Article(id=1148106704224514537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)02-0021-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.1078, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725984000000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-11, revisedDate=1731427200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659569078, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659569078, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659569078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659569078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106698197295351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401525528, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=21, endPage=27, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767845120225599, articleId=1148106704224514537, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Human reliability analysis of emergency behaviors for hazardous chemical accidents in chemical industry parks, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore human error in complex emergency rescue scenarios for hazardous chemical accidents in chemical industry parks and improve human reliability in emergency rescue actions,a comprehensive analysis method was established to quantitatively evaluate the human reliability of emergency rescue for hazardous chemical accidents. Firstly,based on the laws,regulations and standards related to the emergency rescue of hazardous chemical accidents,20 emergency behaviors in chemical industry parks were summarized and extracted. Secondly,cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM) was introduced to determine the probability of human error. Analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and entropy weight method were combined to quantify the severity of errors in emergency behaviors. Finally,from the perspectives of possibility and severity,the weak aspects of emergency behaviors in chemical industry parks were explored,and the strategies for enhancing emergency rescue capabilities in chemical industry parks were discussed. The practical application of the method was verified with the example of N chemical industry park. The results show that 20 emergency behaviors were divided into 3 clusters. There are 4 emergency behaviors identified that needed to be prioritized for improvement in the petrochemical zone: risk assessment,fire-fighting,initial disposal of enterprises and rescue of people in distress. For these emergency behaviors,it was proposed that N chemical industry park should focus on optimizing the accident information transmission mechanism,improving decision-making and command effectiveness,and strengthening rapid response and disaster identification capabilities,so as to provide countermeasures and suggestions for improving its emergency rescue capability.

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为探究化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援复杂场景中的人因失误,提高应急救援行动中的人因可靠性,提出一种定量评估化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援人因可靠性的综合分析方法。首先,基于与危险化学品事故应急救援相关的法律、法规和标准,梳理提炼出20项化工园区应急行为;然后,引入认知可靠性与失误分析方法(CREAM)确定应急行为的人因失误概率,结合层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法量化应急行为的失误严重度;最后,从可能性和严重度2个维度探究化工园区应急行为中的薄弱环节,探讨化工园区应急救援能力的提升策略,并以N化工园区为例验证该方法的实际应用效果。结果表明:20项应急行为被划分为3个聚类,识别出该园区存在风险研判、消防灭火、企业初期处置和遇险人员救护这4项亟需优先改进的应急行为;针对这些应急行为,N化工园区应将重点放在优化事故信息传递机制、提升决策指挥效能和强化快速响应与灾害辨别能力的建设上,为提高其应急救援能力提供对策建议。

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王冬冬 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士,主要从事行为安全管理、应急管理、风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

佟瑞鹏 教授

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王冬冬 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士,主要从事行为安全管理、应急管理、风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

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佟瑞鹏 教授

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佟瑞鹏 教授

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Ocean Engineering, 2024, 293: DOI: 10.1016/j.oceaneng.2024.116664., articleTitle=A human factor reliability analysis method for maritime transport based on an improved CREAM model and group decision-making, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165681862547615768, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, awardId=52074302, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(52074302), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165681858865017765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165681858873406374, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, companyId=1165681858865017765, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Beijing 100083,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165681858877600679, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, companyId=1165681858865017765, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083)]), AuthorCompany(id=1165681858940515241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165681858944709546, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, companyId=1165681858940515241, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science,Beijing Academy of Science and Technology,Beijing 100054,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165681858948903852, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, companyId=1165681858940515241, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1165681861016695797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comprehensive analysis method of human reliability, figureFileSmall=zviOYwE6EE+TellMzyR2Fg==, figureFileBig=o9AJMJhfRaOHQdwYW9VYVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681861104776182, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=图1, caption=人因可靠性综合分析方法, figureFileSmall=zviOYwE6EE+TellMzyR2Fg==, figureFileBig=o9AJMJhfRaOHQdwYW9VYVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681861192856568, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Cluster analysis of emergency behaviors, figureFileSmall=LwbCKvS4oQxWAlMDo+JnGw==, figureFileBig=JakcvboDWzcujvtf+9j4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681861247382522, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=图2, caption=应急行为聚类分析, figureFileSmall=LwbCKvS4oQxWAlMDo+JnGw==, figureFileBig=JakcvboDWzcujvtf+9j4QQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681861310297084, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Distribution of emergency behaviors, figureFileSmall=7nAesLP2XD3gE+634ESqhA==, figureFileBig=6Ehmayzqod+MwoIApAL2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681861394183166, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=图3, caption=应急行为的分布情况, figureFileSmall=7nAesLP2XD3gE+634ESqhA==, figureFileBig=6Ehmayzqod+MwoIApAL2Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681861461292032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Organizational structure of emergency behaviors in chemical industry parks

