Article(id=1148106703251435957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0239-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0983, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1722873600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-06, revisedDate=1728662400000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-12, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659568846, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659568846, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659568846, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659568846, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=239, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757474246410790, articleId=1148106703251435957, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Model and verification of human thermal reaction under different solar radiation intensity environments, columnId=1149735805633081985, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Occupational health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to evaluate the heat strain level of outdoor workers in high temperature environments, a thermal response model was developed based on the Tanabe 65 thermal physiological model and principles of heat transfer by modifying basal metabolic rate and human surface area of the original model. The experimental data in the literature and the Tanabe model were used to verify the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the predicted results of the high temperature human thermal reaction model established under different solar radiation intensities are in good agreement with the experimental results. In an extreme environment of 36 ℃ and high solar radiation intensity, the maximum difference between the simulated value of core temperature and the measured value is less than 0.24 ℃, and the maximum difference between the simulated value of average skin temperature and the measured value is less than 0.3 ℃, which is more accurate than the classic Tanabe model. Thus, the established model can be used to predict human physiological parameters such as human core temperature and skin temperature in hot environments in the presence of solar radiation, and provide reference for the safety assessment of outdoor workers.

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为了有效预测户外工作者在高温环境中的热应激水平,基于Tanabe 65节点热生理模型与热传递原理,考虑太阳辐射的影响,引入太阳辐射参数优化辐射换热量的计算,并且基于个体差异,进一步修正基础代谢率和人体表面积的计算公式,建立存在太阳辐射的高温人体热反应模型;然后利用文献中的试验数据及Tanabe模型模拟验证所建模型的有效性。结果表明: 在不同太阳辐射强度下,所建立的高温人体热反应模型预测结果和试验结果吻合较好;在36 ℃及高太阳辐射强度的环境中,所建模型的核心温度模拟值与试验测量值的最大差值小于0.24 ℃,平均皮肤温度的模拟值与试验测量值的最大差值小于0.3 ℃,比经典的Tanabe模型的模拟精度更高;所建立的模型可用于户外存在太阳辐射下的高温环境人体核心温度和皮肤温度等生理参数预测,为户外工作人员的安全评估提供参考。

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刘冬华 (1982—),女,河南商丘人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全人机工程和安全管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

杨 杰 副教授

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刘冬华 (1982—),女,河南商丘人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全人机工程和安全管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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刘冬华 (1982—),女,河南商丘人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全人机工程和安全管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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杨 杰 副教授

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杨 杰 副教授

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Experimental conditions of human heat stress in outdoor high temperature environment and basic information of subjects

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工况 温度/
太阳辐射强度/
(W·m-2)
劳动强度 年龄±标准差/岁 身高±标准差/cm 体质量±标准差/kg
1 32 中度 20.9±1.19 172.2±4.34 64.1±7.46 10 0
2 32 中度 21.3±1.83 171.3±8.00 72.2±25.6 8 2
3 36 中度 21.1±2.38 168.6±5.06 62.0±5.85 9 1
4 36 中度 22.7±2.63 168.0±5.96 62.2±7.83 10 0
5 32 重度 20.8±1.40 173.4±5.64 62.6±5.92 10 0
6 32 重度 20.2±1.03 173.4±3.34 69.25±9.09 10 0
7 36 重度 20.5±1.35 174.4±5.87 68.4±7.77 10 0
8 36 重度 22.1±2.73 169.7±6.45 64.1±10.31 10 0
), ArticleFig(id=1165721837813117294, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106703251435957, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

