90 10.22 <0.001 18.93 12.92 <0.001
s(VC) 10.46 2.76 <0.001 2.85 1.42 0.037 4.55 3.94 <0.001 0.41 0.30 0.521 4.66 3.18 <0.001
s(DV) 9.21 2.43 <0.001 46.76 23.32 <0.001 12.04 10.43 <0.001 16.31 11.99 <0.001 24.83 16.94 <0.001
s(TV) 42.90 11.31 <0.001 16.16 8.06 <0.001 9.12 7.90 <0.001 18.41 13.53 <0.001 8.44 5.76 <0.001
te(WS,WD) 18.82 4.96 <0.001 5.28 2.63 <0.001 1.96 1.70 0.027 2.83 2.08 <0.001 10.70 7.30 <0.001
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慢行道骑行者心率的空间分布及变化特征解析
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林鑫源 , 刘凯烜 , 安兴 , 胡喜生 , 徐锦强 , 王占永 **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(2): 186-195
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(2): 186-195
慢行道骑行者心率的空间分布及变化特征解析
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林鑫源 , 刘凯烜, 安兴, 胡喜生, 徐锦强, 王占永**
作者信息
  • 福建农林大学 交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108
  • 林鑫源 (2000—),男,福建厦门人,硕士研究生,研究方向为道路交通空气污染监测与模拟。E-mail:

    胡喜生 教授

    徐锦强 副教授

通讯作者:

**王占永(1983—),男,河南临颍人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通环境与健康方面的研究。E-mail:
Analysis of spatial distribution and variation characteristics of cyclists' heart rates in non-motorized lane
Xinyuan LIN , Kaixuan LIU, Xing AN, Xisheng HU, Jinqiang XU, Zhanyong WANG**
Affiliations
  • School of Transportation and Civil Engineering,Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University,Fuzhou Fujian 350108,China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0116
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为指导炎热天气下骑行者健康出行,以福州市西三环快速路沿侧慢行道为试验靶区,构建基于微型传感器的骑行测量平台,采集骑行者心率(HR)以及骑行路线上PM2.5、PM10和黑碳(BC)等大气颗粒物的高分辨率样本,统计解析骑行者HR变化特征及原因。结果表明:骑行者平均HR呈现小区侧大于沿江侧,与所有颗粒物均表现出较强的长期持续性关联特征;柴油车数量、气温、大气压强分别对全路段、沿江侧和小区侧慢行道的骑行者HR变化有较大解释权重,但骑行者HR也因路侧环境、地形等条件的差异而不同;PM2.5和BC对骑行者HR的影响具有即时效应,PM10的影响存在滞后性。因此,分路段差异化管控机动车,尤其严控排放对骑行者有即时影响污染物的机动车,并引导选择路侧通透、绿化覆盖率高的路线出行,能够提升骑行者出行品质。

慢行道  /  骑行者心率(HR)  /  空间分布  /  去趋势互相关分析(DCCA)  /  颗粒物  /  相对危险度(RR)

To guide healthy travel for cyclists in hot weather,a cycling measurement platform using micro-sensors was developed to collect high-resolution data on cyclists' heart rates,as well as atmospheric particulate matter (i.e.,PM2.5,PM10,and BC(Black Carbon) on the non-motorized lanes of the Western Third-Ring Expressway in Fuzhou. Statistical analyses were conducted to characterize and interpret variations in cyclists' heart rates. Results indicate that cyclists' average heart rates near residential zones are higher than that of riverside segments,showing strong and sustained associations with all measured particulates. The number of diesel vehicles,ambient temperature,and atmospheric pressure are found to significantly influence the heart rate changes across sections of the entire route,riverside,and residential sections,respectively. Cyclists' heart rates also fluctuate due to varying environmental and topographical conditions along the route. Immediate effects of PM2.5 and BC on heart rate are observed,while PM10 effects are delayed. Therefore,implementing road-segment-specific control measures for motor vehicles,particularly strict regulation of those emitting pollutants with immediate effects on cyclists,and guiding the selection of routes with better roadside ventilation and higher greenery coverage,can effectively enhance the travel quality for cyclists.

