Article(id=1148106703960269347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0084-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0181, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=1729612800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659569014, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659569014, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659569014, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659569014, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=84, endPage=93, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757689250624294, articleId=1148106703960269347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Cognitive test of construction safety education effect based on VR technology, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to make up for the deficiency of VR technology in safety education theory support and practical effect tests, the relevant influencing factors affecting the effect of engineering safety education were taken as the entry point. SEM was used to establish an analytical framework for the influencing factors of safety education and the cognitive experiments were carried out to test the effect. The results show that the frequency of education, the mode of education, individual initiative, fun and comfort are the main factors affecting the effectiveness of construction safety education. The hybrid mode of "VR + lecture" is the most effective educational method at present, but the use of VR technology still requires personnel assistance. The optimal frequency of education is recommended to be less than 30 days. The main factors of fun, comfort are significantly positively correlated with educational effect, but comfort is more important in the application of construction safety education with VR technology.

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为弥补虚拟现实(VR)技术在安全教育中理论支撑和实际效果检验的不足,以影响工程安全教育效果的相关影响因素为切入点,采用结构方程模型(SEM)构建安全教育影响因素分析框架,并开展认知试验以评估实际效果。结果表明: 教育频率、教育方式、个体主动性、内容趣味性以及过程舒适性是影响施工安全教育效果的主要因素;“VR+讲授”的混合模式是试验效果最好的教育方式,但使用VR技术仍需要人员辅助;教育频率的最佳周期建议≤30天;趣味性、舒适性和教育效果呈显著正相关,但结合VR技术的施工安全教育应用中,舒适性更为重要。

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丁 超 (1984—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事建筑工程安全管理方面的研究。E-mail:

王 琨 副教授

郭晓文 讲师

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companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=3 包头铁道职业技术学院 建筑工程系,内蒙古 包头 014060)]), AuthorCompany(id=1165721929743867989, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, xref=4, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165721929748062294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, companyId=1165721929743867989, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165721929756450903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, companyId=1165721929743867989, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=4 香港科技大学 工程学院,香港 999077)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1165721931656470657, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Hypothesis on the relationship between factors influencing construction safety education on the effectiveness of education, figureFileSmall=/D1sii1vToM7hq6xZ4yB0g==, figureFileBig=4vPg4+FqZEal7UoRO1eC/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721931740356738, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=图1, caption=施工安全教育影响因素对教育效果的关系假设, figureFileSmall=/D1sii1vToM7hq6xZ4yB0g==, figureFileBig=4vPg4+FqZEal7UoRO1eC/w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721931824242819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Path coefficient diagram of construction safety education influencing factor model, figureFileSmall=Pdnf/DRlHw/zygfTcSdm3A==, figureFileBig=PYAnrFkwKjf+Rog+LHYsfg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721931878768772, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=图2, caption=施工安全教育影响因素模型路径系数

注:Q1-1~Q1-5、Q2-1~Q2-5、Q3-1~Q3-5、Q4-1~Q4-5、Q5-1~Q5-5、Q6-1~Q6-3分别为基于五级量表,针对教育频率、教育方式、个体主动性、趣味性、舒适性、教育效果设置的测量题项;e1~e28表示各问题对应结果的误差项。

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Key influences on literature screening

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 频数 频率/%
教育方式[12-24] 13 32.50
个体主动性[13,15 -16,18,20,25 -26] 7 17.50
内容趣味性[13-15,17,19,22,27] 7 17.50
教育频率[20,22,24,26,28] 5 12.50
过程舒适性[15,22,27 -28] 4 10.00
考核[13,19,22] 3 7.50
成本[19] 1 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932503720078, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

文献筛选出的主要影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 频数 频率/%
教育方式[12-24] 13 32.50
个体主动性[13,15 -16,18,20,25 -26] 7 17.50
内容趣味性[13-15,17,19,22,27] 7 17.50
教育频率[20,22,24,26,28] 5 12.50
过程舒适性[15,22,27 -28] 4 10.00
考核[13,19,22] 3 7.50
成本[19] 1 2.50
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932570828943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Goodness-of-fit metrics for SEM

