Article(id=1148106703486312943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0231-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0170, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723046400000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-08, revisedDate=1728835200000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-14, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659568902, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659568902, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659568902, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659568902, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=231, endPage=238, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757477895451495, articleId=1148106703486312943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Numerical simulation of dust suppression characteristics in regeneration of old industrial buildings, columnId=1149735805633081985, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Occupational health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the effects of dust-generating processes and environmental fluids on the spatiotemporal distribution of dust during the regeneration of old industrial buildings, field studies and numerical simulation was used to investigate the dust suppression characteristics inside the construction area under different processes and background wind speeds. The dust source characteristics in the main processes of re-construction of old industrial buildings were clarified by analyzing a large amount of dust data. Typical old industrial buildings were selected for the field studies of sanding and shoveling processes. Numerical simulation was performed to investigate the dust mass concentration distribution under five inlet air velocities and two dust-producing processes and to identify the dust-aggregation zones in the reclaimed construction space of old industrial buildings. The results showed that the maximum dust mass concentration in the grinding process exceeded the limit by 54 and 37 times in the grinding and shoveling process, respectively. Inlet wind speed affected the dust mass distribution of the main impact zones in the construction area and changed the process of dust reaching dynamic equilibrium. Dust-generating process variations impacted on the dust mass concentration distribution. Moreover, the workload increase of a specific process resulted in a proportional increase in downstream dust mass concentrations. This study can provide fundamental knowledge for dust management in the reconstruction of old industrial buildings.

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为探究旧工业建筑再生施工过程中产尘工序与环境流体对粉尘时空分布的影响,利用现场试验与数值模拟方法,研究不同工序及背景风速作用下施工区域内部的粉尘运移特性。通过分析大量粉尘数据,明确旧工业建筑再生施工主要工序的尘源特征类型;选取具有典型旧工业建筑特征的某待改造工业厂房,开展打磨和铲运2类工序的现场试验;使用数值模拟方法分析5种入口风速与2种产尘工序下的粉尘质量浓度分布,明确旧工业建筑再生施工空间粉尘易聚集区。结果表明: 打磨工序最高粉尘质量浓度超限倍数为54倍,铲运工序最高粉尘质量浓度超限倍数为37倍;入口风速的改变会影响施工区域内粉尘的主要影响区分布,同时,会改变粉尘质量浓度在施工区域内达到动态平衡的进程;产尘工序的改变会对粉尘质量浓度分布产生一定的影响,对特定工序的工作强度进行增强则会导致其下游粉尘质量浓度同比增加。

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田 卫 (1986—),男,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事安全、环境与职业健康管理、工程建造风险管理、智能建造技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

高明哲 高级工程师

谭 啸 高级工程师

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田 卫 (1986—),男,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事安全、环境与职业健康管理、工程建造风险管理、智能建造技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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田 卫 (1986—),男,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事安全、环境与职业健康管理、工程建造风险管理、智能建造技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Parameter settings

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参数类型 参数项目 参数设定
连续相参数 求解器 基于压力求解
湍流模型 RNG k-ε
求解类型 瞬态计算
离散相参数 相间耦合步 1
时间步长/s 1
计算步数 1 800
颗粒物参数 颗粒类型 球形颗粒
颗粒最小直径/μm 1
颗粒最大直径/μm 10
颗粒中位直径/μm 7.33
颗粒分布指数 1.46
壁面及进
出口参数
入口风速/(m·s-1) 1.37
出口压力/kPa 101.325
竖直壁面 反射
壁面反射系数 0.76
水平壁面 捕捉
壁面粗糙度 0.32
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参数设置

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参数类型 参数项目 参数设定
连续相参数 求解器 基于压力求解
湍流模型 RNG k-ε
求解类型 瞬态计算
离散相参数 相间耦合步 1
时间步长/s 1
计算步数 1 800
颗粒物参数 颗粒类型 球形颗粒
颗粒最小直径/μm 1
颗粒最大直径/μm 10
颗粒中位直径/μm 7.33
颗粒分布指数 1.46
壁面及进
出口参数
入口风速/(m·s-1) 1.37
出口压力/kPa 101.325
竖直壁面 反射
壁面反射系数 0.76
水平壁面 捕捉
壁面粗糙度 0.32
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旧工业建筑再生施工粉尘运移特性数值模拟研究
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田卫 1 , 马睿浩 1 , 关小杰 1 , 高明哲 1 , 谭啸 2
中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2025,35(1): 231-238
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中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2025, 35(1): 231-238
旧工业建筑再生施工粉尘运移特性数值模拟研究
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田卫1 , 马睿浩1, 关小杰1, 高明哲1, 谭啸2
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 广联达科技股份有限公司,北京 100193
  • 田 卫 (1986—),男,陕西渭南人,博士,副教授,主要从事安全、环境与职业健康管理、工程建造风险管理、智能建造技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