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应急救
援任务
应急
人员
应急行为 具体任务
事故初
期处置
事故单
位应急
人员
启动应急预案 事故单位立即启动应急预案,组织成立现场指挥部,制定救援方案,统一指挥实施
企业初期处置 根据事故现场情况划分警戒隔离区,抢救、撤离遇险人员,实施现场处置措施
事故信息上报 事故单位在开展自救的同时,应按照有关规定向当地政府部门报告
应急
指挥
应急指
挥人员
成立应急指挥部 政府部门接到事故报告后,应立即启动相关预案,赶赴事故现场,成立应急指挥部
风险研判 基于现有事故信息,应急指挥部对警情做出准确判断,并提出相应的响应级别建议
综合协调 应急指挥部根据现场指挥部提供的情况指导应急救援行动,调集有关资源、下达应急疏散指令
协同联动单位 外部救援力量根据事故单位的需求和应急指挥部的协调安排合力开展救援
信息发布 事故信息由应急指挥部统一对外发布,信息发布应及时、准确、客观、全面
警戒
疏散
警戒疏
散人员
警戒隔离 在警戒隔离区边界设警示标志,设专人负责警戒,严禁无关人员进入
道路交通管制 对通往事故现场的道路实行交通管制,严禁无关车辆进入
人员紧急疏散 应急指挥部根据现场指挥部疏散人员的请求,决定并发布疏散指令
现场
处置
现场处
置人员
控制泄漏源 在生产、储存等过程中发生泄漏,应根据生产和事故情况,及时采取控制措施
控制泄漏物质 降低气体泄漏物的浓度或燃爆危害,收集、阻挡或转移液体泄漏物
控制生产系统 生产部门监控装置工艺变化情况,调整应急状态下的生产方案,确保生产平衡
遇险人员救护 救援人员应携带救生器材迅速进入现场,转移遇险受困人员
消防灭火 根据危化品的性质、火灾大小采用相应的方法控制火源并扑灭火灾
侦检与反馈 动态监测可燃、有毒有害危化品的浓度、扩散和环境污染情况,及时上报监测信息
现场
恢复
现场恢
复人员
洗消 在危险区与安全区交界处设立洗消站,使用洗消药剂对染毒人员和装备进行洗消
现场清理 彻底清除事故现场各处残留的有毒有害气体,对泄漏液体、固体应统一收集处理,彻底清洗污染地面
环境修复 若空气、水源、土壤出现污染,应及时采取相应处置措施
), ArticleFig(id=1165681861545177089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

