Article(id=1148106702852977068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)02-0160-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0779, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1725897600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-10, revisedDate=1731427200000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-13, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659568751, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659568751, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659568751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659568751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106698197295351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401525528, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=160, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149768016172335883, articleId=1148106702852977068, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Pattern identification and risk assessment model of civil aircraft abnormal flight based on QAR, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to assess and monitor flight risks in real-time,clustering analysis was utilized to explore the abnormal patterns embedded in QAR data,and the influencing factors of abnormal flight patterns of civil aircraft were analyzed. The Euclidean distance was employed to characterize the similarity between samples of QAR parameters,establishing an abnormal flight pattern recognition model based on K-means to define the deviation degree of abnormal patterns. By considering the number of fatal accidents and the proportion of deaths in global commercial jet accidents,in conjunction with the deviation degree of abnormal patterns,the duration of abnormal patterns,flight phases,the likelihood of unexpected safety events,and the severity of consequences following unexpected safety events,a quantified assessment method for civil aviation flight risks based on QAR data was proposed. The feasibility of abnormal flight pattern recognition and risk quantification models for civil aircraft was validated through the practical QAR data of a certain airline. The results indicate that abnormal patterns are more prevalent during the cruising phase and critical moments at the transitions between flight phases. Significant differences are observed in the distribution of abnormal flight patterns and risks across different flights and flight phases. The average total risk value for flights is 166.94,with outliers exceeding 386.97. The abnormal flight risk during the takeoff roll phase is relatively low,with an average of 5.95,while the risk during the cruising phase is relatively high,with an average of 93.46.

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为实时评估与监测飞行风险,利用聚类分析方法挖掘快速存取记录器(QAR)数据蕴含的异常模式,分析民机异常飞行模式的影响因素;以欧氏距离表征QAR参数样本之间的相似性,建立基于K-means的异常飞行模式识别模型,定义异常模式偏离程度;基于全球商用喷气式飞机致命事故起数和死亡人数占比,结合异常模式偏离程度、异常模式持续时间、飞行阶段、安全不期望事件发生的可能性和安全不期望事件发生后果严重程度,提出一种基于QAR数据的民机飞行风险量化评价方法;使用某航空公司实际飞行QAR数据,通过实例验证民机异常飞行模式识别和风险量化模型的可行性。结果表明:异常模式多出现在巡航阶段及各飞行阶段交替临界时刻,不同航班不同飞行阶段异常飞行模式及风险分布差异明显,航班总风险值均值为166.94,但异常值高于386.97,滑跑起飞阶段的异常飞行风险相对偏低,均值为5.95;巡航阶段的异常飞行风险相对偏高,均值为93.46。

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王菲茵 (1990—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事民航安全与人因、飞行数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

谭维 讲师

汪磊 研究员

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王菲茵 (1990—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事民航安全与人因、飞行数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

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谭维 讲师

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谭维 讲师

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汪磊 研究员

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106702852977068, language=CN, label=图5, caption=航班异常飞行样例, figureFileSmall=mJ8ApHTpK6JyTY+h1NKfpw==, figureFileBig=9z6cU3wqkWr3AFFR15xiig==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165681904524206628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106702852977068, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sample database of flight anomaly pattern recognition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班 采样点 标准气压
高度/ft
面板俯仰
姿态/(°)
空/地时前
轮状态
1号协调N1指数/
(r·min-1)
襟翼把手
位置/(°)
综合无线
电高度/ft
空地开关
状态
A 10 853 -171 11.95 0 96 5 9 1
A 110 737 30 101 2.11 1 83 0 4 040 1
A 143 529 -352 2.46 0 30 30 0 1
B 15 969 -287 17.05 0 91 5 56 1
B 61 841 36 100 2.64 1 86 0 5 500 1
B 151 457 6 989 -0.88 0 73 30 -4 0
C 12 850 -334 11.43 0 86 5 11 1
C 28 805 33 108 2.46 1 83 0 5 500 1
C 98 609 33 0.88 0 67 30 -3 0
), ArticleFig(id=1165681904624869930, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106702852977068, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

