Article(id=1148106706095170247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)02-0175-11, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0919, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1727020800000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-23, revisedDate=1732464000000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659569524, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659569524, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659569524, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659569524, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106698197295351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401525528, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=175, endPage=185, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768020085621530, articleId=1148106706095170247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on effect of different injection source gases on CH4 adsorption diffusion behavior in coal, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To investigate the impact of different injection source gases on the adsorption and diffusion behavior of methane (CH4) in coal,three types of gases were selected: hot gas power generation exhaust (heat injection,multi-component),carbon dioxide (CO2) at room temperature (strong adsorption,single component),and nitrogen (N2) at room temperature (weak adsorption,single component). Using giant canonical Monte Carlo (GCMM) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods,these gases were mixed with CH4 and injected into coal to analyze the adsorption conditions. Based on a fixed amount of CH4,the changes in diffusion behavior were analyzed after injecting each of the three gases. The results show that with the increase of gas injection ratio,the reduction of CH4 adsorption capacity under CO2 injection condition is gradually greater than that under thermal power generation tail gas condition,showing better inhibition performance than thermal power generation tail gas. In contrast,although the adsorption capacity of CH4 decreases after N2 injection,it is always greater than the previous two. In terms of diffusion,with the increase of gas injection ratio,the diffusion coefficient increases first and then decreases,and the coefficient is always larger than before gas injection,and the displacement gas mainly promotes CH4 diffusion. Under N2 injection,the diffusion coefficient of CH4 is the highest and the decrease is the smallest,and the promoting effect is the most obvious. Under the condition of CO2 injection,the diffusion coefficient of CH4 decreases the most and the promoting effect is the weakest. Therefore,the selection of hot tail gas from gas-fired power generation for CH4 displacement is more cost-effective.

, correspAuthors=Weidong LU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Linfei LI, Weidong LU, Ge HUANG, Fengwei DAI), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106717193298624, articleId=1148106706095170247, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=不同注源气体对煤中CH4吸附扩散行为的影响研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究不同注源气体对煤中甲烷(CH4)吸附扩散行为的影响,采用巨正则蒙特卡罗(GCMC)与分子动力学(MD)方法,选取不同比例热瓦斯发电尾气(注热、多组分)、常温二氧化碳(CO2)(强吸附性、单组分)、常温氮气(N2)(弱吸附性、单组分)等3种类型气体,通过与CH4混合,注入煤体后分析吸附情况,并依据其结果,以固定CH4数量为基础,注入上述3种气体,分析其扩散行为变化。结果表明:随着注源气体积占比升高,注入CO2条件下CH4吸附量降低幅度逐渐大于热发电尾气条件,并表现出优于热发电尾气的抑制性能;而注入N2后,CH4吸附量虽有所降低,但始终远大于前两者。在扩散方面,随着注源气体积占比升高,扩散系数呈先升高后降低趋势,且系数始终大于未注气前,注源气体以促进CH4扩散为主;注入N2条件下CH4扩散系数最高且降低幅度最小,促进作用最为明显;而注CO2条件下CH4扩散系数降低幅度最大,促进作用最弱;因此,选取热瓦斯发电尾气进行CH4驱替性价比更佳。

, correspAuthors=陆卫东, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**陆卫东(1970—),男,江苏启东人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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李林飞 (1999—),男,山东滨州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为煤矿瓦斯灾害防治。E-mail:

戴凤威 副教授

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李林飞 (1999—),男,山东滨州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为煤矿瓦斯灾害防治。E-mail:

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戴凤威 副教授

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戴凤威 副教授

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Research status and engineering application of competitive adsorption of multicomponent gas mixtures in coal[J]. 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rate of change of D and FFV at various temperatures, figureFileSmall=e/0iOF8A9JdiM8y2UMTlRw==, figureFileBig=7qJhpNk2NFyIAN0csKslNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165682095142740244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=CN, label=图12, caption=温度变化下D平均变化率与FFV变化速率, figureFileSmall=e/0iOF8A9JdiM8y2UMTlRw==, figureFileBig=7qJhpNk2NFyIAN0csKslNg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165682095360844053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Gas injection ratio parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
p/kPa 注源气
体积分
ω/%
p/kPa
尾气组分 单组分
CH4 CO2 O2 NO2 NO CO N2 CO2 N2
90 10 0.655 0.941 0.001 0.002 0.004 8.397 10 10
80 20 1.31 1.882 0.002 0.004 0.008 16.794 20 20
70 30 1.965 2.823 0.003 0.006 0.012 25.191 30 30
60 40 2.62 3.764 0.004 0.008 0.016 33.588 40 40
50 50 3.275 4.705 0.005 0.01 0.020 41.985 50 50
40 60 3.93 5.646 0.006 0.012 0.024 50.382 60 60
30 70 4.585 6.587 0.007 0.014 0.028 58.779 70 70
20 80 5.25 7.528 0.008 0.016 0.032 67.176 80 80
10 90 5.895 8.469 0.009 0.018 0.036 75.573 90 90
), ArticleFig(id=1165682095687999766, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