化工园区应急行为组织架构

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应急救
援任务
应急
人员
应急行为 具体任务
事故初
期处置
事故单
位应急
人员
启动应急预案 事故单位立即启动应急预案,组织成立现场指挥部,制定救援方案,统一指挥实施
企业初期处置 根据事故现场情况划分警戒隔离区,抢救、撤离遇险人员,实施现场处置措施
事故信息上报 事故单位在开展自救的同时,应按照有关规定向当地政府部门报告
应急
指挥
应急指
挥人员
成立应急指挥部 政府部门接到事故报告后,应立即启动相关预案,赶赴事故现场,成立应急指挥部
风险研判 基于现有事故信息,应急指挥部对警情做出准确判断,并提出相应的响应级别建议
综合协调 应急指挥部根据现场指挥部提供的情况指导应急救援行动,调集有关资源、下达应急疏散指令
协同联动单位 外部救援力量根据事故单位的需求和应急指挥部的协调安排合力开展救援
信息发布 事故信息由应急指挥部统一对外发布,信息发布应及时、准确、客观、全面
警戒
疏散
警戒疏
散人员
警戒隔离 在警戒隔离区边界设警示标志,设专人负责警戒,严禁无关人员进入
道路交通管制 对通往事故现场的道路实行交通管制,严禁无关车辆进入
人员紧急疏散 应急指挥部根据现场指挥部疏散人员的请求,决定并发布疏散指令
现场
处置
现场处
置人员
控制泄漏源 在生产、储存等过程中发生泄漏,应根据生产和事故情况,及时采取控制措施
控制泄漏物质 降低气体泄漏物的浓度或燃爆危害,收集、阻挡或转移液体泄漏物
控制生产系统 生产部门监控装置工艺变化情况,调整应急状态下的生产方案,确保生产平衡
遇险人员救护 救援人员应携带救生器材迅速进入现场,转移遇险受困人员
消防灭火 根据危化品的性质、火灾大小采用相应的方法控制火源并扑灭火灾
侦检与反馈 动态监测可燃、有毒有害危化品的浓度、扩散和环境污染情况,及时上报监测信息
现场
恢复
现场恢
复人员
洗消 在危险区与安全区交界处设立洗消站,使用洗消药剂对染毒人员和装备进行洗消
现场清理 彻底清除事故现场各处残留的有毒有害气体,对泄漏液体、固体应统一收集处理,彻底清洗污染地面
环境修复 若空气、水源、土壤出现污染,应及时采取相应处置措施
), ArticleFig(id=1165681861704560643, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Human error modes and basic probabilities

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能行为 代码 人因失误模式 基本失效概率
辨识 O1 目标观察错误 0.001
O2 识别错误 0.07
O3 未进行观察 0.07
分析 I1 诊断错误 0.2
I2 决策错误 0.01
I3 延迟解释 0.01
计划 D1 优先权错误 0.01
D2 不适当的计划 0.01
执行 E1 动作方式错误 0.003
E2 动作时间错误 0.003
E3 动作目标错误 0.000 5
E4 动作顺序错误 0.003
E5 动作疏漏 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1165681861771669509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

人因失误模式和基本失效概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
功能行为 代码 人因失误模式 基本失效概率
辨识 O1 目标观察错误 0.001
O2 识别错误 0.07
O3 未进行观察 0.07
分析 I1 诊断错误 0.2
I2 决策错误 0.01
I3 延迟解释 0.01
计划 D1 优先权错误 0.01
D2 不适当的计划 0.01
执行 E1 动作方式错误 0.003
E2 动作时间错误 0.003
E3 动作目标错误 0.000 5
E4 动作顺序错误 0.003
E5 动作疏漏 0.03
), ArticleFig(id=1165681861876527111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Human error mode of 20 emergency behaviors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应急行为及编号 人因失误模式 基本值
启动应急预案C111 动作时间错误E2 0.003
企业初期处置C112 动作方式错误E1 0.003
事故信息上报C113 动作遗漏E5 0.030
成立应急指挥部C121 动作时间错误E2 0.003
风险研判C122 诊断失败I1 0.200
综合协调C123 综合协调I1 0.010
协同联动单位C124 动作遗漏E5 0.003
信息发布C125 动作方式错误E1 0.003
警戒隔离C211 动作时间错误E2 0.030
道路交通管制C212 动作方式错误E1 0.003
人员紧急疏散C213 动作方式错误E1 0.003
控制泄漏源C221 计划不充分D2 0.003
控制泄漏物质C222 动作方式错误E1 0.003
控制生产系统C223 动作时间错误E2 0.010
遇险人员救护C224 错误辨识O2 0.003
消防灭火C225 动作方式错误E1 0.003
侦检与反馈C226 动作遗漏E5 0.070
洗消C311 未进行观察O3 0.003
现场清理C312 动作时间错误E2 0.030
环境修复C313 未进行观察O3 0.070
), ArticleFig(id=1165681861964607497, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