异常飞行模式识别的数据库样例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
航班 采样点 标准气压
高度/ft
面板俯仰
姿态/(°)
空/地时前
轮状态
1号协调N1指数/
(r·min-1)
襟翼把手
位置/(°)
综合无线
电高度/ft
空地开关
状态
A 10 853 -171 11.95 0 96 5 9 1
A 110 737 30 101 2.11 1 83 0 4 040 1
A 143 529 -352 2.46 0 30 30 0 1
B 15 969 -287 17.05 0 91 5 56 1
B 61 841 36 100 2.64 1 86 0 5 500 1
B 151 457 6 989 -0.88 0 73 30 -4 0
C 12 850 -334 11.43 0 86 5 11 1
C 28 805 33 108 2.46 1 83 0 5 500 1
C 98 609 33 0.88 0 67 30 -3 0
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基于QAR的民机异常飞行模式识别及风险评价模型
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王菲茵 1 , 袁锦彤 1, 2 , 刘笑辰 1 , 谭维 1 , 汪磊 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(2): 160-167
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(2): 160-167
基于QAR的民机异常飞行模式识别及风险评价模型
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王菲茵1 , 袁锦彤1, 2, 刘笑辰1, 谭维1, 汪磊1
作者信息
  • 1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
  • 2 中国东方航空武汉有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430300
  • 王菲茵 (1990—),女,河北邢台人,博士,讲师,主要从事民航安全与人因、飞行数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

    谭维 讲师

    汪磊 研究员

Pattern identification and risk assessment model of civil aircraft abnormal flight based on QAR
Feiyin WANG1 , Jintong YUAN1, 2, Xiaochen LIU1, Wei TAN1, Lei WANG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Civil Aviation University of China,Tianjin 300300,China
  • 2 China Eastern Airlines Wuhan Co.,Ltd.,Wuhan Hubei 430300,China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0779
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为实时评估与监测飞行风险,利用聚类分析方法挖掘快速存取记录器(QAR)数据蕴含的异常模式,分析民机异常飞行模式的影响因素;以欧氏距离表征QAR参数样本之间的相似性,建立基于K-means的异常飞行模式识别模型,定义异常模式偏离程度;基于全球商用喷气式飞机致命事故起数和死亡人数占比,结合异常模式偏离程度、异常模式持续时间、飞行阶段、安全不期望事件发生的可能性和安全不期望事件发生后果严重程度,提出一种基于QAR数据的民机飞行风险量化评价方法;使用某航空公司实际飞行QAR数据,通过实例验证民机异常飞行模式识别和风险量化模型的可行性。结果表明:异常模式多出现在巡航阶段及各飞行阶段交替临界时刻,不同航班不同飞行阶段异常飞行模式及风险分布差异明显,航班总风险值均值为166.94,但异常值高于386.97,滑跑起飞阶段的异常飞行风险相对偏低,均值为5.95;巡航阶段的异常飞行风险相对偏高,均值为93.46。

快速存取记录器(QAR)  /  民机异常飞行  /  模式识别  /  风险评价  /  聚类分析

In order to assess and monitor flight risks in real-time,clustering analysis was utilized to explore the abnormal patterns embedded in QAR data,and the influencing factors of abnormal flight patterns of civil aircraft were analyzed. The Euclidean distance was employed to characterize the similarity between samples of QAR parameters,establishing an abnormal flight pattern recognition model based on K-means to define the deviation degree of abnormal patterns. By considering the number of fatal accidents and the proportion of deaths in global commercial jet accidents,in conjunction with the deviation degree of abnormal patterns,the duration of abnormal patterns,flight phases,the likelihood of unexpected safety events,and the severity of consequences following unexpected safety events,a quantified assessment method for civil aviation flight risks based on QAR data was proposed. The feasibility of abnormal flight pattern recognition and risk quantification models for civil aircraft was validated through the practical QAR data of a certain airline. The results indicate that abnormal patterns are more prevalent during the cruising phase and critical moments at the transitions between flight phases. Significant differences are observed in the distribution of abnormal flight patterns and risks across different flights and flight phases. The average total risk value for flights is 166.94,with outliers exceeding 386.97. The abnormal flight risk during the takeoff roll phase is relatively low,with an average of 5.95,while the risk during the cruising phase is relatively high,with an average of 93.46.