    高明哲 高级工程师

    谭 啸 高级工程师

Numerical simulation of dust suppression characteristics in regeneration of old industrial buildings
Wei TIAN1 , Ruihao MA1, Xiaojie GUAN1, Mingzhe GAO1, Xiao TAN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an Shaanxi 710055, China
  • 2 Glodon Company Limited, Beijing 100193, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0170
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为探究旧工业建筑再生施工过程中产尘工序与环境流体对粉尘时空分布的影响,利用现场试验与数值模拟方法,研究不同工序及背景风速作用下施工区域内部的粉尘运移特性。通过分析大量粉尘数据,明确旧工业建筑再生施工主要工序的尘源特征类型;选取具有典型旧工业建筑特征的某待改造工业厂房,开展打磨和铲运2类工序的现场试验;使用数值模拟方法分析5种入口风速与2种产尘工序下的粉尘质量浓度分布,明确旧工业建筑再生施工空间粉尘易聚集区。结果表明: 打磨工序最高粉尘质量浓度超限倍数为54倍,铲运工序最高粉尘质量浓度超限倍数为37倍;入口风速的改变会影响施工区域内粉尘的主要影响区分布,同时,会改变粉尘质量浓度在施工区域内达到动态平衡的进程;产尘工序的改变会对粉尘质量浓度分布产生一定的影响,对特定工序的工作强度进行增强则会导致其下游粉尘质量浓度同比增加。

旧工业建筑再生  /  施工粉尘  /  运移特性  /  数值模拟  /  粉尘质量浓度

To explore the effects of dust-generating processes and environmental fluids on the spatiotemporal distribution of dust during the regeneration of old industrial buildings, field studies and numerical simulation was used to investigate the dust suppression characteristics inside the construction area under different processes and background wind speeds. The dust source characteristics in the main processes of re-construction of old industrial buildings were clarified by analyzing a large amount of dust data. Typical old industrial buildings were selected for the field studies of sanding and shoveling processes. Numerical simulation was performed to investigate the dust mass concentration distribution under five inlet air velocities and two dust-producing processes and to identify the dust-aggregation zones in the reclaimed construction space of old industrial buildings. The results showed that the maximum dust mass concentration in the grinding process exceeded the limit by 54 and 37 times in the grinding and shoveling process, respectively. Inlet wind speed affected the dust mass distribution of the main impact zones in the construction area and changed the process of dust reaching dynamic equilibrium. Dust-generating process variations impacted on the dust mass concentration distribution. Moreover, the workload increase of a specific process resulted in a proportional increase in downstream dust mass concentrations. This study can provide fundamental knowledge for dust management in the reconstruction of old industrial buildings.