20项应急行为的人因失误模式

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
应急行为及编号 人因失误模式 基本值
启动应急预案C111 动作时间错误E2 0.003
企业初期处置C112 动作方式错误E1 0.003
事故信息上报C113 动作遗漏E5 0.030
成立应急指挥部C121 动作时间错误E2 0.003
风险研判C122 诊断失败I1 0.200
综合协调C123 综合协调I1 0.010
协同联动单位C124 动作遗漏E5 0.003
信息发布C125 动作方式错误E1 0.003
警戒隔离C211 动作时间错误E2 0.030
道路交通管制C212 动作方式错误E1 0.003
人员紧急疏散C213 动作方式错误E1 0.003
控制泄漏源C221 计划不充分D2 0.003
控制泄漏物质C222 动作方式错误E1 0.003
控制生产系统C223 动作时间错误E2 0.010
遇险人员救护C224 错误辨识O2 0.003
消防灭火C225 动作方式错误E1 0.003
侦检与反馈C226 动作遗漏E5 0.070
洗消C311 未进行观察O3 0.003
现场清理C312 动作时间错误E2 0.030
环境修复C313 未进行观察O3 0.070
), ArticleFig(id=1165681862035910667, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of expected impact on human reliability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绩效因子 水平 预期影响
化工园区应急组织完善性 有效 不显著
应急环境 优越 改进
应急平台完善性 支持 改进
应急准备完善性 可接受 不显著
应急目标特性 低于 改进
应急救援可用时间 暂时不充分 不显著
应急人员身心状态 良好 不显著
培训和经验的充分性 经验有限 不显著
应急协同效率 非常有效 改进
), ArticleFig(id=1165681862103019533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

对人因可靠性的预期影响结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
绩效因子 水平 预期影响
化工园区应急组织完善性 有效 不显著
应急环境 优越 改进
应急平台完善性 支持 改进
应急准备完善性 可接受 不显著
应急目标特性 低于 改进
应急救援可用时间 暂时不充分 不显著
应急人员身心状态 良好 不显著
培训和经验的充分性 经验有限 不显著
应急协同效率 非常有效 改进
), ArticleFig(id=1165681862178517007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Modified probability of human error

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为编号 基本概率 修正系数 修正后概率
C111 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C112 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C113 0.030 0.2 0.006 0
C121 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C122 0.200 0.4 0.080 0
C123 0.010 0.4 0.004 0
C124 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C125 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C211 0.030 0.2 0.006 0
C212 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C213 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C221 0.003 0.5 0.001 5
C222 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C223 0.010 0.2 0.002 0
C224 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C225 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C226 0.070 0.2 0.014 0
C311 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C312 0.030 0.2 0.006 0
C313 0.070 0.2 0.014 0
), ArticleFig(id=1165681862245625873, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

修正后的人因失误概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为编号 基本概率 修正系数 修正后概率
C111 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C112 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C113 0.030 0.2 0.006 0
C121 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C122 0.200 0.4 0.080 0
C123 0.010 0.4 0.004 0
C124 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C125 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C211 0.030 0.2 0.006 0
C212 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C213 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C221 0.003 0.5 0.001 5
C222 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C223 0.010 0.2 0.002 0
C224 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C225 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C226 0.070 0.2 0.014 0
C311 0.003 0.2 0.000 6
C312 0.030 0.2 0.006 0
C313 0.070 0.2 0.014 0
), ArticleFig(id=1165681862346289171, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Severity of errors in emergency behaviors