quick access recorder(QAR)  /  abnormal flight of civil aircraft  /  pattern recognition  /  risk assessment  /  cluster analysis
王菲茵, 袁锦彤, 刘笑辰, 谭维, 汪磊. 基于QAR的民机异常飞行模式识别及风险评价模型. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (2) : 160 -167 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0779
Feiyin WANG, Jintong YUAN, Xiaochen LIU, Wei TAN, Lei WANG. Pattern identification and risk assessment model of civil aircraft abnormal flight based on QAR[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (2) : 160 -167 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0779
民机实际飞行过程中的快速存取记录器(Quick Access Recorder,QAR)记录了飞行状态参数、环境参数、位置参数、性能参数、飞行员操作参数、告警参数等,QAR数据的合理使用和智能挖掘对于飞行安全风险管理和飞行品质监控等有着重要现实意义。在民机落地后,该航班的QAR数据通常会传输至航空公司,进行译码分析研究。目前,基于实时下载、译码后的QAR数据,可实现实时的发动机健康状态诊断、飞行航迹监视、三维飞行仿真等功能。因此,深入研究挖掘QAR数据中蕴含飞行异常的早期特征,对实时飞行安全风险监控、发掘事故征兆、预防事故、及时应急处置等意义重大。
在风险评估方面,LYU Hao等[1]提出一种评估超限风险的方法,构建了一条超限危险线评估超限风险,利用3种机器学习模型检查超限风险指数与飞行参数之间的联系;REY等[2]使用数据分析和机器学习法准确评估安全风险,并训练了一种增强的树分类器,为安全飞行和危险飞行作了分类;BARRY等[3]提取冲偏出跑道相关特征因素,评估了不同场景下的冲偏出跑道风险;CHANG Yuhern等[4]将人类风险因素分类,制定了4种优先风险管理策略,减少了冲偏出跑道事件发生;DISTEFANO等[5]使用多重对应分析法,确定了冲偏出跑道特征之间的对应关系,提出一种跑道风险评估方法;ALLEN[6]提出一种以概率和严重性矩阵为基础的启发式风险评估技术;WANG Lei等[7-8]利用QAR数据挖掘远着陆事故的关键飞行参数特征,开发了飞机着陆运行性能评价系统以量化着陆风险;孙瑞山等[9-10]采用高斯混合模型聚类评估了不同风格飞行员的操作风险,基于高斯混合模型提出进近着陆阶段的飞机运行异常检测方法;陈农田等[11]借鉴飞行品质监控项目规范,提出基于熵权可变模糊识别的深度学习风险评估方法;高扬等[12]运用马尔可夫理论确定安全状态的转移概矩阵,以QAR超限事件验证了安全态势评估模型;王剑辉等[13]根据风险源事件建立了运输航空飞行安全风险评价模型,发现评价结果与安全报告中分析结论基本一致;陈芳等[14]构建基于动态贝叶斯网络的民航空停风险评估模型,分析了风险因素间的因果关系,发现资源投入减少导致教育培训效果降低,影响空中停事件风险;张兆宁等[15]使用QAR数据进行关联规则验证,发现飞机的仰角、坡度和方向舵位置以及风向对侧向位置误差影响较大。