old industrial building regeneration  /  construction dust  /  suppression characteristics  /  numerical simulation  /  dust mass concentration
田卫, 马睿浩, 关小杰, 高明哲, 谭啸. 旧工业建筑再生施工粉尘运移特性数值模拟研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 231 -238 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0170
Wei TIAN, Ruihao MA, Xiaojie GUAN, Mingzhe GAO, Xiao TAN. Numerical simulation of dust suppression characteristics in regeneration of old industrial buildings[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 231 -238 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0170
目前,旧工业建筑再生已成为各城市对旧工业建筑处置的主要趋势[1]。在旧工业建筑再生施工过程中,不可避免地会产生大量的粉尘,严重威胁人员的安全健康[2]。由于旧工业建筑再生施工过程中建筑空间处于封闭或半封闭状态,易导致粉尘在有限空间内不断聚集且难以扩散;而建筑内部又较为空旷,多处产尘作业可同时进行,这样又造成作业空间内粉尘的交叉污染,与新建建筑相比,潜在危害更大[3]
国际上,学者们基于稀疏扩散相悬浮运动发展了数种不同的数值模拟方法,BALACHANDAR等[4]回顾了湍流分散多项流试验和计算方法,重点关注了颗粒、液滴和气泡的选择性聚集和湍流携运等现象;ALVIN[5]、ELGHOBASHI[6]等构建了考虑布朗扩散、湍流扩散和重力沉降的室内颗粒沉积模型,该模型有效解释了颗粒沉积速度对颗粒尺寸的函数依赖性;TANAKA等[7]使用超高分辨率的粒子图像测速(Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV)系统,解决了颗粒附近示踪粒子的信号问题。拉格朗日颗粒-质点方法是用于处理湍流扩散多相流历史最为悠久的一类数值方法,通过解颗粒轨迹方程来跟踪颗粒的位置、质量、动量和动能[8-9]。在实际应用中,当流场稳定、颗粒物粒径较大以及边界条件简化的情况下,拉格朗日法描述颗粒物运动具有较为可靠的精度。
而国内学者对施工产尘运移特性的研究集中在矿业安全或大气环境方面,徐景德等[10]针对采矿工作面尘源的分布特点设计试验,发现粉尘质量浓度沿程分布为负指数幂函数形式;张辛亥等[11]进一步讨论了大采高综采工作面空间内各位置不同高度呼吸带范围的粉尘分布情况,发现空间面积突变区域易引发湍流,粉尘质量浓度在湍流附近及下游空间剧烈升高;李成才等[12]首次利用中分辨率成像光谱仪研究北京及周边地区的大气污染问题,发现可吸入颗粒物浓度分布、来源及输送均具有较强的季节效应;刘恩海等[13]提出联合Transformer注意力机制的循环预测网络,并预测了PM2.5浓度,通过模型比对验证了PM2.5浓度时空序列预测模型的准确性。当前以旧工业建筑结构及工序特点为背景,研究施工产尘运移特性的文献还较少。
分析旧工业建筑再生施工粉尘危害成因,可发现旧工业建筑再生施工粉尘危害风险的产生主要是2个因素的相互作用,即粉尘的时空分布特征和现场人员的活动轨迹。由于工序的可变性和人员活动的随机性,导致上述2个因素在时间序列和空间序列是变化的,因此,人员遭受粉尘危害的程度是不同的,风险度的时间序列是一随机过程,且具有马尔可夫性,两者共同作用导致了旧工业建筑再生施工粉尘危害风险的产生。
因此,笔者拟采用现场试验与计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)数值模拟的方法,研究背景风速以及2类特征尘源对粉尘运移的影响,并通过分析粉尘在气流场中的行为划分工作区域,揭示粉尘容易簇团聚集的区域,进而为施工阶段粉尘危害控制及旧工业建筑再生施工扬尘危害风险动态控制,提供一定的参考。
混凝土打磨工序贯穿于旧工业建筑再生施工的结构拆除和加固阶段;在处理运输建筑废料的过程中,容易形成高质量浓度的扬尘区域。基于此,本研究选取混凝土打磨和废弃物铲运这2个特殊工序,探究其粉尘时空分布特征。