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为编号 失误严重度 应急行为 失误严重度
C111 0.083 8 C213 0.087 8
C112 0.149 1 C221 0.074 0
C113 0.017 8 C222 0.027 8
C121 0.012 8 C223 0.027 8
C122 0.033 9 C224 0.166 4
C123 0.031 3 C225 0.138 8
C124 0.004 3 C226 0.011 2
C125 0.001 2 C311 0.030 7
C211 0.030 4 C312 0.009 7
C212 0.030 4 C313 0.030 7
), ArticleFig(id=1165681862425980949, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106704224514537, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

应急行为失误严重度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
行为编号 失误严重度 应急行为 失误严重度
C111 0.083 8 C213 0.087 8
C112 0.149 1 C221 0.074 0
C113 0.017 8 C222 0.027 8
C121 0.012 8 C223 0.027 8
C122 0.033 9 C224 0.166 4
C123 0.031 3 C225 0.138 8
C124 0.004 3 C226 0.011 2
C125 0.001 2 C311 0.030 7
C211 0.030 4 C312 0.009 7
C212 0.030 4 C313 0.030 7
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化工园区危险化学品事故应急行为人因可靠性分析
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王冬冬 1, 2 , 杨昂滨 1 , 王智浩 1 , 赵晶荣 1 , 董国宇 1 , 佟瑞鹏 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2025,35(2): 21-27
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2025, 35(2): 21-27
化工园区危险化学品事故应急行为人因可靠性分析
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王冬冬1, 2 , 杨昂滨1, 王智浩1, 赵晶荣1, 董国宇1, 佟瑞鹏1
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2 北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054
  • 王冬冬 (1999—),男,安徽宿州人,硕士,主要从事行为安全管理、应急管理、风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:

    佟瑞鹏 教授

Human reliability analysis of emergency behaviors for hazardous chemical accidents in chemical industry parks
Dongdong WANG1, 2 , Angbin YANG1, Zhihao WANG1, Jingrong ZHAO1, Guoyu DONG1, Ruipeng TONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • 2 Institute of Urban Safety and Environmental Science,Beijing Academy of Science and Technology,Beijing 100054,China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.1078
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为探究化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援复杂场景中的人因失误,提高应急救援行动中的人因可靠性,提出一种定量评估化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援人因可靠性的综合分析方法。首先,基于与危险化学品事故应急救援相关的法律、法规和标准,梳理提炼出20项化工园区应急行为;然后,引入认知可靠性与失误分析方法(CREAM)确定应急行为的人因失误概率,结合层次分析法(AHP)和熵权法量化应急行为的失误严重度;最后,从可能性和严重度2个维度探究化工园区应急行为中的薄弱环节,探讨化工园区应急救援能力的提升策略,并以N化工园区为例验证该方法的实际应用效果。结果表明:20项应急行为被划分为3个聚类,识别出该园区存在风险研判、消防灭火、企业初期处置和遇险人员救护这4项亟需优先改进的应急行为;针对这些应急行为,N化工园区应将重点放在优化事故信息传递机制、提升决策指挥效能和强化快速响应与灾害辨别能力的建设上,为提高其应急救援能力提供对策建议。

化工园区  /  危险化学品事故  /  应急行为  /  人因可靠性  /  应急救援能力  /  人因失误

To explore human error in complex emergency rescue scenarios for hazardous chemical accidents in chemical industry parks and improve human reliability in emergency rescue actions,a comprehensive analysis method was established to quantitatively evaluate the human reliability of emergency rescue for hazardous chemical accidents. Firstly,based on the laws,regulations and standards related to the emergency rescue of hazardous chemical accidents,20 emergency behaviors in chemical industry parks were summarized and extracted. Secondly,cognitive reliability and error analysis method(CREAM) was introduced to determine the probability of human error. Analytic hierarchy process(AHP) and entropy weight method were combined to quantify the severity of errors in emergency behaviors. Finally,from the perspectives of possibility and severity,the weak aspects of emergency behaviors in chemical industry parks were explored,and the strategies for enhancing emergency rescue capabilities in chemical industry parks were discussed. The practical application of the method was verified with the example of N chemical industry park. The results show that 20 emergency behaviors were divided into 3 clusters. There are 4 emergency behaviors identified that needed to be prioritized for improvement in the petrochemical zone: risk assessment,fire-fighting,initial disposal of enterprises and rescue of people in distress. For these emergency behaviors,it was proposed that N chemical industry park should focus on optimizing the accident information transmission mechanism,improving decision-making and command effectiveness,and strengthening rapid response and disaster identification capabilities,so as to provide countermeasures and suggestions for improving its emergency rescue capability.