non-motorized lane  /  cyclists' heart rate (HR)  /  spatial distribution  /  detrended cross-correlation analysis (DCCA)  /  particulate matter  /  relative risk(RR)
林鑫源, 刘凯烜, 安兴, 胡喜生, 徐锦强, 王占永. 慢行道骑行者心率的空间分布及变化特征解析. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (2) : 186 -195 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0116
Xinyuan LIN, Kaixuan LIU, Xing AN, Xisheng HU, Jinqiang XU, Zhanyong WANG. Analysis of spatial distribution and variation characteristics of cyclists' heart rates in non-motorized lane[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (2) : 186 -195 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0116
慢行道因紧邻机动车排放源而使其通行者面临直接暴露于交通污染物的健康风险。同时,沿路多变的交通环境也正成为慢行者身心状况起伏变化的诱因,但目前尚不清楚它们之间有何关系。以心率(Heart Rate,HR)表征人体状态,部分研究探讨了HR变化与空气污染物及其组分的关系,如PM2.5与临路居民的HR变化没有显著关联[1];大气颗粒物与冠心病临床患者的HR下降有关[2],PM2.5中的元素碳、铁、锌的浓度上升会使人体HR下降[3]。然而,有研究得出相反的结论,如人们平躺、端坐和站立时的HR变化与大气颗粒物浓度呈正的对数关系[4];有氧健身状态下空气污染物水平升高会增加心跳[5];室内PM10和PM2.5水平上升会导致HR升高,且开窗时的颗粒物变化对HR的影响更大[6]。总之,当前研究讨论了空气污染对人体HR变化的影响,但是这种影响是促进还是抑制尚无定论。学者对不同场景下的不同群体研究后得出了不同的结论,而这些研究仅考虑了HR与空气污染物的关系,并未考虑人体所处环境中的其他因素的影响。而在复杂多变的城市道路中,大气压强、相对湿度等气象因素以及地形、植被覆盖率等道路环境对人体状态有无和如何影响尚且未知。
鉴于此,笔者以福州市西三环快速路沿侧慢行道为试验靶区,通过移动测量手段收集骑行者HR、慢行道PM2.5、PM10和黑碳(Black Carbon,BC)的高分辨率浓度样本,以及交通、气象和地形等数据,统计解析骑行者HR与交通颗粒物污染分布的异同关系,厘清影响骑行者HR变化的关键因素,以期为慢行交通规划与健康出行提供建议。
以福州市西三环快速路福建农林大学金山校区至浦上大桥路段为试验靶区,开展覆盖道路两侧慢行道的移动测量,全程约12km,如图1所示。所选试验路线周边500~1 000m内无其他显著的污染源。相较于快速路沿江侧完全机非分离的通勤环境,小区侧慢行道连接诸多道路交叉口,慢行环境较为复杂。沿江侧慢行道路基较高、通透性较强,小区侧慢行道附近建筑密集、通透性较差;沿江侧植被以高大树木为主,伴有少量绿篱,植被覆盖率较高,小区侧以绿篱和草地交替种植,点缀低矮树木,植被覆盖率较低[7-8]