室外高温环境人体热应激试验工况及被试基本信息

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工况 温度/
太阳辐射强度/
(W·m-2)
劳动强度 年龄±标准差/岁 身高±标准差/cm 体质量±标准差/kg
1 32 中度 20.9±1.19 172.2±4.34 64.1±7.46 10 0
2 32 中度 21.3±1.83 171.3±8.00 72.2±25.6 8 2
3 36 中度 21.1±2.38 168.6±5.06 62.0±5.85 9 1
4 36 中度 22.7±2.63 168.0±5.96 62.2±7.83 10 0
5 32 重度 20.8±1.40 173.4±5.64 62.6±5.92 10 0
6 32 重度 20.2±1.03 173.4±3.34 69.25±9.09 10 0
7 36 重度 20.5±1.35 174.4±5.87 68.4±7.77 10 0
8 36 重度 22.1±2.73 169.7±6.45 64.1±10.31 10 0
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不同太阳辐射强度环境下人体热反应模型与验证
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刘冬华 1 , 武文杰 1 , 杨杰 2
中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2025,35(1): 239-246
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中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2025, 35(1): 239-246
不同太阳辐射强度环境下人体热反应模型与验证
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刘冬华1 , 武文杰1, 杨杰2
作者信息
  • 1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 2 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 刘冬华 (1982—),女,河南商丘人,博士,讲师,主要从事安全人机工程和安全管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

    杨 杰 副教授

Model and verification of human thermal reaction under different solar radiation intensity environments
Donghua LIU1 , Wenjie WU1, Jie YANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resources and Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an Shaanxi 710055, China
  • 2 College of Safety Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Science and Technology, Xi'an Shaanxi 710054, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0983
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为了有效预测户外工作者在高温环境中的热应激水平,基于Tanabe 65节点热生理模型与热传递原理,考虑太阳辐射的影响,引入太阳辐射参数优化辐射换热量的计算,并且基于个体差异,进一步修正基础代谢率和人体表面积的计算公式,建立存在太阳辐射的高温人体热反应模型;然后利用文献中的试验数据及Tanabe模型模拟验证所建模型的有效性。结果表明: 在不同太阳辐射强度下,所建立的高温人体热反应模型预测结果和试验结果吻合较好;在36 ℃及高太阳辐射强度的环境中,所建模型的核心温度模拟值与试验测量值的最大差值小于0.24 ℃,平均皮肤温度的模拟值与试验测量值的最大差值小于0.3 ℃,比经典的Tanabe模型的模拟精度更高;所建立的模型可用于户外存在太阳辐射下的高温环境人体核心温度和皮肤温度等生理参数预测,为户外工作人员的安全评估提供参考。

太阳辐射强度  /  高温环境  /  人体热反应  /  辐射换热  /  核心温度  /  皮肤温度

In order to evaluate the heat strain level of outdoor workers in high temperature environments, a thermal response model was developed based on the Tanabe 65 thermal physiological model and principles of heat transfer by modifying basal metabolic rate and human surface area of the original model. The experimental data in the literature and the Tanabe model were used to verify the effectiveness of the model. The results show that the predicted results of the high temperature human thermal reaction model established under different solar radiation intensities are in good agreement with the experimental results. In an extreme environment of 36 ℃ and high solar radiation intensity, the maximum difference between the simulated value of core temperature and the measured value is less than 0.24 ℃, and the maximum difference between the simulated value of average skin temperature and the measured value is less than 0.3 ℃, which is more accurate than the classic Tanabe model. Thus, the established model can be used to predict human physiological parameters such as human core temperature and skin temperature in hot environments in the presence of solar radiation, and provide reference for the safety assessment of outdoor workers.