chemical industry parks  /  hazardous chemical accident  /  emergency behavior  /  human reliability  /  emergency rescue capability  /  human error
王冬冬, 杨昂滨, 王智浩, 赵晶荣, 董国宇, 佟瑞鹏. 化工园区危险化学品事故应急行为人因可靠性分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (2) : 21 -27 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.1078
Dongdong WANG, Angbin YANG, Zhihao WANG, Jingrong ZHAO, Guoyu DONG, Ruipeng TONG. Human reliability analysis of emergency behaviors for hazardous chemical accidents in chemical industry parks[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (2) : 21 -27 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.1078
我国化工产业正处于蓬勃发展期,化工企业的规模迅速扩大并不断向化工园区集中[1],我国已成为世界上最大的化工生产国[2]。园区内危险化学品企业众多,涉及的危险化学品种类繁多、数量密集,一旦发生事故极易引起火灾、爆炸等严重后果[3]。在危险化学品事故应急救援过程中,人因失误成为加剧事故危害的关键因素之一,救援人员的操作失误、判断偏差或沟通不畅等问题,往往会导致事故的损失朝向最大化的方向发展[4]。在应急救援实践中,人因失误导致的救援失败或事故扩大案例屡见不鲜,造成了巨大的社会影响[5]。若在应急救援阶段采取及时有效的应急措施,可在很大程度上避免事故扩大,减轻事故造成的严重后果[6]。因此,研究化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援过程中的人因失误,识别园区在应急救援方面存在的薄弱环节,对于遏制化工园区重特大事故风险具有重要意义。
化工园区的应急救援能力是确保化工企业稳健生产不可或缺的一环。因此,针对化工园区应急救援能力,国内外众多学者已经开展了深入研究。其中,鲁义等[7]依托危险化学品运输事故大数据,构建贝叶斯网络模型,精准预测了事故趋势并深入剖析其演变机制。曾小红等[8]构建出综合风险评估模型,有效评估了储罐泄漏的风险。WENG Jinxian等[9]开发出定量风险评估与事故后果预测模型,有助于减少危险品运输事故的风险。IKWAN等[10]通过开发故障树分析和风险分析方法,实时预测和评估储罐泄漏的事故后果。ZHANG Di等[11]根据全年有毒气体泄漏的最小风险设定了应急避难所的选择标准,为化工园区人员安全疏散提供技术支持。TSAI等[12]采用灾害模拟软件分析了化工园区多米诺效应的事故后果,确保救援人员和车辆的高效部署。此外,还有研究从韧性视角出发,通过构建安全韧性量化模型与评估体系,为化工园区整体安全水平的提升提供了理论指导与实践框架[13-14]。然而,这些研究主要聚焦于技术装备和风险评估等技术层面,而相对忽视了应急救援人员在事故应急救援过程中的行为安全和人因失误的研究。
因此,笔者拟聚焦于化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援的特定情景,结合认知可靠性与失误分析方法[15](Cognitive Reliability and Error Analysis Method,CREAM)、层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)和熵权法,提出一种人因可靠性综合分析方法,评估化工园区事故应急救援可靠性,识别园区亟需优先改进的应急行为,明确提升重点,更有针对性地制定提升策略,提高其应急救援能力,为科学提升化工园区的应急救援能力提供支撑,遏制化工园区重特大事故发生。