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通用指标 评判标准 取值 拟合结果
卡方自由度比 <3 1.172 良好
近似误差均方根 <0.08 0.031 良好
拟合优度指数 >0.90 0.872 可接受
增值拟合指数 >0.90 0.982 良好
塔克-刘易斯指数 >0.90 0.979 良好
比较拟合指数 >0.90 0.982 良好
相对拟合指数 >0.90 0.875 可接受
规范拟合指数 >0.90 0.889 可接受
不规范拟合指数 >0.50 0.788 良好
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932646326416, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

SEM的拟合优度指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
通用指标 评判标准 取值 拟合结果
卡方自由度比 <3 1.172 良好
近似误差均方根 <0.08 0.031 良好
拟合优度指数 >0.90 0.872 可接受
增值拟合指数 >0.90 0.982 良好
塔克-刘易斯指数 >0.90 0.979 良好
比较拟合指数 >0.90 0.982 良好
相对拟合指数 >0.90 0.875 可接受
规范拟合指数 >0.90 0.889 可接受
不规范拟合指数 >0.50 0.788 良好
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932713435281, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Hypothesis testing results and model path coefficients

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设 路径 标准路径系数 p
H1 教育频率→教育效果 0.259 ***
H2 教育方式→教育效果 0.253 **
H3 个体主动性→教育效果 0.228 **
H4 趣味性→教育效果 0.158 *
H5 舒适性→教育效果 0.197 *
H6 教育频率→个体主动性 0.021 0.806
H7 教育方式→个体主动性 0.234 **
H8 趣味性→个体主动性 0.216 *
H9 舒适性→个体主动性 0.229 *
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932797321362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

假设检验结果和模型路径系数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
假设 路径 标准路径系数 p
H1 教育频率→教育效果 0.259 ***
H2 教育方式→教育效果 0.253 **
H3 个体主动性→教育效果 0.228 **
H4 趣味性→教育效果 0.158 *
H5 舒适性→教育效果 0.197 *
H6 教育频率→个体主动性 0.021 0.806
H7 教育方式→个体主动性 0.234 **
H8 趣味性→个体主动性 0.216 *
H9 舒适性→个体主动性 0.229 *
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932872818835, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Basic information of construction safety education experimenters (sample size n=72)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试特征 选项 频数 频率/%
性别 男性 47 65.28
女性 25 34.72
年龄/岁 16岁以下 0 0.00
16~24岁 57 79.17
25~30岁 15 20.83
大于30岁 0 0.00
学历情况 高中及以下 54 75.00
大学本(专)科 18 25.00
大学本(专)科以上 0 0.00
专业情况 建筑行业 50 69.44
非建筑行业 22 30.56
是否有施工现场经
验(包括实习经验)
10 13.89
62 86.11
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932935733396, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

施工安全教育试验人员基本情况(样本量n=72)

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
被试特征 选项 频数 频率/%
性别 男性 47 65.28
女性 25 34.72
年龄/岁 16岁以下 0 0.00
16~24岁 57 79.17
25~30岁 15 20.83
大于30岁 0 0.00
学历情况 高中及以下 54 75.00
大学本(专)科 18 25.00
大学本(专)科以上 0 0.00
专业情况 建筑行业 50 69.44
非建筑行业 22 30.56
是否有施工现场经
验(包括实习经验)
10 13.89
62 86.11
), ArticleFig(id=1165721932998647957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Results of pre-test ANOVA for each group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析项 均值±标准差 F p
预测试
成绩
VR1组(n=6) 48.50±5.09 0.803 0.507
VR2组(n=6) 51.17±5.34
VR3组(n=6) 47.83±4.40
VR4组(n=6) 47.00±4.82
总计(n=24) 48.63±4.86
混合1组(n=6) 47.50±3.62 0.997 0.414
混合2组(n=6) 50.17±5.23
混合3组 51.33±3.01
混合4组 49.83±3.54
总计(n=24) 49.71±3.94
传统1组(n=6) 50.92±5.79 4.555 0.054
传统2组(n=6) 46.25±4.88
总计(n=24) 48.58±5.76
VR组(n=24) 48.63±4.86 0.405 0.668
混合组(n=24) 49.71±3.94
传统组(n=24) 48.58±5.76
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933057368214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