气体注入比例参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
p/kPa 注源气
体积分
ω/%
p/kPa
尾气组分 单组分
CH4 CO2 O2 NO2 NO CO N2 CO2 N2
90 10 0.655 0.941 0.001 0.002 0.004 8.397 10 10
80 20 1.31 1.882 0.002 0.004 0.008 16.794 20 20
70 30 1.965 2.823 0.003 0.006 0.012 25.191 30 30
60 40 2.62 3.764 0.004 0.008 0.016 33.588 40 40
50 50 3.275 4.705 0.005 0.01 0.020 41.985 50 50
40 60 3.93 5.646 0.006 0.012 0.024 50.382 60 60
30 70 4.585 6.587 0.007 0.014 0.028 58.779 70 70
20 80 5.25 7.528 0.008 0.016 0.032 67.176 80 80
10 90 5.895 8.469 0.009 0.018 0.036 75.573 90 90
), ArticleFig(id=1165682096036127000, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Maximum number of molecules adsorbed by gas

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ω/
%
吸附最大分子个数
尾气组分 单组分
CO2 O2 NO2 NO CO N2 CO2 N2
10 5 2 5 1 1 3 17 17
20 5 3 5 1 1 4 19 19
30 6 3 6 1 1 4 21 21
40 7 3 7 1 1 4 23 23
50 9 4 6 1 1 4 25 25
60 8 3 7 1 1 5 25 25
70 8 4 7 2 1 5 27 27
80 9 4 8 2 1 5 29 29
90 9 4 9 2 1 5 30 30
), ArticleFig(id=1165682096472334617, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

气体吸附的最大分子数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ω/
%
吸附最大分子个数
尾气组分 单组分
CO2 O2 NO2 NO CO N2 CO2 N2
10 5 2 5 1 1 3 17 17
20 5 3 5 1 1 4 19 19
30 6 3 6 1 1 4 21 21
40 7 3 7 1 1 4 23 23
50 9 4 6 1 1 4 25 25
60 8 3 7 1 1 5 25 25
70 8 4 7 2 1 5 27 27
80 9 4 8 2 1 5 29 29
90 9 4 9 2 1 5 30 30
), ArticleFig(id=1165682096824656154, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Fitting parameters of lnD and T-1 relationship

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ω/% 拟合方程lnD Ea/(kJ·mol-1) R2
0 -1 290.76T-1+4.40 10.73 0.875
10 -304.67T-1+1.98 2.53 0.887
20 -310.17T-1+1.98 2.58 0.939
30 -328.67T-1+2.03 2.73 0.967
40 -347.09T-1+2.06 2.89 0.858
50 -364.56T-1+2.09 3.03 0.871
60 -403.30T-1+2.16 3.35 0.905
70 -558.50T-1+2.63 4.64 0.975
80 -769.37T-1+3.27 6.40 0.937
90 -1205.15T-1+4.63 10.02 0.883
), ArticleFig(id=1165682097147617563, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106706095170247, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

lnDT-1关系拟合参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
ω/% 拟合方程lnD Ea/(kJ·mol-1) R2
0 -1 290.76T-1+4.40 10.73 0.875
10 -304.67T-1+1.98 2.53 0.887
20 -310.17T-1+1.98 2.58 0.939
30 -328.67T-1+2.03 2.73 0.967
40 -347.09T-1+2.06 2.89 0.858
50 -364.56T-1+2.09 3.03 0.871
60 -403.30T-1+2.16 3.35 0.905
70 -558.50T-1+2.63 4.64 0.975
80 -769.37T-1+3.27 6.40 0.937
90 -1205.15T-1+4.63 10.02 0.883
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不同注源气体对煤中CH4吸附扩散行为的影响研究
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李林飞 1 , 陆卫东 2, 3, ** , 黄戈 1 , 戴凤威 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(2): 175-185
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(2): 175-185
不同注源气体对煤中CH4吸附扩散行为的影响研究
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李林飞1 , 陆卫东2, 3, ** , 黄戈1, 戴凤威1
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 2 新疆工程学院 安全科学与工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
  • 3 新疆工程学院 新疆煤矿灾害智能防控与应急重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
  • 李林飞 (1999—),男,山东滨州人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为煤矿瓦斯灾害防治。E-mail:

    戴凤威 副教授

通讯作者:

**陆卫东(1970—),男,江苏启东人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿安全方面的研究。E-mail:
Study on effect of different injection source gases on CH4 adsorption diffusion behavior in coal
Linfei LI1 , Weidong LU2, 3, ** , Ge HUANG1, Fengwei DAI1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Liaoning Technical University,Huludao Liaoning 125105,China
  • 2 School of Safety Science and Engineering,Xinjiang Institute of Technology,Wulumuqi Xinjiang 830023,China
  • 3 Xinjiang Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Intelligent Prevention and Emergency Response,Xinjiang Institute of Engineering,Wulumuqi Xinjiang 830023,China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0919
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为探究不同注源气体对煤中甲烷(CH4)吸附扩散行为的影响,采用巨正则蒙特卡罗(GCMC)与分子动力学(MD)方法,选取不同比例热瓦斯发电尾气(注热、多组分)、常温二氧化碳(CO2)(强吸附性、单组分)、常温氮气(N2)(弱吸附性、单组分)等3种类型气体,通过与CH4混合,注入煤体后分析吸附情况,并依据其结果,以固定CH4数量为基础,注入上述3种气体,分析其扩散行为变化。结果表明:随着注源气体积占比升高,注入CO2条件下CH4吸附量降低幅度逐渐大于热发电尾气条件,并表现出优于热发电尾气的抑制性能;而注入N2后,CH4吸附量虽有所降低,但始终远大于前两者。在扩散方面,随着注源气体积占比升高,扩散系数呈先升高后降低趋势,且系数始终大于未注气前,注源气体以促进CH4扩散为主;注入N2条件下CH4扩散系数最高且降低幅度最小,促进作用最为明显;而注CO2条件下CH4扩散系数降低幅度最大,促进作用最弱;因此,选取热瓦斯发电尾气进行CH4驱替性价比更佳。

甲烷(CH4)  /  注源气体  /  吸附扩散行为  /  扩散系数  /  热瓦斯发电尾气

To investigate the impact of different injection source gases on the adsorption and diffusion behavior of methane (CH4) in coal,three types of gases were selected: hot gas power generation exhaust (heat injection,multi-component),carbon dioxide (CO2) at room temperature (strong adsorption,single component),and nitrogen (N2) at room temperature (weak adsorption,single component). Using giant canonical Monte Carlo (GCMM) and molecular dynamics (MD) methods,these gases were mixed with CH4 and injected into coal to analyze the adsorption conditions. Based on a fixed amount of CH4,the changes in diffusion behavior were analyzed after injecting each of the three gases. The results show that with the increase of gas injection ratio,the reduction of CH4 adsorption capacity under CO2 injection condition is gradually greater than that under thermal power generation tail gas condition,showing better inhibition performance than thermal power generation tail gas. In contrast,although the adsorption capacity of CH4 decreases after N2 injection,it is always greater than the previous two. In terms of diffusion,with the increase of gas injection ratio,the diffusion coefficient increases first and then decreases,and the coefficient is always larger than before gas injection,and the displacement gas mainly promotes CH4 diffusion. Under N2 injection,the diffusion coefficient of CH4 is the highest and the decrease is the smallest,and the promoting effect is the most obvious. Under the condition of CO2 injection,the diffusion coefficient of CH4 decreases the most and the promoting effect is the weakest. Therefore,the selection of hot tail gas from gas-fired power generation for CH4 displacement is more cost-effective.