solar radiation intensity  /  high temperature  /  human thermal response  /  radiation heat transfer  /  core temperature  /  skin temperature
刘冬华, 武文杰, 杨杰. 不同太阳辐射强度环境下人体热反应模型与验证. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 239 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0983
Donghua LIU, Wenjie WU, Jie YANG. Model and verification of human thermal reaction under different solar radiation intensity environments[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 239 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0983
随着全球气候变暖和城市化进程的加快,高温环境对人体健康和公共安全的影响日益凸显。户外工作者在夏季频繁暴露在高温和强烈太阳辐射下,人体产热和散热失衡,生理机能紊乱,心理反应失常,进而可能引发疾病甚至死亡[1-2],这对户外工作者的生理安全构成了严峻挑战。因此,建立热反应模型预测人体热生理反应对人员安全评估、安全管理等具有重要意义。
在人体热生理反应的数学建模中,Tanabe 65节点模型[3]的高精度和全面性被广泛认可,TANABE等[3]将人体分为16个部位,每个部位分为4层,再加上中央血液层,共构成65个节点,考虑服装对人体热调节的影响,利用负反馈的理论对各层建模,由于该模型使用了多个节点来代表人体的不同部位,并且可以同时考虑内部热源(如代谢产热)和外部环境因素(如温度、湿度、辐射等),使得其预测更全面真实,能够提供比传统二节点模型更详细的热生理学预测结果。热生理模型最开始用于室内常温环境,近几十年来,国内外许多学者不断优化,拓展了多段多节点热生理模型。WENG Wenguo[4]、YANG Jie[5]、GENG Jing[6]和杨杰[7]等将热生理模型拓展到了高温环境。在TANABE[3]和YANG Jie[5]等的模型中,辐射换热量计算仅是通过皮肤温度和空气温度函数,这种方法对于室内环境较为合理,而对于户外环境,强烈的太阳辐射最终会影响热生理模型中皮肤温度和核心温度的计算。BLAZEJCZYK等[8]发现,生理参数与太阳辐射以及气温之间存在很强的相关性。FIALA等[9]将户外的太阳辐射单独计算,且根据JI Yuchen等[10]研究证实FIALA等[9]的方法更适用于户外环境。
尽管Tanabe 65节点模型在高温环境下的应用取得了一定的进展,但在处理户外环境中的不同太阳辐射影响时仍存在一定的局限性。因此,笔者拟基于TANABE[3]和杨杰等[6]所建模型,考虑户外的太阳辐射对人体热调节的影响,引入太阳辐射参数,进一步修正基础代谢率和人体表面积的计算;建立适用于存在太阳辐射的高温环境人体热反应模型,并提高模型的适用性及精度;利用试验测量值与所建模型的模拟值进行对比,验证模型的有效性,以期提高户外高温环境中人体热应激评估效率,从而保障作业人员的健康和安全。
人体热反应模型需要计算人体内部的传热、人体皮肤与环境的换热和考虑着装对人体与环境换热的影响。通过模型的计算可得人体各块区生理参数。根据人体的生理结构,将人体划分为20个部位,用字母 i表示。各部位分为4层,用字母 j表示。中央血液层与人体各部位各层进行热交换。人体热调节过程如图1所示。
各层热平衡方程[6]如下:
核心层:
c ( i , j ) d θ ( i , 1 ) d t = Q ( i , 1 ) - B ( i . 1 ) - D ( i , 1 ) - Q r e s ( i , 1 )
肌肉层:
c ( i , 2 ) d θ ( i , 2 ) d t = Q ( i , 2 ) - B ( i , 2 ) + D ( i , 1 ) - D ( i , 2 )
脂肪层:
c ( i , 3 ) d θ ( i , 3 ) d t = Q ( i , 3 ) - B ( i , 3 ) + D ( i , 2 ) - D ( i , 3 )
皮肤层:
c ( i , 4 ) d θ ( i , 4 ) d t = Q ( i , 4 ) - B ( i , 4 ) + D ( i , 3 ) - ( E ( i , 4 ) + R ( i , 4 ) + C ( i . 4 ) )