在监测识别方面,RONG Chuitian等[16]基于QAR数据实现了异常检测和预测;JIA Bo等[17]结合扩散映射和核模糊算法识别了飞行数据的类型,并使用细菌觅食和粒子群优化算法优化KFCM的未知参数,避免了局部最优解的可能性;NASERI等[18]考虑随机扰动的影响,根据马尔可夫模型和随机混合系统探测了飞行状态的变化;吴奇等[19]建立基于深度受限玻尔兹曼机-高斯过程分类的飞行状态识别模型,辨识了进近着陆阶段的异常飞行状态,取得了较高的分类准确性;郑磊等[20]通过聚类挖掘飞行操作模式,分析了QAR监控指标与操作模式的关联关系,进而量化了不同操作模式的风险水平;彭宇等[21]阐述了飞行数据异常检测的研究现状,探讨了潜在的研究问题和未来发展方向;王洁宁等[22]提出基于隐马尔可夫模型的终端区航空器飞行状态及其时序识别模型,为管制指挥提供支持;李军亮等[23]建立基于神经网络的直升机飞行状态识别模型,为直升机故障诊断和健康安全管理提供依据;熊邦书等[24]考虑到飞行状态样本数据少的问题,提出基于支持向量机的直升机飞行状态识别模型,明显提高了识别准确率。
在民航飞行品质监控实施与管理中,根据不同阶段将有限参数设为检测目标,其中,大部分监控项目针对单一参数进行监控,且目前研究聚焦于特定场景下的单一参数的机器学习计算和分析。单一参数指标是否超限往往不能全面精准地反映航空器在飞行过程中的危险程度,而研究多参数指标的协同作用有利于挖掘民机飞行中潜在的风险。因此,笔者拟挖掘QAR数据中蕴含的异常模式,通过相关性分析保留具有QAR数据特征的89个参数,基于K-means提出一种异常飞行模式识别方法,结合异常模式偏离程度、持续时间和飞行阶段风险值等数值,计算航班整体风险值;以民机实际飞行的QAR数据验证该方法,以期为航空公司实时监测航班飞行安全水平及早期干预异常飞行提供支持。
QAR数据的大多参数采样频率是不一致的,为避免淹没高频参数特征,将QAR原始数据转化为时间向量,基于一秒内同一参数的采样次数的最小公倍数建立新的参数矩阵,其中低频参数值用距离最近的一个值补充,得到标准化飞行数据。
为避免选取数据时出现重复冗杂,首先分析原始数据的相关性,剔除相关性系数为1(正相关)或-1(负相关)的参数,保留代表性的89个参数,再利用Matlab软件相关性分析筛选出的数据,得到结果如图1所示。89个参数之间无完全正负相关,可最大程度保持QAR数据的特征,并省去降维处理数据的过程。
利用聚类分析处理并找出民机异常飞行数据,整合得到的离群数据,构建出基于QAR数据的异常模式数据库。数据库中每个异常模式均由89个飞行参数组成,单一参数可能并不会出现超限,但89个参数的组合会出现异常高维空间点,将其定义为异常飞行模式。这89个参数即是异常飞行模式的组成要素,也是影响异常飞行模式的重要因素。此外,不同飞行阶段飞行员操作参数、飞机状态参数、性能参数等有显著不同,因此,飞行阶段是影响挖掘异常飞行模式的重要因素。在建立异常飞行模式识别模型时,应考虑外部因素飞行阶段和内部因素QAR的各个参数。
飞行风险是指航空器飞行过程中的安全风险,安全风险的评估通常以安全不期望事件发生的可能性及其后果严重程度为依据。考虑到通常航空器飞行过程被划分为若干阶段,飞行阶段是飞行风险评价的影响因素。以QAR的多个参数表征飞行的全过程,以每个样本表示此刻的飞行模式,每个飞行模式由89个参数组成,通过聚类分析得出异常飞行模式及其偏离程度,异常飞行模式持续的时间也是影响飞行风险评价的重要因素。因此,飞行风险影响因素有:安全不期望事件发生的可能性、安全不期望事件发生后果的严重程度、飞行阶段、异常模式偏离程度和异常模式持续时间。
K-means聚类分析是属于一种划分方法,最主要的是找出簇形的簇心。定义一个飞行参数数据集 X并给出一个 K值, K值为根据飞行阶段的数量选取的簇心个数,利用Matlab软件执行聚类算法,将数据集分割为预先定义的 K个簇,即 K个飞行阶段。
1) 以固定的时间间隔对每个飞行参数采样,并将所有采样值整理成一个矢量,表示每个飞行参数的数据序列,并将飞行数据转换为高维空间时间向量。
X = x 1 t 1 x 2 t 1 x m t 1   x 1 t 2 x 2 t 2 x m t 2       x 1 t n x 2 t n x m t n
式中: n为样本数量; m为飞行参数数量, t n为第 n个样本的时间, x m t n为第 n样本的第 m个飞行参数。
2) 选取 K个样本作为高维空间中形成簇的簇心。
C k = { c 1 k c 2 k c j k c m k } k { 1,2 K }
式中: C k为第 k个簇心; c j k为第 k个簇心的第 j个飞行参数。