CH4  /  injection source gas  /  adsorption and diffusion behavior  /  diffusion coefficient  /  hot tail gas from gas-fired power generation
李林飞, 陆卫东, 黄戈, 戴凤威. 不同注源气体对煤中CH4吸附扩散行为的影响研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (2) : 175 -185 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0919
Linfei LI, Weidong LU, Ge HUANG, Fengwei DAI. Study on effect of different injection source gases on CH4 adsorption diffusion behavior in coal[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (2) : 175 -185 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0919
煤层气是一种经济、绿色的非常规天然气,但因其开采难度较大,如何高效安全地开采已成为学者们研究的重点,特别是在煤层气资源储量丰富的中国[1],更有着迫切需求。尽管储量巨大,但由于我国煤层气储存条件复杂,特别是煤体具有强度低、透气性差等特点,开采往往达不到预期要求。为改善并尽可能解决此问题,常采用注气驱替法,利用气体在吸附与扩散上的差异,通过注入一种或多种气体驱离替换煤层气[2],达到增产效果。
目前针对注气驱替的研究,国内外学者主要集中于特定气体的研究,且对于纯气体研究较为深入。JESSEN[3]和HAN Fengshuang[4]等对注入二氧化碳(CO2)、氮气(N2)与二者混合气体的煤层进行吸附对比试验,并用数值模拟方法验证其结果的正确性;ZHOU Fengde[5],WANG Liguo[6]等试验研究和数值模拟了煤层注N2、注CO2,证实注CO2会使渗透率降低,突破时间比N2长,注N2渗透率稍有升高,甲烷(CH4)回收率低于注CO2。姜延航[7]、白刚[8]等通过自主研发的CO2驱替CH4试验系统,测试了各影响因素下的CH4产出量,结果表明:CH4产出率同温度和压力呈正相关,同含水率呈负相关。随着计算机技术的成熟,分子模拟被应用于吸附方面,可在分子水平上研究吸附剂与吸附物之间的微观吸附机制[9-10];BAI Yang等[11]通过构建含吸附CH4的最低能量煤模型,结合分子动力学(Molecular Dynamics,MD)研究了不同温度下注入N2和CO2后CH4的解吸行为。JIA Jinzhang[12],SONG Yu[13]等基于密度泛函理论和巨正则蒙特卡罗(Giant Canonical Monte Carlo,GCMC)理论,通过比较不同官能团对气体的吸附差异,揭示不同官能团对CH4/CO2/N2吸附性能的影响机制。
相较于单组分气体,多组分气体研究对象多采用N2和CO2的混合气,例如:DURUCAN等[14]采用数值模拟方法,比较不同CO2/N2注入比例下的CH4采收率,得到注入气流中N2组分的存在能够提高CH4采收率的结论。SHI Jiquan等[15]模拟验证了注入CO2/N2后,储层CH4产率增加。SYED等[16]以87%N2/13%CO2代表烟气,通过试验研究不同等级煤的孔隙结构对单组分气体与尾气吸附诱导基质膨胀的影响。ZHOU Lijun等[17]通过改进热固流耦合模型,找出对CH4抽采速率影响最大的因素为初始渗透率,其次为注入压力。XING Wanli等[18]在293.15~353.15 K和7MPa条件下,通过体积法获得了CO2、CH4和N2混合气在无烟煤上的吸附数据,分析了温度、压力和气体组分对各气体吸附量的影响。WU Siyuan等[19]采用GCMC模拟烟气与CH4多元气体之间的竞争吸附行为。TAO Tong等[20]通过构建页岩夹缝模型,从分子角度分析烟气对CH4吸附扩散行为的影响,结果表明:孔隙大小与地质条件对页岩气驱替与烟气隔离影响明显,烟气N2/CO2比值对CH4驱替的影响较小。GAO Dameng等[21]模拟了烟气与CH4在褐煤的吸附扩散行为,并考虑了水分的影响。
综上,已有不少学者研究了不同气体氛围下煤内CH4吸附扩散行为,其中不乏采用试验与模拟手段,但重心始终偏向宏观整体的特性研究,较少关注微观层面,特别是在微孔方面,缺乏不同气体对CH4吸附扩散行为变化的影响原因探究,因此,笔者通过分子模拟方式,在研究气体吸附性质的基础上,建立含CH4的煤分子模型,研究热瓦斯发电尾气(注热、多组分),常温CO2(强吸附性、单组分),常温N2(弱吸附性、单组分)3种不同气体对CH4在微孔中扩散行为的影响,为注气驱替研究提供理论指导。
煤是一种多孔材料,由各种高分子量分子交联组成。文中所采用的煤模型为怀泽(Wiser)化学结构模型(C191H169N3O21S3)[22],如图1所示。模型中各元素的质量分数为:C为78.1%,O为11.4%,H为5.8%,S为3.3%,N为1.4,实测数据接近[23]
通过材料工作室的MD模块优化煤分子的结构。首先通过几何优化算法优化局部结构。为获得煤分子的全局最小稳定能量,在298~798 K范围内模拟多次退火,退火过程中系综选择为正则系综(Number of particles,Volume,Temperature,NVT),最后,将10个煤分子组合成一个具有周期边界的单胞。为了获得合理的煤分子细胞单元密度,几何优化晶胞,退火处理后,采用等温-等压系综(Number of particles,Pressure,Temperature,NPT)(温度T=298 K,压力p=100 kPa)进行1 000 ps的MD模拟,最终确定密度为1.202 3g/cm3,该值于烟煤的实际密度(1.2~1.4g/cm3)范围内[2],晶格参数为3.436 59× 3.436 59×3.436 59nm,如图2所示。
模拟过程的气体压力由逸度控制,逸度与压力的关系如图3所示,由彭-罗宾森(Peng-Robinson,PR)方程计算得到[24]:
l n f p = Z - 1 -   l n ( Z - B ) - A 2 2 B l n Z + 2.414 B Z - 0.414 B
B = 0.077   80 p T c p c T