图1中,以福建农林大学金山校区西门人行天桥为起点,沿路左侧非机动车道由北向南骑行,途经洪塘大桥、橘园洲大桥,最终到达浦上大桥,之后沿路右侧慢行道返回至起点。由于非机动车道有一定宽度,为尽量减少不同被试的骑行习惯和交通污染物随距离衰减的不确定性对试验结果的随机影响,规定骑行者均在行驶方向的非机动车道最左侧骑行。此外,在志愿者的挑选中,要求被试身心健康,无心血管、肺、神经系统等疾病病史,近期未服用药物。研究最终有偿招募在校大学生志愿者7名,年龄为(25±1)岁。所有被试在试验前3天禁止吸烟、喝酒和咖啡及食用任何其他可能影响身体状况的食物或药物。被试携带设备背包进行移动测量,具体试验方案可参照以往的研究[7-8]。试验期间,每个被试需要在试验中的早晚2个时段各进行一次试验。2次试验间隔2天以上,以确保被试身体状态恢复到最佳水平。骑行过程中,被试同步佩戴HR手表进行HR监测。设备背包内有粉尘仪和BC仪,分别收集PM2.5、PM10和BC的质量浓度;1台气象仪和1台全球定位系统记录仪外挂在背包外无遮挡处,同步收集大气压强、空气温度、相对湿度、露点温度以及空间位置的实时数据。
骑行试验从2022年7月16日—25日,共历时8天,每天试验覆盖交通早高峰(07:00—8:00)以及晚高峰(18:00—19:00)2个时段。每个试验时段进行1圈骑行测量,每圈用时约1h,最终共获得14圈次的有效样本数据。试验过程中,自建气象站架设在三环快速路福建农林大学人行天桥空旷位置,同步收集试验区域的风速及风向数据;由图1中3台摄像机录制每天试验期间的路段交通视频,后续经人工判读获取各路段5min为间隔的交通量数据。其中,9座及以下载客汽车(如私家车、出租车)被视为汽油或电动汽车,而9座以上的载客汽车(如客车)和载货汽车(如皮卡、货车和拖车)被视为柴油车辆。此交通数据分类方案与以往的研究中所采用的方案相同[7-8]。试验结束后,被试携带实时动态测量仪重走试验路线,收集慢行道及机动车道绝对高程数据。
正式试验之前,2台粉尘仪在同一环境中进行同步测量,基于测量结果校正设备间的测量偏差,以提高设备间的测量可比性。此外,由于粉尘仪是基于光散射原理的便携设备,易受高湿等特殊条件影响扭曲其读数[7-8]。参照AL-SAREJI等[9]研究,对粉尘仪的原始测量值进行相对湿度补偿处理,即
F C = a + b φ R H / ( 1 - φ R H )
式中: F C为湿度校准因子; φ R H为相对湿度,取值0~1;ab为经验参数,取值分别为1、0.25。
考虑到逐秒时间分辨率下BC仪采集到的原始数据较易产生噪声波动,采取自适应时间平均处理方法对所测样本进行平滑降噪处理[10]。此外,采用可见光波段差异植被指数(Visible band Difference Vegetation Index,VDVI)从2022年谷歌地图中提取试验慢行道沿线植被覆盖率[11],其计算公式为:
V D V I = 2 G - R - B 2 G + R + B
式中RGB分别为可见光中红、绿、蓝波段的反射率或像素值。实际计算中,加入0.01的调整因子,即定义为 0.01 ( 2 G - R - B + 0.01 ),这不仅避免了VDVI值等于0,还保持了其整体趋势。
经过以上数据处理,最终获得4 270组以10s为分辨率的有效样本。这些数据包括HR、PM2.5、PM10、BC、气象数据(大气压强、空气温度、相对湿度、露点温度、风速、风向)、地形数据(道路坡度、植被覆盖率、机动车道与非机动车道高度差)、交通数据(柴油车数量、交通总量)和经纬度坐标数据。
Pearson相关系数(值域 [ - 1,1 ])用于评估2个变量之间的线性相关程度,值越接近1表示变量间的正相关性越强,越接近-1表示变量间的负相关性越强,值为0表示无相关性。其计算公式如下:
r = i = 1 n x i - x - y i - y - i = 1 n x i - x - 2 i = 1 n y i - y - 2
式中:r为相关系数; x - y -分别为2个因子的平均值; x i y i分别为2个因子的第i个值;n为某因子的数据个数。
为有效分析2个非平稳时间序列之间的相关性[12],采用去趋势互相关分析(Detrended Cross-Correlation Analysis,DCCA)。这是基于去趋势协方差的分析方法,能够系统地滤去各阶趋势成分,有效避免因数据非平稳性导致的序列之间的伪相关现象。计算公式如下:
1) 对所需研究的时间序列 x i i = 1,2 N y i i = 1,2 N进行积分。
x k = i = 1 k x i - x - y k = i = 1 k y i - y -    
式中: k = 1,2 N x - y -为原始时间序列的平均值。
2) 将积分信号 { x k } { y k }等间隔划分为长度n的数据段,运用最小二乘法线性拟合每个数据段,得到局部趋势的拟合值 x ~ k i y ~ k i作为趋势信号。
3) 用积分信号减趋势信号,得到残余信号,并计算2组信号的协方差。
F D C C A ( n ) = 1 N - n i = 1 N - n 1 n - 1 k = 1 i + n x k - x ~ k i y k - y ~ k i
F(n)与相应时间尺度n之间满足线性关系,则存在幂律关系 F ( n ) n t。DCCA的标度指数t反映2个非平稳时间序列之间相关性的大小。当 t > 0.5,表明2组时间序列之间存在持续的长期正相关性,即某组时间序列过去某一时刻增大(减小)的趋势,将会导致另一组时间出现相同的趋势;当 t < 0.5时则相反。若 t = 0.5,表明2组时间序列之间不存在长期互相关性,两者在任意时刻不存在相互关系。
为探究慢行道各因素对HR的影响程度,采用具有很强的灵活性和可解释性的广义可加模型(General Additive Model,GAM)[13],能够处理自变量和因变量之间高度非线性和非单调关系。文中量化慢行道骑行者HR与地形、气象、交通因素的关系,所建模型结构如下:
l n ( H R ) = s 1 ( P M 2.5 ) + s 2 ( P M 10 ) + s 3 ( B C ) + s 4 ( A P ) + s 5 ( A T ) + s 6 ( R H ) + s 7 ( D P ) + s 8 ( S G ) + s 9 ( D E ) + s 10 ( V C ) + s 11 ( D V ) + s 12 ( T V ) + t e ( W S W D ) + ε
式中:ln(HR)为被试沿慢行道骑行时监测得到的HR(次/min)的自然对数;PM2.5、PM10、BC为试验路线监测得到的PM2.5、PM10、BC质量浓度,μg/m3;AP为大气压强(Atmospheric Pressure),Pa;AT为空气温度(Air Temperature),℃;RH为相对湿度(Relative Humidity),%;DP为露点温度(Dew Point Temperature),℃;WS为风速(Wind Speed),m/s;WD为风向(Wind Direction),(°);SG为道路坡度(Street Gradient),(°);DE为机动车道与慢行道高程差(Difference of Elevation between Motor Vehicle Lanes and Pedestrian Lanes),m;VC为植被覆盖率(Vegetation Coverage),%;DV为柴油车数量(Number of Diesel Vehicles),辆/5min;TV为交通总量(Total Traffic Volume),辆/5 min; s i ( i = 1,2 12 )为薄板样条回归;te为张量积函数;ε为GAM模型的残差。此外,为捕捉污染物质量浓度对当前HR的延迟影响,将 s 1 ( P M 2.5 ) s 2 ( P M 10 ) s 3 ( B C )分别替换为包含滞后项的平滑项 β s 1 ( P M 2.5 _ l a g ) β s 2 ( P M 10 _ l a g ) β s 3 ( B C l a g ),其中,β为回归系数,并分别构建相应的GAM。
根据GAM的回归系数β,计算颗粒物质量浓度每升高1μg/m3时,慢行道骑行者的相对危险度(Relative Risk,RR)及其95%置信区间(95%CI)[14]