3) 计算飞行数据集 X中每个数据到各簇心的距离,并将相应数据归纳到与其簇心最近的簇中。
d i k = ( x 1 t i - c 1 k ) 2 + ( x 2 t i - c 2 k ) 2 + + ( x m t i - c m k ) 2
式中 d i k t i时刻向量点到第 k个簇心的距离。
4) 经过计算得到初始的 K个簇,再利用维度均值重新定义各个簇类中的数据并确定每个簇新的簇心。最后进行数据迭代,当迭代次数到达某一值时,簇心不再改变,即完成了该数据集 X的聚类。
5) 计算第 k个飞行阶段异常模式的偏离程度;
D i k = ( d i k - C D k ) / C D k
式中: D i k为第 i个异常模式的偏离程度;CD(Critical Distance)为临界距离,即最远的正常点距离其簇心的距离; d i k为第 i个异常模式距离其簇心的距离。
异常模式的偏离程度>0,将正常模式的偏离程度均定义为0。由QAR数据预处理得,QAR时间序列样本采样频率为16 Hz,每个样本的采样时间间隔为1/16 s,每个异常模式的持续时间 T,基于统计得出飞行阶段乃至航班的异常模式持续时间。
飞行阶段可详细划分为滑跑、起飞、初爬、再爬、巡航、下降、初始进近、最后进近、着陆、滑行10个阶段,考虑到部分阶段在操作和风险方面表征类似,因此将飞行过程划分为5个阶段:①滑跑起飞。从关闭舱门开始,结束于收起起落架。②爬升。从收起起落架开始。③巡航。飞行高度不低于最大巡航高度偏离100 ft范围内。④下降阶段。开始于巡航结束,结束于最终进近定位点。⑤进近着陆。开始于放下起落架最终进近,结束于着陆后打开舱门。
根据全球商用喷气式飞机事故统计结果得:
P = P k = 0.13,0.18,0.13,0.03,0.54
S = S k = [ 0.06,0.21,0.29,0.04,0.40 ] × 10 4
式中: P k为第 k个飞行阶段的安全不期望事件发生的可能性,用致命事故的占比表征; S k为第 k个飞行阶段的安全不期望事件发生后果的严重程度,以事故造成机上死亡人数占比的 10 4表征。
基于飞行风险影响因素,提出一种基于QAR的航空器飞行风险评价方法。为量化多参数指标的协同作用下航班飞行的风险,使用QAR全量参数进行模式识别,识别和定义了异常模式的偏离程度和持续时间,依据各阶段事故发生的统计结果确定安全不期望事件发生的可能性。
R k = P k × S k × T i = 1 N k × O D i k
R = k = 1 K R k
式中: R k为第 k个飞行阶段的风险值;T=1/16 s为每个异常模式持续的时间; N k为第 k个飞行阶段的样本总数; O为离群样本的比例系数,取1/1 000;R为航班飞行的总风险值。
数据来源于某航空公司某航空器不同日期的255个航班,原始数据共计89个参数。
K-means算法的迭代次数R需要预先设定一个合理范围。图2以其中一个航班B为例,设置5个聚类类别、不同重复次数对比图,其中,6条实线以主坐标轴为基准,2条虚线以副坐标轴为基准;为便于观察,将K=5个聚类类别,类别和异常点的数值乘以10,即类别转化为10、20、30、40、50,异常点转化为60;将起落架起落架的数值乘以100,即起落架原为0或1转化为0或100。可得,当重复次数N=1时,聚类结果与实际飞行阶段不符;当 N > 2时,聚类结果与预期相符,且分类结果稳定,因此取N>2。
在聚类分析时将选取 K个簇心,以飞行阶段为基准,将 K取5~10之间的数值进行分析。图3为航班C取不同 K值的对比图, K取5时,聚类划分阶段效果与实际相符,能够满足不同飞行阶段异常飞行模式识别的需求; K > 5时,实际分类效果不佳。 K = 6时,飞机接地后又分为2个阶段; K = 7时,将巡航阶段分为多个阶段,与实际飞行不符。因此, K宜取为5。
风险量化某航空公司255个航班QAR数据后发现,不同航班风险分布差异明显,航班总风险值均值为166.94,75%的航班风险低于204.44,异常值高于386.97,航班风险分布情况如图4所示。由图4b可知:巡航阶段风险最高,均值93.46,75%风险低于117.47,箱型图异常值高于269.83;下降阶段均值为31.78,75%风险低于41.17,异常值高于75.25;爬升阶段均值18.10,75%风险低于18.17,异常值高于40.84;进近着陆阶段均值17.64,75%风险低于31.43,异常值高于77.52;滑跑起飞阶段均值5.95,75%航班风险低于5.00,异常值高于10.08。