A = 0.457   24 p T c 2 p c T 2 [ 1 + ( 0.374   64 +

1.542   26 ω - 0.269   92 ω 2 ) 1 - T T c 2
式中:f为逸度,kPa;Z为压缩系数;AB为与气体分子间相互作用有关的系数;Tc为临界温度,K;pc为临界压力,MPa;ω为偏心因子。
参与吸附的气体有瓦斯发电尾气(83.97%N2,6.55%CO2,9.41%O2,0.04%CO,0.02%NO,0.01%NO2)、纯CO2、纯N2以及CH4。采用Materials Studio软件中吸附模块,在GCMC的基础上进行计算。将3种注源气体,通过与CH4混合,注入煤体,并以单组分CH4为基准,观察各气体影响下CH4吸附变化。在此过程中压力设置为0.1MPa,注入比例见表1,由于所研究的热瓦斯发电尾气自身携带温度,因而温度设置以尾气自身温度为上限,常温为下限(注入CO2,N2时气体环境温度始终保持在298 K),即298~320 K,为表现升温过程,将其分割成多个区间进行,通过计算以5.5 K作为升温加载梯度分为4个区间较为合理。在此过程前,为确保模型建立的可靠性,需验证模拟的可靠性,将绝对吸附量通过式(4)转换为试验所用的过剩吸附量,结果(图4)与OTTIGER等[25]的试验模拟结果趋势与数量级基本一致,模型可靠。
Q e = Q a - V F / ( ρ c V T ) × 0.001 × ρ g / m g
式中:Qe为过剩吸附量,mmol/g;Qa为绝对吸附量,mmol/g;VF为自由孔体积,Å3VT为总体积,Å3ρc为煤分子密度,g/cm3ρg为不同温度下压力所对应的气体密度,g/cm3mg为气体的相对分子质量,g/mol。
依据吸附情况,以固定CH4数量为基础,通过注入上述3种气体构建扩散模型,分析扩散特性。本着固定尽可能多的CH4原则,选取文中吸附占比最大的0.09MPa单组分CH4模型为基础(图5),并为保证各气体分子均参与,根据尾气吸附的最大分子数(注入CO2,N2分子数参考尾气分子数)通过搜索吸附位点任,将气体分子加载到模型,分子数见表2。CO2,N2分子数参考尾气分子数,既使体系内气体分子数保持一致,又使2种气体的特点得以体现,便于观察。
构型完成后,在Forcite模块中选择时间步长为1 fs,能量偏差为209 292.6 kJ/mol的MD分析,温度环境设置同上。控温方式选择Nose,控压方式选择Berendsen,系综方面首先进行NPT(1 ns)MD模拟,使模型密度充分弛豫,随后,选择NVT系综(1 ns),体积选取使密度与NPT计算的平均密度相匹配,最后为避免恒温器对数据结果的影响,进行微正则系综(Number of Particles,Volume,Energy,NVE)(1 ns)采集数据,重复此NPT-NVT-NVE[26]3步工作4次。
绝对吸附量反映了CH4在煤大分子中的实际吸附数量。CH4吸附空间是CH4分子占据煤分子空间体积的描述。关系式如下:
θ = Q a M 1   000 ρ a V m
ρ a = 8 M P c R T c
式中:θ为CH4吸附空间,mmol/g;R为气体常数,8.314 J/(mol·K);M为CH4摩尔质量,g/mol;Vm为气体摩尔体积,22.4L/mol;ρa为CH4密度,g/cm3
通过对比相同分压下注气前后CH4吸附变化情况(图6)可知:各气体对CH4吸附行为的影响存在差异性。
随着温度从298 K逐渐升温至320 K,各气体环境下,CH4吸附量平均降低34.69%,温度升高对气体吸附起抑制作用。保持温度不变,随着注源气体积占比的不断升高,CH4吸附量随之降低。当T=298 K,ω=10%时CH4吸附量为0.136 6mmol/g,当ω=90%时,其吸附量降低至0.0149 4mmol/g,降低89.06%,相较于未注气环境CH4吸附量降低81.95%,降幅上升7.12%,同时吸附空间随着吸附量的降低而降低,降低幅度同样上升7.12%,通过比较各注气比例下注气前后CH4吸附量与吸附空间变化,平均降低25.75%。
随着热瓦斯发电尾气的注入,环境温度不断升高的同时,气体环境逐渐被尾气所填充。当环境温度为298 K,ω=10%时,CH4吸附量为0.136 59 mmol/g,随着环境变化,环境温度达到320 K,尾气ω=90%时,CH4吸附量降至0.010 55mmol/g,降低92.28%,相较于未注气环境下,降幅上升10.33%,究其原因,温度升高促进分子热运动,使气体分子与煤体接触减少,吸附现象减弱。尾气体积占比升高,尾气各气体不断占据CH4的吸附位点,使得CH4吸附位点减少,吸附量减少。尾气与温度的共同作用,对CH4吸附影响加剧。