各组预测试ANOVA结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析项 均值±标准差 F p
预测试
成绩
VR1组(n=6) 48.50±5.09 0.803 0.507
VR2组(n=6) 51.17±5.34
VR3组(n=6) 47.83±4.40
VR4组(n=6) 47.00±4.82
总计(n=24) 48.63±4.86
混合1组(n=6) 47.50±3.62 0.997 0.414
混合2组(n=6) 50.17±5.23
混合3组 51.33±3.01
混合4组 49.83±3.54
总计(n=24) 49.71±3.94
传统1组(n=6) 50.92±5.79 4.555 0.054
传统2组(n=6) 46.25±4.88
总计(n=24) 48.58±5.76
VR组(n=24) 48.63±4.86 0.405 0.668
混合组(n=24) 49.71±3.94
传统组(n=24) 48.58±5.76
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933145448599, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

ANOVA of post-test results by group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析项 项(n=24) 均值±标准差 F p
后测试
成绩
VR模式 78.79±3.44 20.154 ***
混合模式 84.33±6.28
传统模式 74.00±6.65
总计(n=72) 79.04±6.95
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933212557464, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

各组后测试结果的ANOVA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析项 项(n=24) 均值±标准差 F p
后测试
成绩
VR模式 78.79±3.44 20.154 ***
混合模式 84.33±6.28
传统模式 74.00±6.65
总计(n=72) 79.04±6.95
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933279666329, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Between-group ANOVA results for test scores at 7, 20, 30, and 90 days post-training

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析项 样本量 平均值 标准差 F p
7天后
测试
VR模式 24 71.50 3.78 53.597 ***
混合模式 24 72.50 3.13
传统模式 24 63.17 3.34
总计 72 69.06 5.36
20天后
测试
VR模式 12 63.92 2.27 108.521 ***
混合模式 12 64.58 3.60
传统模式 12 48.83 2.86
总计 36 59.11 7.81
30天后
测试
VR模式 24 59.08 2.87 93.119 ***
混合模式 24 61.08 3.12
传统模式 24 49.67 3.28
总计 72 56.61 5.83
90天后
测试
VR模式 12 49.58 3.15 0.127 0.882
混合模式 12 49.58 3.09
传统模式 12 50.08 2.07
总计 36 49.75 2.74
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933384523930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

培训后7、20、30、90天测试成绩的组间ANOVA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分析项 样本量 平均值 标准差 F p
7天后
测试
VR模式 24 71.50 3.78 53.597 ***
混合模式 24 72.50 3.13
传统模式 24 63.17 3.34
总计 72 69.06 5.36
20天后
测试
VR模式 12 63.92 2.27 108.521 ***
混合模式 12 64.58 3.60
传统模式 12 48.83 2.86
总计 36 59.11 7.81
30天后
测试
VR模式 24 59.08 2.87 93.119 ***
混合模式 24 61.08 3.12
传统模式 24 49.67 3.28
总计 72 56.61 5.83
90天后
测试
VR模式 12 49.58 3.15 0.127 0.882
混合模式 12 49.58 3.09
传统模式 12 50.08 2.07
总计 36 49.75 2.74
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933472604315, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 8, caption=

ANOVA test for fun and Comfort scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响
因素
均值±标准差 F p
VR(n=48) 传统模式(n=24)
趣味性 4.13±0.79 2.92±1.18 26.771 ***
舒适性 2.44±0.94 3.08±1.28 5.865 *
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933531324572, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表8, caption=

趣味性和舒适性得分的ANOVA

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响
因素
均值±标准差 F p
VR(n=48) 传统模式(n=24)
趣味性 4.13±0.79 2.92±1.18 26.771 ***
舒适性 2.44±0.94 3.08±1.28 5.865 *
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933598433437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=EN, label=Table 9, caption=

Correlation between Fun and Comfort and test scores

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 后测试
成绩
趣味性 舒适性
后测试
成绩
相关系数 1 0.343 0.347
p ** **
样本量 72 72
VR 趣味性 相关系数 0.120 1 -0.247
p 0.415 0.091
样本量 48 48
舒适性 相关系数 0.437 -0.247 1
p ** 0.091
样本量 48 48
传统 趣味性 相关系数 0.078 1 0.062
p 0.718 0.772
样本量 24 24
舒适性 相关系数 0.800 0.062 1
p *** 0.772
样本量 24 24
), ArticleFig(id=1165721933678125214, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703960269347, language=CN, label=表9, caption=