中央血液层:
c 81 d θ 81 d t = i = 1 20 j = 1 4 B i , j
式中: c为比热容,W·h/℃; θ为各节点温度,℃;t为时间,h; Q为产热量,W; B为血液传热量,W;D为传导热交换,W; Q r e s为呼吸换热量(仅会发生在胸部),W; E为皮肤蒸发散热量,W; R为辐射换热量,W; C为对流换热量,W; θ 81为中央血液层的温度,也是模型计算的核心温度,℃。
人体产热量由新陈代谢、做功以及颤抖3部分组成,对于高温环境下的工作者仅有新陈代谢和做功产热。在热中性状态的新陈代谢为基础代谢。
当人体暴露于高温环境时,体内活动加快,代谢速率增加,产热量计算如下:
Q * = Q + Δ Q
Δ Q = Q b · [ 2 0.1 ( θ - θ 0 ) - 1 ]
式中: Q *为高温环境下的产热量,W; Δ Q为由环境高温引起的代谢率的增加量,是各节点温度和调定点温度差值的函数[11],W; Q b为基础代谢产热量,W; θ 0为各节点的调定点温度,℃。
考虑个体差异性 Q b的计算[12]如下
Q b = ( 58 × G + 1   741 × H - 14 × N - 470 × S + 227 ) × 1   000 24 × 3   600
式中: G为体质量,kg; H为身高,m; N为年龄,岁; S为性别,男性取值为0,女性取值为1。
血液的对流换热主要是中央血液层和人体各节点通过血液对流进行的热交换,在人体热调节中起着至关重要的作用,血流换热量计算如下:
B = a F ρ ( T - T 81 )
F = F b + W + Q h 1.16
式中: a为逆流热交换比率,取值为1; F为血流量,由基础血流量、做功和颤抖3部分组成,L/h; ρ为血液体积比热容,W·h/(L·℃); F b为基础血流,L/h; W为做功产热量,W; Q h为颤抖产热量,W。
仅在肌肉层产生W,其计算式为:
W = U × 58.2 ( Q m - Q b ) A × Z f
式中: U为矫正因子; Q m为代谢产热量,W,可以根据ISO标准的数据库查询; A为人体各部位表面积,m2; Z f为人体不同区域肌肉热量产生分布系数。
人体的表面积通常按照国际标准模型,但文中中国人的表面积根据ZHOU Xing等[13]的研究,计算如下:
A D = 0.607 H + 0.012   7 G - 0.069   8
A = A D × Y f
式中: A D为人体总表面积,m2; Y f为人体各部位表面积分配系数,具体数值见文献[13]。
当人体处于高温环境时,人体的血流速度会加快,血流量的计算如下:
F * = F + Δ F
Δ F = F b · [ 2 0.1 ( T - T 0 ) - 1 ]
式中: F *为高温环境下的血流量,L/h; Δ F为高温引起血流量的增加量[11],L/h。
人体皮肤与环境之间的热交换主要通过辐射、对流和蒸发3种途径。
无太阳辐射时,并且无衣物遮盖的区域内,对流换热量、辐射换热量、蒸发换热量的计算分别为:
C = h c ( θ s k - θ a ) A
R = h r ( θ s k - θ m r t ) A
E = h e ( P s k - P a ) A
式中: h c为对流换热系数,对流换热系数与风速、皮肤与环境的温差有关[14],W/(m2·℃); θ s k为皮肤温度,℃; θ a为空气温度,℃; h r为辐射换热系数,W/(m2·℃); θ m r t为平均辐射温度,℃; h e为蒸发换热系数,W/(m2·kPa); P s k为皮肤表面的水蒸气压力,kPa; P a为空气水蒸气压力,kPa; A为人体部位皮肤的表面积,m2
平均辐射温度也是由太阳辐射强度计算得出,计算公式[15]如下:
θ m r t = ( ( θ d + 273.15 ) 4 + I / 2 σ ) 1 / 4 - 273.15
式中: θ d为干球温度,℃; I为太阳辐射强度,W/m2; σ为常数, 5.67 × 10 - 8W/(m2·K4)。
存在太阳辐射时,人体既要受到周围壁面的长波辐射,又要受到太阳的短波辐射,各部位吸收的太阳辐射热量与太阳辐射强度等多个因素有关,修正后的辐射换热量计算[16-17]如下:
R * = R - R 1
R 1 = α f c l f e f f f p I A
式中: R *为暴露于太阳辐射下人体与环境的辐射换热量,W; R 1为人体吸收太阳短波辐射热量,W;α为人体表面对太阳辐射的吸收率; f c l为服装因子; f e f f为人体有效面积系数; f p为投影面积系数。