基于《中华人民共和国突发事件应对法》《危险化学品事故应急救援指挥导则》等法律、法规和标准,最终确定5类应急救援任务和20项化工园区应急行为。参照相关规范的要求,每一项应急行为都有对应的具体任务。明确这5类应急救援任务的各自特点与实施主体后,划分出5类应急人员与5类应急救援任务一一对应,探讨化工园区应急救援过程中可能出现的人因失误。基于上述对应关系,构建出化工园区应急行为组织架构,见表1
实施应急行为均依赖相关人员的意图实现,结合CREAM方法将人的意图实现过程划分为辨识、分析、计划、执行4类功能行为和13项人因失效模式,全面反映了应急救援过程中可能出现的各种失误类型,CREAM方法还给出这些人因失误模式对应的基本失效概率[16],见表2
文中提出一种人因可靠性综合分析方法,该方法基于人因失误概率和失误严重度2个维度探讨应急行为的人因可靠性,如图1所示。
基于应急管理部数据,系统归纳2010—2023年间发生的134起危险化学品事故案例,其中,有43起事故在应急救援阶段因人为失误导致事故扩大,造成更严重的事故后果。分析43起事故应急救援过程中的人因失误事件,确定这些事故的人因失误模式。基于20项应急行为的具体任务,结合43起事故的人因失误模式,逐一识别20项应急行为最可能的人因失误模式,得到人因失误概率的基本值,见表3
基于CREAM方法,考虑化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援的特点,调整原有的共同绩效条件(Common Performance Condition,CPC),并制定相适应的CPC评价标准,最后制定出化工园区应急组织完善性、应急环境、应急平台完善性、应急准备完善性、应急目标特性、应急救援可用时间、应急人员身心状态、培训和经验充分性以及应急协同效率这9项化工园区应急行为绩效因子。这些绩效因子的不同水平,会对人因可靠性产生3种预期影响,即改进、降低和不显著,这些预期影响与4类功能行为的修正因子一一对应,这些修正因子的取值可参照CREAM方法[15]。通过评估绩效因子的水平,确定预期影响结果所对应的修正因子和修正系数,实现对应急行为人因失误概率的修正。其中,修正的公式如下:
E ( i ) = i = 1 9 C P C ( i )
式中:i为CPC的9个因素;E(i)为某项功能行为的修正系数;CPC(i)为某项绩效因子的修正因子。
综合评估化工园区应急行为的人因可靠性时,还需考虑不同应急行为的人因失误对事故后果影响的严重程度。因此,引入改进的AHP和熵权法,量化分析应急行为的失误严重度。具体步骤如下:
第1步:计算应急行为的初始权重。
1) 根据下式建立判断矩阵A=(aij)n×n:
a i j = r i - r j + 1     r i r j
式中:ij分别为判断矩阵的行和列;n为行列的数量;r为应急行为两两比较的打分情况。
$a_{i j}=\left(r_{j}-r_{i}+1\right)^{-1} \quad r_{i} \leqslant r_{j}$
2) 计算初始权重wi
ω - i = j = 1 n a i j n
w i = w - i i = 1 n w - i
第2步:计算应急行为的熵权值。
1) 数据标准化。标准化处理判断矩阵A,并得到标准矩阵P
P = ( p i j ) n × n
p i j = a i j i = 1 n a i j
2) 计算应急行为的信息熵。
e i = - 1 l n n j = 1 n p i j l n p i j
式中:ei为第i项应急行为的熵值; 1 l n n为信熵系数。
3) 计算应急行为的熵权值。
u i = 1 - e i n - i = 1 n e i
第3步:计算应急行为的组合权重。
λ i = w i u i i = 1 n w i u i
由此确定20项应急行为的失误严重度。
将应急行为的人因失误概率和失误严重度作为数据输入,通过聚类分析方法将20项应急行为划分为多个类别,揭示数据中的模式和关联。同时,通过二维矩阵分析得到20项应急行为的分布情况,综合评估化工园区应急行为的人因可靠性,识别出亟需改进的应急行为,有针对性地制定提升策略。
以N化工园区为实例进行分析,根据实地调研结果,并咨询专家,评估该园区应急行为绩效因子对人因可靠性的预期影响,结果见表4
根据式(1),得到N化工园区20项应急行为人因失误概率的修正系数,修正应急行为人因失误概率,结果见表5
比较20项应急行为的人因失误对事故后果影响的严重程度差异,根据专家打分确定应急行为失误严重度的初始判断矩阵,结合式(2)—式(10),计算得到20项应急行为的失误严重度,见表6