粉尘产生的过程中往往伴随着尘源与连续相的耦合作用,如伴生气流、尘源产热等。针对旧工业建筑再生施工特点,将尘源类型分为2类:①由机械工具切割、打磨、拆除等工序产尘,粉尘颗粒本身具有一定初始动量,伴随着机械工具产生的气流进入环境流体;②由轻微扰动激发如铲运、堆料、二次扬尘等工序产尘,粉尘颗粒以较小动量进入环境流体。
对于①类尘源,粉尘颗粒由待拆结构与机械工具接触摩擦产生,其瞬时温度大于环境温度,同时,由气流夹带粉尘颗粒进入原连续相流场,机械工具产生的气流出射瞬间速度较大,会对环境流体产生诸如卷吸等影响,将出射气流与粉尘颗粒看作一个整体,其动量与密度均远超环境流体,此时含尘气流在力学性质上与射流相近,不能忽略此类尘源对环境流体的影响;对于②类尘源,由轻微扰动激发产生的粉尘温度与环境温度接近,其力学性质与浮射流相近,同时,轻微扰动对环境流体的影响也不甚强烈,故不考虑此类尘源与环境流体的耦合作用。因旧工业建筑再生中不涉及到爆破等产生强热源的工序,文中对产热尘源不进行讨论。
通过调查国内23个城市171个旧工业区,发现大部分老旧工业建筑建于20世纪70年代之后,其中约40%为框架结构。此类厂房建筑空间高敞,内部为半封闭空间,在施工过程中原构筑结构会对粉尘聚集区域的形成产生影响。因此,试验场地选择西安某旧印刷厂,位于原工业园区内部,其建筑主体为框架结构,厂房长30m,宽18m,高4.8m,内部共有8根柱子,各柱均间隔6m,距离四周墙壁6m,如图1a所示。
对现场空间作密闭处理,保留一个进风口及2个出风口,测得平均入口风速为1.37m/s。对现场作无尘化处理,以消除二次扬尘对试验结果的影响。设置打磨和铲运2个工序,分析空间及时间对这2个工序产生的粉尘的运移特性的影响。
利用角磨机打磨C25混凝土块产生粉尘,模拟结构拆除时的打磨工序,如图1b所示。产尘点选在试验场地的东侧大门1m处距地面0.5m的位置,打磨工序持续20min。在空间维度,以采样点距作业点距离为基础,在1m处架设首台粉尘采样仪,按照3、5、10、15、20m依次架设粉尘采样仪。在时间维度,以工序开始工作的时间作为初始时刻,分别以5、15、30min作为采样时间,持续监测10min研究粉尘的分布情况。在监测点,粉尘采样收集器的进气口安装在工人呼吸带位置,即离地1.5m。将建筑垃圾堆放至产尘点并使用铁锨对其反复翻腾,模拟铲运工序。产尘点选在试验场地东侧大门1m处,模拟铲运工序的布点测控与模拟打磨工序均一致,如图1c所示。
采用粉尘采样仪采集粉尘样品,如图1d所示。采样流量为20 L/min,采样前对滤膜做恒温除湿(80 ℃,12h)处理,去除静电后使用精度0.001mg的分析天平称重并记录数据。在现场进行采样后,对滤膜的接尘面向内对折2次,并置于样品袋保存和运输。将采样后的滤膜置于干燥器内处理(80 ℃,12h),去除静电后再使用精度0.001mg的分析天平称重并记录。
在作业开始时,因打磨作业自身特点,产生粉尘质量浓度总体较低,随着作业进行,粉尘在靠近尘源处堆积,导致粉尘质量浓度升高。如图2所示,在1m位置处,5min产生峰值,总尘质量浓度达到68.47mg/m3,超限倍数约为30。随着时间的推移和粉尘的扩散,粉尘在3m位置处15min时出现最大值,总尘质量浓度为109.83mg/m3,超限倍数约为54。随着外部环境影响,粉尘慢慢在建筑区域扩散开来,质量浓度逐渐降低。在5m位置处,粉尘在5~15min时间范围内处于高质量浓度水平,总尘最高点质量浓度为84.67mg/m3,超限倍数约为37。在20min停止工作时,质量浓度逐渐降低,但因距尘源点有一定距离,将1m和3m相比,对于尘粒的影响较小,因此,降落速度较慢。由于尘粒扩散的原因,粉尘质量浓度虽然低于3m,但是总体特征几乎是一样的。作业停止后,粉尘质量浓度迅速降低,逐渐接近试验前总尘质量浓度水平。
采用欧拉-拉格朗日方法建立耦合模型,描述粉尘和气流之间的相互作用,模拟施工现场粉尘扩散特性。
使用有限容积法计算连续相,连续性方程如下:
ρ t + · ( ρ u ) = S
式中: ρ为连续相密度,kg/m3;u为速度矢量,m/s; S为连续方程的源项,kg/(m3·s)。
动量守恒方程为:
t ( ρ u ) + · ( ρ u u ) = - p + · ( μ u ) + f
式中: p为静压力,Pa; μ为动力黏度,Pa·s; f为体积力,N。
使用离散相的力平衡方程描述离散相在流体中的运动。此处的力平衡是指作用在颗粒物质点上的力之间达到平衡状态,离散相方程如下:
m p d v p d t = u - v p τ r + g ( ρ p - ρ ) ρ p + F
τ r = ρ p d p 2 18 μ · 24 C d R e
τ r = ρ p d p 2 18 μ · 24 C d R e
式中:mp为颗粒物质量,kg;F为虚质量力,N;vp为颗粒物速度,m/s; τ r为颗粒物的弛豫时间,s; ρ p为颗粒物密度,kg/m3; d p为颗粒直径,μm; R e为相对雷诺数; C d为阻力系数[14]
简化旧印刷厂实际尺寸以及现场布置,建立施工扬尘场地模拟几何模型,柱网布置如图3所示。模型的长宽高分别为30、18和4.8m。将建立的几何模型进行网格划分,先将流体域表面自适应生成面网格,后根据面网格生成四面体网格;设置壁面、地面与顶面的粗糙度,以替代为提高计算效率而进行的模型简化所造成对粉尘运移特性的影响;对出入口以及柱子附近的网格加密;对四周墙壁根据 y + = ( u τ y ) ϑ设置边界层,其中: y为离壁面的距离,m; u τ为壁面附近流体的剪切速度,m/s; ϑ为运动黏度,m2/s。
在模拟计算中,不影响物理现象和计算结果的简化有利于聚焦研究对象[15]。为简化数值模型,文中作以下假设:
1) 假设进口处速度均匀,紊流充分发展,忽略厂房壁面粗糙度对风流的影响,颗粒物接触四周壁面均被反射,接触地面均被捕捉。
2) 由于工作场景固定,各工序均不产生强热源,因此,假设计算区域温度恒定。
3) 颗粒物在产生后会迅速失温失速(温度趋于环境值、速度趋于流场风速),且萨夫曼升力和热泳力与颗粒物运动过程中的阻力相比非常小,故忽略这两者对颗粒物运移的影响。
旧工业建筑再生施工过程中产生的粉尘主要为矽尘,各参数取值见表1
模拟旧工业建筑再生过程中具有代表性的2类工序在不同背景风速下的运移,以及固定背景风速下的2种耦合工况。
在入口风速为1m/s时,比较打磨工序试验结果与标准k-ε模型、RNG k-ε模型、Realizable k-ε模型和 剪切应力传输(Shear Stress Transport,SST) k -ω模型的模拟结果。比较结果和测点位置如图4所示。可以看出,模拟数据与试验数据的粉尘质量浓度分布基本一致,所有模型均与试验数据表现出较好的一致性。标准k-ε模型建立在湍流发展充分的基础上,忽略了分子粘性,RNG k-ε模型通过引入附加项修改湍流黏度以考虑湍流或旋转的影响。文中研究包括工业厂房内所有区域,为提高精度,后续均采用RNG k-ε模型。
为进一步验证数值模型模拟粉尘运移特性的准确性,取几何模型中与试验厂房相同位置处作为监测点,对比打磨工序单工序5与15min这2组粉尘质量浓度的试验数据与模拟数据,结果如图5所示。当现场试验进行到5和15min时,粉尘质量浓度均在距离尘源3m处出现峰值,但距离尘源1m处的粉尘质量浓度均低于3m处,这是因为打磨工序产尘具有一定的初始动量,粉尘的动量会在1m之后3m之前耗散,并在3m处堆积形成一个粉尘质量浓度峰值;当现场试验进行到15min时,粉尘质量浓度在距离尘源15m处形成一个小的波峰,由于此时粉尘已经充斥整个厂房,部分粉尘在惯性作用下接触壁面后反射,会在距壁面一定距离的位置停滞,从而形成波峰。数值模拟结果在3~20m处与试验结果吻合较好,但对1m处的粉尘质量浓度有所低估,这与面尘源设置有关。验证结果表明:RNG k-ε模型可用于上述粉尘质量浓度的预测。
背景风速是影响粉尘运移的关键参数。在有限空间内,背景风速的大小直接决定了处在此空间内悬浮物的速度大小,所以要研究有限空间内粉尘的运移特性首先要探讨不同背景风速下空间流场的分布,可将其分为3类区域:流动核心区、主要影响区和次要影响区,如图6所示。同时,选取1~5m/s共5种入口风速下的3D流场进行分析,部分结果如图7所示。可见:入口风速的改变对流场分布的影响较少。通过追踪颗粒物轨迹发现,流动核心区颗粒物更新频率较快,颗粒物累积效应主要发生在主要影响区,在各风速下,主要影响区的累积粉尘质量浓度均是最高,在主要影响区粉尘质量浓度达到一定程度时会发生逸散效应,一部分粉尘进入流动核心区重新循环,另一部分粉尘则进入次要影响区,因为此处的气流未发展完全,故粉尘在此处也会产生一定的累积,较长时间后此处产生的粉尘才会达到主要影响区的初始水平。试验中,湍流产生的主要原因有2个,即气流通过柱体形成绕流和气流经壁面影响进入两侧转捩为湍流。
由此可以得出,当尘源处在不同区域时,其运移情况会有较大不同:
1) 当尘源处于流动核心区时,流动核心区颗粒物随流场方向运动,一部分粉尘随流场逃逸出工作区域,另一部分粉尘进入主要影响区。