图6可知:当注源气ω较低(<40%)时,热发电尾气体环境下CH4吸附量要低于纯CO2,说明此时尾气限制CH4的吸附行为能力优于纯CO2,但随着占比升高,CO2强吸附作用体现,CH4吸附量出现大幅降低,逐渐低于热发电尾气条件,表现出优于热发电尾气的抑制性能。随着CO2占比升高,CH4吸附量从0.128 1mmol/g降低至0.008 746mmol/g,降低93.17%,CH4吸附空间降低93.17%,相较于未注气环境而言,降幅上升13.7%,通过比较各注气比例下注气前后CH4吸附量与吸附空间变化,平均降低45.75%,降低幅度大于热发电尾气条件,因而,常温纯CO2对CH4吸附的影响要优于热发电尾气。
反观纯N2注入后CH4的吸附状况,随着N2体积占比升高,CH4吸附量虽有降低,但仍始终大于前两者。吸附量从0.151 9mmol/g降低至0.022 63mmol/g,降低85.11%,CH4吸附空间降低85.11%,相较于未注气环境,降幅仅上升3.86%,通过比较各注气比例下注气前后CH4吸附量与吸附空间变化,平均降低5.44%,降幅远低于热发电尾气环境,对吸附的影响效果要弱于热发电尾气。
均方位移(Mean Square Displacement,MSD,单位为Å3)分析是一种确定颗粒随时间变化位移的方法,代表CH4扩散的难易程度,如下式。可以推导出运动参数的估计,如自由扩散粒子的扩散系数[27]
$\begin{array}{c} \mathrm{MSD}=\left[\boldsymbol{r}_{i}(t)-\boldsymbol{r}_{i}(0)\right]^{2}= \\ \frac{1}{N N_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{N} \sum_{t_{0}}^{N}\left[\boldsymbol{r}_{i}\left(t+t_{0}\right)-\boldsymbol{r}_{i}\left(t_{0}\right)\right]^{2}= \\ \lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{N_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{N}\left[\boldsymbol{r}_{i}(t)-\boldsymbol{r}_{i}(0)\right]^{2} \end{array}$
式中:N为吸附质分子数;Nt为MD的统计平均步数;t为模拟时间,ps;ri(0)为初始阶段粒子的位置矢量;ri(t)为模拟t时间后粒子的位置矢量。
自由体积分数(Fractional Free Volume,FFV)描述了煤体受气体分子影响下内部自由空间的变化情况,反映聚合物分子链的运动情况。
F F V = V F V F + V O = V F V T
式中VO为占用体积,Å3
根据MD,选取50~90 ps时间段绘制MSD曲线,并为保证准确性,取4次数据的平均值分析变化,如图7所示。从图中可知:MSD随时间呈线性增加,曲线的拟合度R2均大于0.98,扩散系数D计算可靠。同时根据perl脚本对MD过程中400个样本进行FFV分析,并作平均化处理,得到图8图9
图7a图7f以及图8可知:随着温度升高,FFV与MSD增大。分析原因,温度越高,分子的内能越大,根据能量守恒原理,内能会转化为动能,使分子剧烈运动,分子活性升高[1128],进而导致气体分子与煤体之间相互作用减弱,CH4更易从吸附态向游离态转变,煤结构受吸附影响减弱并在孔内压强的影响下逐渐呈现压缩状态,使得煤内部自由空间增大。并由自由体积理论可知:温度升高,煤体发生膨胀变形的同时,其内部自由体积同样发生膨胀变形,同样使得煤内部自由空间增大。
图9为在不同注气体积占比下煤的FFV变化情况。比较不同比例下各注源气体对FFV以及MSD的影响可知:当体系中只存在CH4时,FFV最大,MSD最小,注源气体的参与,使得体系中FFV降低同时MSD增大。随着其体积占比的升高,FFV与MSD同时呈现降低趋势。说明CH4受到注源气体相互作用的影响,分子活跃度提升,扩散运动受到促进。同时注源气体的参与,不断占据自由空间,造成煤内自由空间比例降低,受空间的影响,CH4扩散运动受限。