趣味性和舒适性与测试成绩的相关性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分类 后测试
成绩
趣味性 舒适性
后测试
成绩
相关系数 1 0.343 0.347
p ** **
样本量 72 72
VR 趣味性 相关系数 0.120 1 -0.247
p 0.415 0.091
样本量 48 48
舒适性 相关系数 0.437 -0.247 1
p ** 0.091
样本量 48 48
传统 趣味性 相关系数 0.078 1 0.062
p 0.718 0.772
样本量 24 24
舒适性 相关系数 0.800 0.062 1
p *** 0.772
样本量 24 24
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基于VR技术的施工安全教育效果认知试验
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丁超 1, 2 , 张向轲 1, 2 , 王琨 3 , 宋紫薇 1, 2 , 郭晓文 1, 4
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(1): 84-93
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(1): 84-93
基于VR技术的施工安全教育效果认知试验
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丁超1, 2 , 张向轲1, 2, 王琨3, 宋紫薇1, 2, 郭晓文1, 4
作者信息
  • 1 内蒙古科技大学 土木工程学院,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 2 内蒙古自治区高校智能建造与运维工程研究中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
  • 3 包头铁道职业技术学院 建筑工程系,内蒙古 包头 014060
  • 4 香港科技大学 工程学院,香港 999077
  • 丁 超 (1984—),男,河南南阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事建筑工程安全管理方面的研究。E-mail:

    王 琨 副教授

    郭晓文 讲师

Cognitive test of construction safety education effect based on VR technology
Chao DING1, 2 , Xiangke ZHANG1, 2, Kun WANG3, Ziwei SONG1, 2, Xiaowen GUO1, 4
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering, Inner Mongolia University of Science and Technology, Baotou Inner Mongolia 014010, China
  • 2 Intelligent Construction and Operation Engineering Research Center at Universities of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Baotou Inner Mongolia 014010, China
  • 3 Department of Architectural Engineering, Baotou Railway Vocational & Technical College, Baotou Inner Mongolia 014060, China
  • 4 School of Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong 999077, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0181
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为弥补虚拟现实(VR)技术在安全教育中理论支撑和实际效果检验的不足,以影响工程安全教育效果的相关影响因素为切入点,采用结构方程模型(SEM)构建安全教育影响因素分析框架,并开展认知试验以评估实际效果。结果表明: 教育频率、教育方式、个体主动性、内容趣味性以及过程舒适性是影响施工安全教育效果的主要因素;“VR+讲授”的混合模式是试验效果最好的教育方式,但使用VR技术仍需要人员辅助;教育频率的最佳周期建议≤30天;趣味性、舒适性和教育效果呈显著正相关,但结合VR技术的施工安全教育应用中,舒适性更为重要。

虚拟现实(VR)技术  /  施工安全教育  /  教育效果  /  认知试验  /  结构方程模型(SEM)  /  影响因素

In order to make up for the deficiency of VR technology in safety education theory support and practical effect tests, the relevant influencing factors affecting the effect of engineering safety education were taken as the entry point. SEM was used to establish an analytical framework for the influencing factors of safety education and the cognitive experiments were carried out to test the effect. The results show that the frequency of education, the mode of education, individual initiative, fun and comfort are the main factors affecting the effectiveness of construction safety education. The hybrid mode of "VR + lecture" is the most effective educational method at present, but the use of VR technology still requires personnel assistance. The optimal frequency of education is recommended to be less than 30 days. The main factors of fun, comfort are significantly positively correlated with educational effect, but comfort is more important in the application of construction safety education with VR technology.