2) 当尘源处于主要影响区时,主要影响区颗粒物受到湍流作用,难以逃逸出此区域,大部分粉尘随时间在主要影响区域簇团聚集,当质量浓度达到一定程度向四周逸散,一部分进入流动核心区重新进入循环,另一部分进入次要影响区。
3) 当尘源处于次要影响区时,此处颗粒物较少受到连续相速度的影响,依靠自身浮力聚集于此区域,同样的,当质量浓度达到一定程度时向四周逸散。
入口风速改变会导致空间流场发生变化,流动核心区流速、主要影响区动能及次要影响区范围等均会随着背景风速的改变而改变。假设尘源产尘速率恒定,整个工作环境处于稳定的气流场中,则从尘源开始产尘到整个计算区域中的粉尘达到动态平衡(整个计算区域内粉尘平均质量浓度无显著增长),将这一段时间称为粉尘累积时间。模拟结果如图8所示,设置入口风速从1到5m/s,可以发现,粉尘累积时间与入口风速成反比,即背景风速越大,粉尘累积时间越短。此处以入口风速5m/s为例,入口风速各瞬时粉尘分布如图9所示,可以发现,粉尘主要在主要影响区与次要影响区进行累积。
选取打磨和铲运这2种典型的产尘,代表2类不同尘源:①产尘时粉尘带有一定的初始动量,代表工序为切割、打磨与拆除;②产尘依靠扰动激发进入连续相,代表工序为铲运、堆料与二次扬尘。要明确工序耦合对粉尘运移特性的影响,首先,要单独讨论这2种产尘工序各自在计算域内的运移情况,这里选取打磨与铲运作为代表工序。图10为2类工序粉尘在呼吸区的质量浓度分布。可以看到,在粉尘质量浓度分布的前10m里,铲运工序对比打磨工序的相对质量浓度较低,后续质量浓度分布均类似。
引入打磨和铲运的耦合工况在数值模拟中分别计算,通过记录耦合工况下计算区域的平均粉尘质量浓度,发现粉尘累积时间不随着工况的改变而变化,但根据产尘方式的不同,计算区域的粉尘达到动态平衡时的粉尘平均质量浓度及质量浓度分布会有所改变。如图11所示,模拟工况都具有2个产尘工序,1个位于流动核心区上游,1个位于流动核心区末流与主要影响区交界,增强工况在耦合工况的基础上增强了位于流动核心区与主要影响区交界处的工序,在源项设置上增大了其质量流量以及相应设置。可以发现,主要影响区质量浓度上升趋势明显增强,部分粉尘随柱绕流重新进入流动核心区,导致流动核心区下游质量浓度升高,且随着位于流动核心区末流与主要影响区交界产尘工序的工作强度增强而显著升高。
1) 基于试验及数值模拟结果构建旧工业建筑再生施工过程中的粉尘运移模型,着重考虑了产尘工序的尘源类型及工作区域的背景风速对施工过程中的粉尘运移的影响。尘源类型的不同不会影响粉尘在各类区域的表现,但不同工序以及其工作强度会影响施工区域的粉尘质量浓度分布。
2) 将施工区域平面划分为流动核心区、主要影响区和次要影响区,其中,主要影响区的粉尘聚集效应最为明显,在达到动态平衡后,此区域粉尘质量浓度仅次于尘源附近质量浓度;次要影响区的粉尘行为与主要影响区类似,但粉尘质量浓度达到动态平衡时间大于一个工序的持续时间。
3) 未来研究应建立起集实时监测、动态风险评估、风险预警与决策、智能降尘为一体的施工粉尘危害风险控制系统,为项目安全建设提供科学的风险控制方法。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(51908452)
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2025年第35卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0170
  • 接收时间:2024-08-08
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-08
  • 修回日期:2024-10-14
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国家自然科学基金资助(51908452)
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    1 西安建筑科技大学 土木工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 广联达科技股份有限公司,北京 100193
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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