热瓦斯发电尾气是由CO2、N2等气体不同比例混合而成的多组分气体,而CO2与N2分别为强吸附性气体与弱吸附性气体中的代表性单组分气体。图7b图7g图7h分别为3种气体的影响下CH4的MSD曲线。通过同注气前FFV与MSD比较,当注入纯N2时,MSD最大,FFV仅小于注气前,说明注入纯N2后CH4活跃程度增强,并且由于N2吸附能力较弱,煤结构膨胀变化较小,供给CH4扩散的空间受吸附的影响较小,扩散行为更易发生。而反观注入瓦斯发电尾气与纯CO2,尽管FFV与MSD较小,但MSD仍大于注气前,说明二者的强相互作用能够有效提高CH4分子活跃程度,促进扩散运动,但较强的相互作用同样易造成煤结构膨胀变形,造成自由空间体积收缩,使扩散行为受限。从限制程度来看,发电尾气>纯CO2>纯N2。相较于单组分气体,多组分气体由于其组成的复杂性,使得煤结构因强吸附性气体膨胀变形的同时,弱吸附性气体占据自由空间,CH4扩散更不易发生。
扩散系数就是用来衡量在各温度点下粒子向各个方向扩散能力的物理量。采用MSD曲线与爱因斯坦方程的计算,爱因斯坦方程[29]:
D = 1 6 N l i m t d d t i = 1 N < [ r i ( t ) - r i ( 0 ) ] > 2
对MSD曲线进行线性回归得到斜率k,扩散系数可简化为以下公式[27]:
$k=\lim _{t \rightarrow \infty} \frac{1}{t}\left\langle\frac{1}{N_{t}} \sum_{i=1}^{N}\left[r_{i}(t)-r_{i}(0)\right]^{2}\right\rangle$
D = k 6
式中k为MSD线性回归方程斜率。
扩散系数是表征介质中气体运移规律的常用物理量,CH4的扩散系数在10-11~10-9m2/s[27],反映了气体在煤体中扩散的快慢[28]图10表示不同注源气体下CH4的扩散系数。
图10所示,当温度为298 K时,CH4的扩散系数为1.73×10-10~2.61×10-10m2/s,随着温度升高,达到320K时CH4的扩散系数增长到2.31×10-10~2.82×10-10m2/s,仅考虑温度变化,扩散系数平均增长13.56%;忽略温度的影响,当尾气体积占比w为0时,体系内只存在CH4,CH4扩散系数为1.33×10-10m2/s。随着尾气的注入,当ω=10%时,CH4的扩散系数为2.61×10-10m2/s,并随着占比升高,扩散系数逐渐降低,当ω达到90%时,降低为1.73×10-10m2/s,降低33.82%,与未注气前CH4的扩散系数相比,仍升高29.59%,表明:尽管扩散系数因自由空间限制的影响不断减少,但其值始终高于未注气前,依旧对CH4扩散起积极作用。
随着热发电尾气的注入,环境温度从298 K逐渐上升至320 K,CH4扩散系数由2.61×10-10m2/s降低至2.31×10-10m2/s,降低11.38%,相较注气前升高73.47%,这与仅考虑单因素影响形成对比,表明:温度升高促进CH4分子活性的同时使其受尾气分子占据压缩自由空间的限制影响减小,扩散能力得以表现,但同时扩散系数依旧随尾气中占比升高而减少,尾气分子对其影响依旧为主导。
当注源气体为常温CO2与N2时,温度对于体系的影响消失,注入气体的吸附能力对CH4扩散的影响更为明显。当CO2体积占比ω=10%时,扩散系数为3.00×10-10m2/s,随着占比的升高,当ω=90%时,CH4扩散系数降低为2.16×10-10m2/s,降低28%,相较未注气前升高62.53%。
当保持温度为298 K,将尾气体系与CO2体系作比较时,不难发现,多组分气体对于CH4的扩散限制作用要更显著同3.1.3结果。但当考虑气体自身温度,伴随着气体体积占比升高,热发电尾气对于CH4扩散的限制逐渐弱于CO2,扩散系数逐渐高于CO2,并结合扩散系数降低幅度来看,纯CO2对CH4扩散运动的限制作用强于热发电尾气。
由于注入N2的量大于其在此比例下实际吸附量,因而更能体现N2的分压影响。当N2体积占比ω=10%时,扩散系数3.32×10-10m2/s,随着占比升高,w=90%时,扩散系数降低为3.09×10-10m2/s,降低幅度为7.07%,降低幅度较小,且扩散系数远大于未注气前,分析是随着N2体积占比升高,占据自由空间同时降低了CH4的分压使煤内部区域之间形成压力差,使CH4扩散系数始终保持较高水准,呈现被“驱赶”状态[30]
综上,随着注源气体注入,扩散系数呈现先增加后降低趋势:①扩散系数增长阶段:气体注入初期因注源气体注入量较少,CH4扩散受自由空间影响较弱,主要表现注气气体对CH4扩散能力的促进作用,促进程度:常温N2>常温CO2>热发电尾气。②扩散系数降低阶段:注源气体注入过程的进行,注气体积占比升高,注源气体对扩散环境的影响不断加剧,CH4扩散受自由空间影响加深,主要为自由空间对CH4扩散能力的抑制作用,比较降低幅度可知抑制程度:常温CO2>热发电尾气>常温N2。根据扩散抑制作用强弱,最终确定驱替效果[31],常温CO2>热发电尾气>常温N2。从保证煤矿安全以及成本的角度来看,尽管注常温CO2效果最佳,但大量CO2的参与吸附,煤体孔隙收缩加剧,气体的大量集聚与较高的扩散系数,极易造成突出事故[32],采用热发电尾气作为替代气成为可能。