virtual reality (VR) technology  /  construction safety education  /  education effect  /  cognitive test  /  structural equation modeling (SEM)  /  impact factors
丁超, 张向轲, 王琨, 宋紫薇, 郭晓文. 基于VR技术的施工安全教育效果认知试验. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0181
Chao DING, Xiangke ZHANG, Kun WANG, Ziwei SONG, Xiaowen GUO. Cognitive test of construction safety education effect based on VR technology[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 84 -93 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0181
在建筑行业中,施工人员安全意识不足、风险意识不强是造成事故频发的重要原因之一[1]。适当的安全教育可以提高建筑行业的整体安全性,但传统的安全教育方式较僵化,学习者的主观能动性较低、兴趣不足,学习效果常常不佳[2]。因此,提高施工安全教育的有效性,有助于提高施工人员安全意识,从而预防事故的发生。
近年来,建筑信息模型(Building Information Model,BIM)[3]、虚拟现实(Virtual Reality,VR)技术[4]等被引入安全教育,如MESSNER等[5]使用VR技术和四维计算机辅助设计建模开展安全教育;WANG Peng等[6]认为VR技术可提高建筑施工培训的效果;张文胜[7]、何江[8]等利用VR开展施工安全教育,发现其能克服传统培训中实际操作困难、场景复杂和成本高等问题;SNEH[9]将VR嵌入施工安全教育,发现有助于提升学习效果、缩短培训时间并提高培训效率;方恩权等[10]利用地铁多人VR安全体验系统,提高了培训内容的趣味性,较好地提升了施工人员安全意识;张俊等[11]将VR技术和建筑防火设计课程内容相结合,开发的VR演练系统可增强学生的实训体验。然而,VR在实际应用中仍存在一些不足:①现阶段对VR技术应用于安全教育的研究大都停留在理论层面,缺少实际应用效果的研究。②缺少与VR技术特点匹配的安全教育组织模式以及针对VR技术效果的影响因素分析框架和有效性试验验证。
鉴于此,笔者将以安全教育相关影响因素为切入点,建立分析框架,构建结构方程模型(Structural Equation Model,SEM),针对使用VR技术的不同的安全教育模式,采用问卷调查法开展认知试验检验,以期为VR的使用方式设计提供理论支撑,提高VR应用于施工安全教育的效果。
通过中国知网、万方、维普等数据库,以施工安全教育或培训、VR技术、安全教育或教育效果、施工教育影响因素等为关键词,检索2014—2023年间的文献,结合文献引用并剔除篇幅过短的文献,最终从文献中筛选出主要影响因素,见表1
合并具有相同含义的因素,选取累计占比约90%的5个因素为主要影响因素,分别为教育频率、教育方式、个体主动性、过程舒适性(简称为舒适性)以及内容趣味性(简称为趣味性)。各因素对安全教育效果的影响作用结构[29]图1所示,提出以下假设:
1) H1:加大施工安全教育频率会对提高施工安全教育的效果。
2) H2:教育方式的不同会对施工安全教育的效果产生显著影响。
3) H3:提高培训过程中个人的主动性会对施工安全教育的效果产生影响。
4) H4:增加培训内容的趣味性会对施工安全教育的效果产生影响。
5) H5:提高培训过程中个人的舒适性会对施工安全教育的效果产生影响。
6) H6:增加施工安全教育的频率会对个体主动性产生影响。
7) H7:不同的教育方式对个体主动性产生显著影响。
8) H8:培训内容趣味性的增加会对个体主动性产生影响。
9) H9:培训过程中个人舒适性的提高会对个体主动性产生影响。
基于1.1中筛选的主要影响因素设计问卷。共发放问卷200份,剔除18份无效问卷,最终有效问卷为182份,有效回收率为91%。调研对象中,建筑企业管理人员约占10%,从事相关研究的高校教师约占15%,施工现场人员约占60%,经过专业实习的大四学生约占15%。除学生群体外,调研对象均具备5年以上的建筑领域从业经验。调研对象中,男性114人(62.64%),女性68人(37.36%);在年龄分布上,30岁以下60人(32.97%),30~39岁63人(34.62%),40~49岁44人(24.17%),50岁及以上15人(8.24%);在教育背景上,初高中学历占比为54.6%,本科及以上学历占比为45.4%。