人体站姿时可视作垂直的椭球体,人体在上下、左右、前后方向投影面积系数近似分别为:0.08、0.23、0.35(站姿);0.18、0.22、0.30(坐姿)[18]
在高温环境下,人体也会依赖神经系统主动调节产热和散热,利用节点温度和调定点温度之差作为生理反应信号,对出汗、颤抖、血管舒张和血管收缩等行为进行调控。人体主动调节的公式见文献[3]。
人体出汗量的计算如下:
无服装覆盖时:
M s w = E s w w l × A
d m s d t = E S W + P s a t - P s k r e s k × w l - P s k - P a r e a × w l
服装覆盖时:
d m s d t = M s w + P s a t - P s k r e s k × w l - y × ρ s k - ρ c l L × 1   000
式中: M s w为出汗速率,g/(m2·s); E s w为感知热蒸发量,W; w l为水的蒸发潜热,J/g; m s为出汗量,g;Psat为饱和水蒸气压力,kPa; r e s k为皮肤水分阻力,m2·kPa/W; r e a为空气层水分阻力,m2·kPa/W;y为水蒸气扩散系数,m2/s; ρ s k为皮肤表面水蒸气密度,kg/m3; ρ c l为衣服内表面水蒸气密度,kg/m3;L为皮肤表面和衣服之间的气隙宽度,m。
服装对皮肤与环境之间的热交换有很大的影响,人体被服装覆盖的区域热交换系数[19]为:
h t * = 1 k = 1 n 0.155 r c l , k + 1 f c l ( h c + h r )
h e * = L R k = 1 n 0.155 r c l , k q c l , k * + 1 f c l + h c
式中: h t *为着装部分皮肤与环境之间的对流与辐射换热系数,W/(m2·℃); h e *为着装部分皮肤与环境之间的蒸发换热系数,W/(m2· kPa); r c l , k为各层服装热阻,clo; q c l *为服装的透湿指数。
现有研究表明,服装的热阻并不是一个常数,会受到人体活动、风速等因素影响改变人体与环境之间的换热,服装热阻的修正[20]公式如下:
r c l * = r c l · e x p [ - 0.281 · ( v - 0.15 ) ] · e x p 0.44 · ( v - 0.15 ) 2 - 492 · v w + 0.176 · v w 2 ]
式中: v w为人体活动速度,m/s; r c l *为修正后的服装热阻,clo。
利用Matlab 2021a软件依据5个热平衡方程(1)—方程(5)在时间序列采用有限差分法求解文中所建的模型。为了验证模型的准确性,选择文献[21]中部分试验工况的试验条件代入所建模型和Tanabe模型[3],文中在相同试验工况中对试验样本量的选取与文献[21]一致,将得到的核心温度和平均皮肤温度模拟结果与文献[21]中实测值进行比较。WISSLERR等[22]认为,核心温度、皮肤温度的预测值与实测值的差值分别在0.5和1℃之内,则可认为模型精度在可接受范围之内。
李志灏[21]设计每组试验有10位被试,均为在校大学生和研究生,被试身体健康并无任何疾病,按照被试试验前心率小于100次/min,血压不超过140/90mmHg等标准严格招募被试。由于室外太阳辐射强度容易受到云层等因素影响而无法控制,文中将低于500 W/m2设为低太阳辐射强度,高于500 W/m2设为高太阳辐射强度;劳动强度分为中度(踏阶)和重度(慢跑),其中要求被试踏阶速度约为32次/min;慢跑要求被试跑步速度为6.4km/h。试验在室外远离建筑物的开阔区域进行且路沿有台阶有树荫,试验全程在晴朗的夏季室外12:00—16:00之间时段进行,可以受到太阳直射,空气温度在28℃以上,试验具体参数见表1
根据劳动等级划分标准可知:试验中踏阶为中度劳动,慢跑为重度劳动。每组试验劳动时间为60min。每15min测量记录一次生理参数。在试验之前,在过渡室休息30min使被试的各项生理参数保持稳定。试验测量核心温度和皮肤温度及模拟预测结果如图2图3所示。
图2图3可知:文中模型与Tanabe模型在模拟核心温度和皮肤温度变化趋势与试验测量值一致,但总体看,核心温度和皮肤温度均被低估。在60min的试验过程中,前15min的皮肤温度变化较大,15min后温度变化缓慢。在中度劳动强度工况中,Tanabe模型在工况3中预测的核心温度和试验测量值偏差最大,达到了0.507℃,已经超过了模型精度可接受的范围,文中模型在工况3中核心温度试验测量值与模型预测值的偏差为0.27℃,满足模型的精度要求。在重度劳动工况中,Tanabe模型在工况6中核心温度的预测值与试验值之间的误差占比为1.4%,皮肤温度的预测值与试验值之间的误差占比为2.2%,而文中模型在工况6中核心温度的预测值与试验值之间的误差百分比为0.6%,皮肤温度的预测值与试验值之间的误差占比为1.2%,在此工况中文中模型相对于Tanabe模型核心温度的预测精度提升了36%。在低太阳辐射强度的工况1、3、5、7中,Tanabe模型预测的核心温度和文中模型的预测趋势吻合,并且与试验值的偏差均低于0.5℃。在工况2、4、6、8中,高太阳辐射强度工况中Tanabe模型预测的核心温度与试验值的偏差大于低太阳辐射强度工况中的偏差。这主要是因为强烈的太阳辐射会显著影响人体的热平衡,与文献[8]的结论一致。