将N化工园区20项应急行为的人因失误概率和失误严重度作为数据输入,进行聚类分析,结果如图2所示。20项应急行为被划分为3个聚类,其中,聚类2中应急行为分布较为分散,说明行为间的差异较大。相反,聚类3中应急行为的数量最多且分布非常集中,表明其在特征上高度集中,行为间的相似性极高。
进一步绘制出N化工园区应急行为二维矩阵分布,如图3所示。
深入剖析图3可知:聚类1中的应急行为只有风险研判C122,其人因失误概率最高,N化工园区应立即采取措施提升该行为的人因可靠性。聚类2中应急行为的失误严重度也处于较高水平,应综合现有资源尽可能提升,尤其是消防灭火C224、企业初期处置C112、遇险人员救护C225这3项影响较为显著的应急行为。综上,N化工园区亟需改进提升的应急行为包括C112、C122、C224、C225。
综合N化工园区的现有资源,聚焦于C112、C122、C224、C225这4项应急行为,为提升该园区的应急救援能力提出以下3点对策建议。
1) 优化事故信息传递机制。N化工园区应提升通信联络和报警迅捷性,实现通信多样化,确保事故信息实时准确传递至企业、作业人员及居民,并保障逐级上报的时效性和准确性。为此,应构建安全风险智能化管控平台,迭代升级以精准发布预警信息。同时,构建实时信息需求体系,确保信息交流反馈及时,实现快速响应和高效救援。
2) 提升决策指挥效能。N化工园区应提升决策指挥水平,确保指挥人员具备应急指挥决策的专业知识和实战经验,熟知园区应急体系及处置原则。完善应急指挥场所功能,加强应急联动机制,推动应急、消防工作联动常态化和指挥平台共建共用。
3) 强化快速响应与灾害辨别能力。N化工园区应着重提升快速响应与灾害辨别能力,增强应急人员救援意识及事故处置能力。同时,完善应急预案,提升安全管理人员的业务水平,强化专家支撑,加强高风险领域排查,提升安全检查能力,加强专业救援队伍建设,通过实战演练提高应急处突效率,确保突发事件得到快速高效应对。
1) 参照相关规范的要求,将化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援过程划分为5类应急救援任务和20项应急行为,每一项应急行为都有其法律依据和相对应的具体任务。
2) 聚焦于化工园区危险化学品事故应急救援的特定情景,结合CREAM方法、AHP和熵权法,基于人因失误概率和失误严重度,提出一种人因可靠性综合分析方法,以量化评估化工园区应急救援可靠性,有效辨识化工园区存在的薄弱环节和亟需优先改进的应急行为。这不仅为化工园区管委会提供了明确的改进和优化方向,也为化工园区应急救援能力的全面提升提供了科学指导,对于遏制重特大事故风险具有重要现实意义。
3) 将N化工园区作为研究对象,识别出该园区亟需提升的应急行为包括风险研判、消防灭火、企业初期处置和遇险人员救护,并从优化事故信息传递机制、提升决策指挥效能、强化快速响应与灾害辨别能力3个方面制定出该园区的提升策略,为提高其应急救援能力提供对策建议。
4) 研究提出的人因可靠性综合分析方法可广泛指导化工园区的应急救援能力提升,但该方法目前仅在化工领域作了初步探讨。未来可将该方法拓展至其他行业领域的应急救援工作中,不仅有助于从更广阔的视角深化应急行为的理论研究,还能为实际应急救援工作提供更为科学、系统的指导。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52074302)
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2025年第35卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.1078
  • 接收时间:2024-09-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-11
  • 修回日期:2024-11-13
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52074302)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
    2 北京市科学技术研究院 城市安全与环境科学研究所,北京 100054
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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