为了专门研究注热气体的影响,利用阿伦尼乌斯方程计算了气体的扩散活化能,公式如下[29]:
D = C 0 e x p - E a R T
式中:C0为指前因子,m2/s;Ea为表观活化能,kJ/mol。
图11表3表示CH4在热发电尾气环境下扩散系数与温度之间的关系。
图11表3得出,扩散活化能与扩散系数呈现反比关系,未注气环境下,CH4的扩散活化能最高,为10.73 kJ/mol,当热发电尾气注入煤体,扩散活化能整体下降,说明温度升高与“尾气分子”的竞争效应,使得气体分子获得能量,使一部分原始能量较低的分子变成活化分子,活化分子的占比增加,从而增加了有效碰撞次数和扩散速率[13]。随着尾气体积分数升高,扩散活化能不断增大,从2.53 kJ/mol增长到10.02 kJ/mol,扩散运动需要更多的能量才能进行。
根据对阿伦尼乌斯公式的解读,温度对扩散活化能大的反应速率的影响程度要大,因而尾气体积占比的升高使CH4扩散能力减弱的同时令CH4扩散能力受温度的影响程度加深,具体表现如图12所示,随尾气体积占比升高,扩散系数D与FFV受温度影响加大。进一步强调了热发电尾气中温度的重要性。既保证CH4驱替效果,又避免封存气体过多,煤体内压力过大引发的突出事件。
1) 针对不同注源气体促进煤层气增产效果的差异性,研究热瓦斯发电尾气、常温N2、常温CO2对煤中CH4吸附扩散行为的影响,直观反映各注源气体促进煤层气增产差异性原因,研究结果对进一步研究注气驱替机制与注源气体优选有重要作用。
2) 注气温度和注源气吸附能力是影响煤中CH4吸附行为的关键;不同注源气体对煤中CH4的吸附行为影响均为抑制,注气温度高,气体吸附能力强,CH4吸附行为弱。热瓦斯发电尾气、常温N2、常温CO2对CH4的吸附影响程度分别为10.33%、3.86%、13.7%,大小关系为常温CO2>热瓦斯发电尾气>常温N2
3) 煤内自由空间的减少是导致CH4扩散行为受限的关键,温度与煤内自由空间呈正相关,促进CH4扩散。自由空间影响程度差异性主要取决于注源气体的吸附能力,对扩散行为限制程度排序为:常温CO2>热瓦斯发电尾气>常温N2
4) 针对煤中CH4吸附扩散行为的影响研究仍存在不足,本文仅选取烟煤经典模型,且煤种单一,这只适用于烟煤的普遍特征,对于其他煤种的对比性研究有待进一步解决。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52204217)
  • 新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发任务专项项目(2022B01034-3)
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2025年第35卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0919
  • 接收时间:2024-09-23
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-23
  • 修回日期:2024-11-25
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52204217)
新疆维吾尔自治区重点研发任务专项项目(2022B01034-3)
作者信息
    1 辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院,辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
    2 新疆工程学院 安全科学与工程学院,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023
    3 新疆工程学院 新疆煤矿灾害智能防控与应急重点实验室,新疆 乌鲁木齐 830023

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**陆卫东(1970—),男,江苏启东人,博士,教授,主要从事煤矿安全方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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