在8个环境工况中,文中模型与Tanabe模型的预测值均低于试验测量值,在60min内,文中模型对核心温度和皮肤温度的预测值相比与Tanabe模型的预测值更加接近试验测量值,改进后模型的整体精度提升了30%。这主要由于Tanabe模型在计算辐射换热时,未考虑户外的太阳辐射所致,低估了辐射换热量导致核心温度和皮肤温度预测值偏离试验测量值。
各个环境工况中平均出汗率如图4图5所示。由图4可知:中度劳动强度下,4个工况中的文中模型和Tanabe模拟平均出汗率低于试验测量值,且工况4中,模拟值与预测值均存在显著差异。由图5可知:重度劳动强度下,平均出汗率的测量值明显高于中度劳动强度下的测量值,在工况5、6、7中,Tanabe模型和文中模型模拟的平均出汗率均低于试验测量值;在工况8中,文中模型的模拟值高于试验测量值。高温环境中人体出汗量较大,蒸发是主要的散热方式,随着环境温度和劳动强度的增加,人体的出汗量会显著的增加,提高人体的散热水平以减少体内热量的蓄积,维持人体的热平衡。在低太阳辐射强度工况1、3、5、7中人体的平均出汗率整体低于高太阳辐射强度工况2、4、6、8中人体的平均出汗率。高太阳辐射强度会增加人体吸收的辐射热量,提高了人体皮肤温度,为了维持人体的热平衡,人体会通过下丘脑主动调节,增加排汗,加快人体散热速率。人体的出汗量也和人体的体脂比有关,出汗量的模拟结果也解释了人体皮肤温度模拟值偏离试验测量值。但总体来看,文中模型预测的平均出汗率比Tanabe模型的预测值更加接近试验测量值,尤其是在高太阳辐射强度工况中。
综上可知:文中模型预测效果略好于Tanabe模型,这表明:文中模型更能准确预测存在太阳辐射的户外高温环境中人体的核心温度和皮肤温度。另外,造成模拟值和测量值产生偏差的原因还可能是:①试验个体存在一定的差异性,不同人在相同环境下的热反应也会不同。②试验的局限性,环境参数有所变化,试验测量值会受到影响,也可能是导致模型预测核心温度、皮肤温度偏差的原因之一。
1) 在Tanabe模型的基础上,引入太阳辐射参数修正室外人体的辐射换热量,且修正代谢率和人体表面积,考虑温度、劳动强度对人体热调节的影响,所建立的模型适用于预测室外存在太阳辐射的高温人体热反应。
2) 选取核心温度和平均皮肤温度作为验证值,所建模型预测的核心温度及平均皮肤温度与试验测量值吻合较好,最大偏差分别不超过0.35和0.6℃,满足模型的精度要求,室外高温环境下核心温度和平均皮肤温度整体精度提升率分别最低为28%和40%,尤其在36℃以及高太阳辐射强度工况中,文中模型的核心温度模拟值与试验测量值的最大差值小于0.24℃,平均皮肤温度的模拟值与试验测量值的最大差值小于0.3℃,可为室外存在太阳辐射的人体热应激评估提供参考。
3) 所建模型会由于个体差异性比如出汗的敏感性、身体组织的分布比例以及热偏好的影响导致模型预测精度降低,在考虑这些因素的前提下,进一步修正模型是下一步研究的方向。
  • “十四五”国家重点研发课题(2022YFC3006105)
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2025年第35卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0983
  • 接收时间:2024-08-06
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-06
  • 修回日期:2024-10-12
基金
“十四五”国家重点研发课题(2022YFC3006105)
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    1 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
    2 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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