采用SPSSAU软件检验数据,教育频率、教育方式、个体主动性、趣味性、舒适性以及教育效果的克隆巴赫系数均大于0.8,表明问卷符合信度要求,且各个测量题项一致性较好。此外,模型各潜变量的平均变异数萃取量值均大于0.5,分别为0.613、0.667、0.614、0.690、0.672和0.584,组合信度值均高于0.7,分别为0.887、0.909、0.888、0.917、0.910和0.806,标准化因子载荷均大于0.7,表明问卷具有较好的收敛效度。
使用SPSS AMOS 26.0软件绘制SEM路径图,根据指标修正后的SEM路径系数如图2所示。
SEM的拟合优度指标值见表2,大部分拟合优度指标达到通用标准,故模型拟合较好。
假设检验结果见表3,除H6外假设均成立。
在识别主要影响因素后,需进一步验证认知结果与实际情况之间的一致性,同时试验验证VR技术应用中的最佳组织方式以及最优教育频率。
根据VR与传统安全教育的结合程度,共设计3种模式的试验,分别为VR模式、混合模式和传统模式。构建4个典型施工现场风险场景,分别为高处坠落、脚手架坍塌、塔吊坠物和触电伤害[30]。3种模式覆盖的安全知识点完全相同,每种模式的培训内容均划分为4个模块,分别对应上述4种风险场景,且各模块包含的知识点数量相同。
试验分为4个阶段,分别为试验前准备阶段、试验阶段、试验后评价以及试验后测试阶段,如图3所示。
被试听讲解培训流程约4 min,然后参与施工安全知识预测试(满分100,耗时6 min)。
将被试随机分组,进入不同模式下的试验流程。
1) VR模式。培训前询问每位被试健康状况,排除对VR体验有不适反应的个体。随后,每位被试按照每个场景中提供的操作提示作出相应的移动操作,并在体验过程中模拟触发伤害效果。每个场景结束后,系统生成事故原因分析报告,并辅以现实中的实际安全事故案例展示,每个场景的体验时间为6 min,整个培训过程共计24 min。测试完成后,被试需返回等待区,且测试期间禁止讨论。
2) 混合模式。流程基本与VR模式一致,不同之处在于:在第1步虚拟事故现场体验环节,安排教师指导被试的虚拟操作;在第3步安全事故回顾环节,教师将详细讲解安全知识,并总结正确的安全操作方法。
3) 传统模式。采用视频及PPT的方式讲解每个场景的安全知识点,每个场景预计用时4 min,整个讲解环节共计16 min。讲解结束后,进行案例分析与讨论,耗时8 min。
安全知识测试结束后,3组被试填写培训评价报告。3种模式下的评价报告均由3个指标构成,分别为舒适性、趣味性和主动性。每个指标均采用李克特五级量表评分。
试验结束后,被试休息5 min,然后立即进行安全知识测试。测试满分为100分,预计耗时6 min。此外,被试在试验后的第7、20、30、90天重复进行安全知识测试。
试验采用安全知识测试分值代表不同模式下施工安全教育的效果,共2套试卷、6次测试,2套试卷在题型、知识点覆盖以及难度上保持一致。预测试使用第1套试卷测试1次,试验后测试及后续周期测试使用第2套试卷测试5次,第2套试卷的题目顺序将随机排列。
试验自2023年3月—2023年5月,历时3个月,并于2024年6月补充试验1次。共招募72名被试,其基本信息见表4
试验主要考察参与人员在不同安全教育模式下对安全知识接受的增量情况,与其自身的其他知识水平与经验无关[31]。这些被试本身不具备相关专业知识,确保参与者最初知识水平大致相同。此外,虽然这些被试的个人学习能力可能高于实际建筑工人,但由于试验中所有被试的学历水平基本一致,因此,他们对知识接受的增量影响基本可以忽略。
每位使用VR设备的被试预计耗时45 min,由于VR试验设备数量的限制,试验时间过长可能导致不可控因素增多。因此,将72名被试按照不同培训模式随机分为10组,即VR模式1~4组,每组6人;混合模式1~4组,每组6人;传统模式1~2组,每组12人。
各小组结果的方差分析(Analysis of Variance,ANOVA)见表5,各组成绩不具有显著性,后续合并处理各小组数据。
预测试结果经方差检验,各组间并未呈现出显著性(图4),表明在安全教育培训前,各组被试的安全知识水平基本相同。各组被试对高处坠落、脚手架坍塌、塔吊坠物和触电伤害有一定了解,但相对浅显,平均得分约为50。