巡航和爬升阶段风险较高的样例如图5所示。分析255个航班发现,异常飞行模式多发生在飞行阶段交替时刻及巡航阶段。进一步分析各阶段风险值异常QAR数据后发现,油门、杆、舵等的变化频率和幅度容易引起风险增大,由图5可见:油门杆的频繁或大幅度操作出现异常,会导致高度或速度的急剧变化。①异常飞行模式发生在起飞和初始爬升、进近阶段和着陆阶段等临界时刻,临界时刻飞行员需要在考虑外部飞行环境的条件下进行大量手动操作,直接导致飞行QAR的大范围急剧变化,飞行员工作负荷较高,也相对容易出现偏差,这类异常模式风险较大与实际情况相符。②异常飞行模式发生在巡航阶段的飞行阶段交替的临界时刻,表示在通常认为的较为安全的巡航阶段中,出现了较多风险相对高的异常飞行模式,这类异常模式容易被忽视,是由外部飞行环境的突然变化、飞行员误操作等原因导致,多数因民机巡航时有足够的高度和速度,能够留出反应时间,使得随着自动驾驶或者飞行员的及时修正而终止民机异常飞行模式。
未及时发现和修正异常飞行模式会影响出现偏差事件的风险,从全球商用喷气式飞机事故统计数据来看,巡航阶段发生事故的后果极其严重,因此,对于此民机异常飞行模式的识别及持续监控预警非常必要。分析QAR数据聚类结果后,发现飞行阶段划分合理, K合理且 R稳定,因此在找出异常数据后,筛选异常数据并组建一个异常模式数据库。样例见表1。第2列为该航班的样本编号,采样频率为16 Hz;其余列为89个QAR数据样例。数据库中每个异常模式均由89个飞行参数组成,单一参数可能并不会出现超限,但89个参数的组合出现异常模式。通过飞行数据实时监控,在实际飞行中一旦出现异常飞行模式,早期预警有助于飞行员更早发现异常、做出操作行为,研究基于飞行QAR数据民机异常飞行模式识别及风险评价模型为飞行实时监控预警提供一定理论支撑。
1) 外部因素飞行阶段和内部因素QAR的各个参数均为飞行品质的重要影响因素。异常模式多出现在巡航阶段的临界点,巡航阶段的临界时刻风险最高。
2) 不同航班异常模式分布差异明显,航班总风险均值为166.94,但异常值高于386.97。不同航班、不同飞行阶段风险值差异较大,滑跑起飞阶段的异常飞行风险相对偏低,均值为5.95,巡航阶段的异常飞行风险相对偏高,均值为93.46。
3) 提出一种基于异常模式偏离程度、异常模式持续时间、飞行阶段、安全不期望事件发生的可能性、安全不期望事件发生后果的严重程度5种因素的民机飞行风险量化方法。该方法能够为航空公司的实时风险评估提供支持,量化不同航班及不同飞行阶段的风险差异,建立异常飞行模式数据库有利于飞行实时的异常监测,有利于早期防控飞行风险。
4) 未来可结合飞行员操作及心理等人为因素进行研究,深入挖掘分析异常模式产生的原因和结果。
  • 天津市自然科学基金资助(24JCQNJC00200)
  • 中国民航大学科研启动基金资助(2020KYQD67)
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2025年第35卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0779
  • 接收时间:2024-09-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-10
  • 修回日期:2024-11-13
基金
天津市自然科学基金资助(24JCQNJC00200)
中国民航大学科研启动基金资助(2020KYQD67)
作者信息
    1 中国民航大学 安全科学与工程学院,天津 300300
    2 中国东方航空武汉有限责任公司,湖北 武汉 430300
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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