R R = e x p β
95 % C I = e x p ( β ± 1.96 S E )
式中SE为标准误差(Standard Error)。
图2为相机架设路段的交通量及试验期间的气象状况。总体而言,工作日路段交通量高于休息日,晚高峰交通量高于早高峰。3个路段的单位小时交通量接近,小区侧交通量高于沿江侧。P2沿江侧路段于7月22日因交通事故发生车流聚集,其他工作日的交通量无明显差异;该位置小区侧路段柴油车数量高于同侧其他路段。各路段非柴油车与总交通量变化趋势基本一致。试验期间,早上气压和相对湿度高,傍晚气温和露点温度高;日均气压、相对湿度、气温及露点温度最大相差为700 Pa、19%、5.0℃及0.9℃。风速集中在0~3 m/s,静风率为2.2%;试验区域盛行东南风,东到南风约占40%。
基于14圈骑行测量平均结果的骑行者HR及颗粒物质量浓度的空间分布如图3所示。从图3中可以看出,小区侧慢行道的BC质量浓度略高于沿江侧,而PM2.5和PM10在沿江侧慢行道质量浓度较高。BC空间分布与之前在2021年秋季和冬季的试验结果一致[7-8],而PM2.5和PM10的空间分布结果则相反。试验期间盛行东南风,沿江侧位于试验主干道的下风侧,道路交通排放及上风向小区侧其他排放产生的PM2.5和PM10更易于长距离传输且积聚于沿江侧慢行道。这也印证了LUO Binru等[8]的同一试验区秋冬季节的试验发现,即东南风驱动下的BC波动小、PM2.5和PM10波动大。不仅如此,BC是柴油不完全燃烧的产物[15],试验主干道小区侧易拥堵的柴油车排放大和怠速时间长是促使沿路慢行道BC质量浓度快速增加的另一原因。另外,小区侧BC质量浓度高与该侧测量路线同辅道机动车距离近有一定关系[7]。特别在晚高峰时段,大量机动车汇入导致频繁且严重拥堵的现象时常发生,加之橘园洲大桥至洪塘大桥路段大卡车聚集和频繁进出[7],无疑导致该侧BC质量浓度整体抬升。
图3可以看出,小区侧慢行道骑行者HR的空间平均值略大于沿江侧。这与两侧慢行道的环境通透性、植被覆盖率、与干道的垂直间距、地形、路侧交通流强度等的不同有关。如小区侧慢行道与主干道或辅道的垂直距离小于沿江侧,该侧干道交通量(浦上大桥至洪塘大桥)高于沿江侧[8],加之该侧道路植被覆盖率低,仅以种植稀疏乔木为主,使得通勤人员长期暴露于交通污染;沿江侧慢行道多样化的植被组合方式,以及大面积的绿地“隔离带”,为出行者提供良好通勤环境,一定程度上能舒缓通勤人员心情[16]。此外,沿江侧较建筑密集小区侧的通透性强,江风会降低人对夏季高温的不适,从而导致沿江侧骑行者HR较为平缓[17]
沿江侧慢行道骑行者HR的空间分布总体上均匀、低值分布,而小区侧慢行道尤其是橘园洲大桥与洪塘大桥之间路段频繁出现HR热点。小区侧骑行者HR最高值甚至高出沿江侧约50%,这与骑行者对这些较为复杂的路况和路侧环境的敏感性强有关系[18]。小区侧洪塘大桥附近骑行者HR的空间平均值异常偏高,与此处道路坡度大、上坡路段多,从而容易使骑行者身体疲劳有关[19]
不同路段骑行者HR及颗粒物质量浓度的统计结果如图4所示。无论沿江侧或小区侧,骑行者HR与BC有相同的变化趋势,二者Pearson相关系数为0.45(P<0.05),存在正相关;相反,骑行者HR与PM2.5、PM10的Pearson相关系数分别为-0.19(P<0.05)和-0.20(P<0.05),存在微弱负相关。
利用DCCA进一步解析骑行者HR与颗粒物的互相关关系,结果如图5所示。HR与PM2.5、PM10、BC在10min的时间尺度上均表现出明显的线性关系;DCCA指数分别为0.76、0.73、0.96,这表明HR与PM2.5、PM10、BC之间的趋势相关性均表现出较强的长期持续性特征,但其相互作用强度会随时间以幂函数形式缓慢衰减。因此,受地形条件、路段交通量等特定条件的作用,慢行道交通污染物质量浓度会对慢行道骑行者HR的变化趋势造成持续影响。BC的DCCA指数最大,而PM10的DCCA指数最小。这可能因为BC和PM2.5粒径更小,能进入人体的肺泡,甚至进入血液循环系统,而PM10粒径较大,大部分会被阻挡在呼吸道上部[20]。不仅如此,粒径小的BC和PM2.5在空气中悬浮更长的时间[21],更均匀地分布在路侧慢行道空气中,而PM10的沉降速度快且影响范围小,综合导致DCCA标度指数呈现BC >PM2.5>PM10的特征。