以安全知识得分增量(后测试成绩-预测试成绩)评估不同模式的培训效果。由图5可知:培训后,3种不同模式下的安全知识增量均得到较大增长,其中VR组增长30.16±8.3,混合组增长34.62±10.22,传统组增长25.42±12.41。ANOVA结果(表6)表明:这3种模式结果呈现显著性,因此,这3种模式均是有效的,且效果排序为混合组>VR组>传统组。
测试结果进一步验证了“教育方式”因素对培训效果的影响。虽然VR技术相较于传统模式在施工安全教育中展现出更显著的知识增量效果,但最有效的教学形式是“VR+讲授”的混合模式,表明VR设备仍需要人员辅助才能发挥更大的效果。
为维持施工人员的安全知识和安全意识在较高水平,周期性培训必不可少。因此,确定适宜的培训频率十分重要。频率过高会增加成本,过低会削弱效果。不同教育模式的记忆保留效果是确定教育频率的重要参考依据。3种教育模式下安全教育的记忆保留效果如图6所示。
3种模式均表现出记忆遗忘曲线的特点[32]。在7天后的测试中,3组成绩呈现不同程度的下降。VR组和混合组由于VR技术提供的感官刺激,可能具有一定记忆优势,因此成绩下降较慢。相比之下,传统组的知识记忆下降较为明显,特别是被试脱离培训环境后,成绩快速下降。20和30天后的测试结果表明:VR组和混合组的施工安全知识水平虽然下降较多,但仍保留了一定效果,而传统组的效果已基本消失。90天后的测试结果显示,VR组、混合组以及传统组没有显著差异性(表7),表明所有模式的效果均已丧失。
因此,对比3种教育模式,混合模式的记忆保留效果相对更好。教育频率的周期不超过30天,有助于人员的安全知识维持在较高水平。
VR模式和混合模式均使用VR技术,组织形式、穿戴和学习内容类似,因此,将这2组的评价报告合并,结果见表8
表8可知:与传统模式相比,VR技术使被试感到更加新奇和有趣。在舒适性方面,传统模式表现平平,被试并无特别的舒适感或抵触感。相反,由于VR设备需佩戴眼镜,部分被试反映头晕、佩戴不舒服以及影响自身原有眼镜佩戴等问题,造成了较强的不适感。
SEM分析结果表明:趣味性和舒适性直接或间接影响教育效果,试验结果也证实了这一点,趣味性、舒适性和教育效果呈显著正相关,见表9。但是,具体到VR技术的应用,舒适性相对于趣味性更重要,可能因为VR技术的特点使得被试感到更新奇和有趣,导致趣味性水平整体上移,但在成绩差异性上未体现。VR技术使用过程的舒适性直接影响使用者的感受,眼镜佩戴是否舒适、虚拟画面是否引起眩晕、长时间使用是否带来不适等,这些因素都会影响最终成绩。因此,对于使用VR技术的培训内容,目前可能不用过多考虑趣味性,而应更加注重使用的舒适性问题。
1) 影响施工安全教育效果的主要因素包括教育频率、教育方式、个体主动性、内容趣味性以及过程舒适性。
2) VR技术相较于传统模式,在施工安全教育中展现出更显著的增量效果。最有效的VR应用形式是结合讲授的混合式教学模式,即“VR+讲授”。此外,VR设备仍需要人员辅助才能发挥更佳效果。
3) 在3种模式中,混合模式的记忆保留效果更好。初入行者的教育频率的最佳周期建议不大于30天。
4) 趣味性、舒适性和教育效果呈显著正相关,但在VR的应用中,舒适性相较于趣味性对教育效果的影响更为关键。因此,目前VR技术应用应更多地关注舒适性问题,而对于内容的趣味性则不必过分强调。
  • 内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023QNJS169)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0181
  • 接收时间:2024-08-15
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-15
  • 修回日期:2024-10-23
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内蒙古自治区直属高校基本科研业务费项目(2023QNJS169)
作者信息
    1 内蒙古科技大学 土木工程学院,内蒙古 包头 014010
    2 内蒙古自治区高校智能建造与运维工程研究中心,内蒙古 包头 014010
    3 包头铁道职业技术学院 建筑工程系,内蒙古 包头 014060
    4 香港科技大学 工程学院,香港 999077
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Genus
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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