为进一步验证DCCA分析能否真实反映HR与PM2.5、PM10、BC之间的长期相关性特征,分别对HR以及PM2.5、PM10、BC的原始序列进行随机重排处理以获得相应的随机重排序列,并利用DCCA分析随机重排序列,得到相应的DCCA标度指数。随机重排序列在整个时间尺度上也表现出幂律关系,其DCCA标度指数均接近0.5,表现出完全随机的特征,序列之间不存在内在的相关性。该对比分析结果证明:DCCA方法可有效揭示PM2.5、PM10、BC与HR原始序列间的相关性。
针对整条试验路线及其不同路段,建立以ln(HR)为因变量和PM2.5、PM10、BC、AP、AT等为自变量的GAM,各变量的方差解释率(Variance Explained Rate,VER)见表1。对于整条试验路线,ln(HR)的GAM调整后R2为0.80,前3位解释性较强的因素由大到小依次为AP、AT和TV;不同骑行路段ln(HR)的GAM调整后R2均大于0.90。
无论整条路线或区分路段,AP、AT和TV是能够较大程度解释骑行者HR变化的共有因素;DV是能够较大程度解释区分路段慢行道骑行者HR变化的共有因素,AT和AP分别能够较大程度解释沿江侧和小区侧各慢行道骑行者HR变化的共有因素,TV和DE对不同路段慢行道骑行者HR变化也有较高解释权重,但解释度会受路侧环境、路段地形地貌等因素的影响而不同。对于整条试验路线而言,TV相较于DV,更能够解释骑行者HR变化,而对于不同路段而言,DV对骑行者HR的影响尤为凸显。研究还发现,虽然VC对骑行者HR变化的直接影响较低,但植被可通过其树冠的遮阴作用和蒸散作用调整周边气温[22],间接影响骑行者HR。
整条试验路线ln(HR)的GAM协变量变化如图6所示。由图可知,ln(HR)与AP和AT呈波动关系,而与TV的关系复杂而无明显特征。AP为1 005~1 008 hPa时,骑行者HR波动最小。AT小于33.5℃时,二者正相关,反之负相关。不同路段ln(HR)的GAM协变量变化如图7所示。对于A1路段,AP和AT对ln(HR)的解释力均较强,ln(HR)与AT整体上负相关,与AP关系复杂且无明显规律。DV在此路段的解释权重高达23.3%,当DV小于31辆/5min,对HR几乎无影响,但随着DV的增加,HR发生剧烈变化。对于B1路段,ln(HR)变化的前3位解释性较强的因素分别为AT、DE和DV。该路段AT的解释权重达到33.1%,ln(HR)与AT总体正相关。相较同为沿江侧的A1路段增加将近20%,这与B1路段植被覆盖率高且树木高大茂密有关。DE为0~1.5m时,ln(HR)波动最小;大于2m时,ln(HR)有明显变化,这意味着DE过大不利于慢行道骑行者健康通勤。与A1路段类似的是DV大于31辆/5min时,ln(HR)发生明显变化。对于B2和A2路段,AP对ln(HR)的解释性最强,虽与ln(HR)的关系均复杂且无明显规律,但ln(HR)都在AP为1 010 hPa时达到最低水平。此外,DV、DE、TV也有一定的解释权重,其中,当DE小于0.75m或大于2.7m时,DE和ln(HR)呈负相关,反之呈正相关。
尽管颗粒物对ln(HR)的解释在所有自变量中非最强,但仍占不小的权重,3种颗粒物对ln(HR)的影响也截然不同。而无论何种颗粒物,低质量浓度更容易造成骑行者HR起伏变化。这可能是阈值效应[23],即当污染物质量浓度超过一定范围时,其对人体的响应可能会降低。此外,人体自身存在自我保护机制[24],在颗粒物质量浓度较低时,人体对外界刺激表现得更为敏感,进而导致骑行者HR起伏波动[4]。再者,颗粒物与HR并非线性关系[25],在低质量浓度时,每增加单位颗粒物质量浓度可能会引起更大的HR变化。
依据全路段样本,分别建立涉及PM2.5、PM10以及BC滞后项的GAM。在PM2.5、PM10、BC分别滞后0~100s (lag0~lag10)的情况下,GAM调整后,R2分别是0.81、0.81、0.80。图5展示了在不同滞后时间下,PM2.5、PM10、BC对HR变化的RR及95%置信区间。其中,PM2.5和BC在滞后0s时效应值最大,表明PM2.5和BC质量浓度对骑行者HR的影响具有即时效应。PM2.5在滞后0s时具有统计学显著的负效应,PM2.5质量浓度每升高1μg/m3,骑行者HR的RR为0.983 (95%CI: 0.979~0.987),即会使骑行者HR减少1.7% (95%CI: 1.3%~2.1%)。相反,BC在滞后0s时具有统计学显著的正效应,BC质量浓度每升高1μg/m3,骑行者HR的RR为1.003 (95%CI: 1.002~1.004),即会使骑行者HR增加0.3% (95%CI: 0.2%~0.4%)。然而,PM10质量浓度对骑行者HR的滞后效应在50s时效应值最大,具有统计学显著的正效应,PM10质量浓度每升高1μg/m3,骑行者HR的RR为1.004 (95%CI: 1.001~1.008),即会使骑行者HR增加0.4% (95%CI: 0.1%~0.8%)。简言之,PM2.5和BC对HR的影响存在即时效应,PM10则有滞后效应。
1) 小区侧骑行者HR比沿江侧高,与小区侧路况更复杂、植被覆盖率更低、路侧环境不通透等有关。骑行者HR与PM2.5、PM10、BC相关性均呈现较强的长期持续性特征,且呈现BC>PM2.5>PM10
2) 柴油车数量、气温、大气压强分别对全路段、沿江侧和小区侧骑行者HR变化有较大解释权重,但骑行者HR会因路侧环境、地形等的差异而不同。
3) PM2.5和BC对骑行者HR的影响具有即时效应,PM2.5每升高1μg/m3,会立即使骑行者HR减少1.7% (95%CI: 1.3%,2.1%);BC每升高1μg/m3,会立即使骑行者HR增加0.3% (95%CI: 0.2%~0.4%)。PM10对骑行者HR的影响具有一定的滞后效应,滞后时间为50s;PM10每升高1μg/m3,50s后会使骑行者HR增加0.4% (95%CI: 0.1%,0.8%)。
4) 分路段差异化管控机动车,尤其严控排放对骑行者有即时影响污染物的机动车,并引导选择路侧通透、绿化覆盖率高的路线出行,能够提升骑行者出行品质。本文目前忽略了骑行时间对骑行者HR的影响,未来需设计不同骑行时长的对比试验,以便更全面地观察骑行者HR变化的时间影响特征。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(41701552)
  • 福建省自然科学基金资助(2021J01105)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0116
  • 接收时间:2024-09-28
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-28
  • 修回日期:2024-11-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(41701552)
福建省自然科学基金资助(2021J01105)
作者信息
    福建农林大学 交通与土木工程学院,福建 福州 350108

通讯作者:

**王占永(1983—),男,河南临颍人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通环境与健康方面的研究。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
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