Article(id=1148106702483878299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0153-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0895, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723219200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-10, revisedDate=1728576000000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659568663, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659568663, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659568663, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659568663, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=146, endPage=153, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757469674619373, articleId=1148106702483878299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on pedestrian flow characteristic model and instability based on controlled experiment, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to investigate the threshold conditions for pedestrian destabilization, controlled experiments were conducted in three different scenarios, including "two-person collision experiment", "multiple-person collision experiment" and "high-density multiple-person collision experiment". A pedestrian flow model was constructed, considering collision pressure, speed, density and volume. Additionally, experimental videos and collision pressure data were collected by using an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and pressure sensing equipment, respectively. The changing rules of pedestrian trajectory, pedestrian flow characteristics, and collision pressure were obtained by data analysis. On this basis, the segmented Hermite triple interpolation was used to investigate the influence of speed and density on collision pressure. Finally, based on the Van Aerde model, a four-dimensional model of "pressure-speed-density-volume" was constructed by introducing the parameters of collision pressure to judge the threshold conditions of pedestrian flow instability. The results show that pedestrian flow begins at 2.46 persons/m2 and reaches complete instability at 3.59 persons/m2. During the instability process, the pedestrian may be subjected to the collision pressure ranging from 187.32 N to 258.11 N. The results provide references for the control of the pedestrian flow and the improvement of pedestrian traffic safety.

, correspAuthors=Xinhua MAO, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Tao ZHENG, Jibiao ZHOU, Xinhua MAO, Sheng DONG, Zhenya ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106710239145992, articleId=1148106702483878299, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于控制试验的行人流特性模型及失稳研究, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究行人流失稳的阈值条件,开展双人碰撞、多人碰撞和高密度多人碰撞3种不同场景的控制试验,构建考虑碰撞挤压力、速度、密度、流量的行人流模型;通过无人机与压力传感设备采集试验数据,分析得到行人轨迹、行人流特性及行人间碰撞挤压力的变化特征;在此基础上,利用分段Hermite三次插值法,探究速度、密度对碰撞挤压力大小的影响;基于Van Aerde模型,引入碰撞挤压力参数,构建力-速度-密度-流量四维模型,判断行人流失稳的阈值条件。结果表明: 当行人密度达2.46人/m2,行人流开始失稳;当行人密度达3.59人/m2,行人流完全失稳;失稳过程中,行人受到的碰撞挤压力区间为[187.32, 258.11]N。

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**毛新华(1986—),男,江苏海门人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通韧性优化等方面的研究。E-mail:
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郑 韬 (2000—),男,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

周继彪 副教授

毛新华 副教授

董 升 副教授

张振亚 副教授

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董 升 副教授

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张振亚 副教授

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张振亚 副教授

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注:采用T检验分析数值之间差异的显著性;*表示T检验的p值小于0.05。

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基于控制试验的行人流特性模型及失稳研究
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郑韬 1, 2 , 周继彪 3, 4 , 毛新华 1, 2, ** , 董升 5 , 张振亚 5
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(1): 146-153
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(1): 146-153
基于控制试验的行人流特性模型及失稳研究
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郑韬1, 2 , 周继彪3, 4, 毛新华1, 2, ** , 董升5, 张振亚5
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学 运输工程学院,陕西 西安 710064
  • 2 长安大学 道路基础设施数字化教育部工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710064
  • 3 同济大学 交通运输工程学院, 上海 210804
  • 4 宁波市高等级公路建设管理中心,浙江 宁波 315199
  • 5 宁波工程学院 建筑与交通工程学院,浙江 宁波 315211
  • 郑 韬 (2000—),男,浙江宁波人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为交通运输规划与管理。E-mail:

    周继彪 副教授

    毛新华 副教授

    董 升 副教授

    张振亚 副教授

通讯作者:

**毛新华(1986—),男,江苏海门人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通韧性优化等方面的研究。E-mail:
Research on pedestrian flow characteristic model and instability based on controlled experiment
Tao ZHENG1, 2 , Jibiao ZHOU3, 4, Xinhua MAO1, 2, ** , Sheng DONG5, Zhenya ZHANG5
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation Engineering, Chang'an University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710064, China
  • 2 Engineering Research Center of Highway Infrastructure Digitalization, Chang'an University, Xi'an Shaanxi 710064, China
  • 3 School of Transportation Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 201804, China
  • 4 Ningbo High Grade Highway Construction Management, Ningbo Zhejiang 315199, China
  • 5 School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Ningbo University of Technology, Ningbo Zhejiang 315211, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0895
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为探究行人流失稳的阈值条件,开展双人碰撞、多人碰撞和高密度多人碰撞3种不同场景的控制试验,构建考虑碰撞挤压力、速度、密度、流量的行人流模型;通过无人机与压力传感设备采集试验数据,分析得到行人轨迹、行人流特性及行人间碰撞挤压力的变化特征;在此基础上,利用分段Hermite三次插值法,探究速度、密度对碰撞挤压力大小的影响;基于Van Aerde模型,引入碰撞挤压力参数,构建力-速度-密度-流量四维模型,判断行人流失稳的阈值条件。结果表明: 当行人密度达2.46人/m2,行人流开始失稳;当行人密度达3.59人/m2,行人流完全失稳;失稳过程中,行人受到的碰撞挤压力区间为[187.32, 258.11]N。

行人交通安全  /  控制试验  /  行人流失稳  /  行人流特性  /  碰撞挤压力

In order to investigate the threshold conditions for pedestrian destabilization, controlled experiments were conducted in three different scenarios, including "two-person collision experiment", "multiple-person collision experiment" and "high-density multiple-person collision experiment". A pedestrian flow model was constructed, considering collision pressure, speed, density and volume. Additionally, experimental videos and collision pressure data were collected by using an unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)and pressure sensing equipment, respectively. The changing rules of pedestrian trajectory, pedestrian flow characteristics, and collision pressure were obtained by data analysis. On this basis, the segmented Hermite triple interpolation was used to investigate the influence of speed and density on collision pressure. Finally, based on the Van Aerde model, a four-dimensional model of "pressure-speed-density-volume" was constructed by introducing the parameters of collision pressure to judge the threshold conditions of pedestrian flow instability. The results show that pedestrian flow begins at 2.46 persons/m2 and reaches complete instability at 3.59 persons/m2. During the instability process, the pedestrian may be subjected to the collision pressure ranging from 187.32 N to 258.11 N. The results provide references for the control of the pedestrian flow and the improvement of pedestrian traffic safety.

pedestrian traffic safety  /  controlled experiments  /  pedestrian flow instability  /  pedestrian flow characteristics  /  collision pressure
郑韬, 周继彪, 毛新华, 董升, 张振亚. 基于控制试验的行人流特性模型及失稳研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 146 -153 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0895
Tao ZHENG, Jibiao ZHOU, Xinhua MAO, Sheng DONG, Zhenya ZHANG. Research on pedestrian flow characteristic model and instability based on controlled experiment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 146 -153 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0895
城市公共场所往往具有行人密集度高、人员结构复杂、行人流冲突较多等特点,易产生行人交通安全隐患。当行人流密度较高时,行人个体间易产生相互碰撞挤压力,造成部分行人个体失稳,并扩散至整个行人群体,导致行人流失稳无序。因此,研究行人间碰撞挤压力与行人流特性的变化对明确行人流状态的影响机制,对于提升行人交通安全具有重要意义。
行人个体间、行人与环境间的相互作用使得行人群体构成一个复杂的行人流系统。行人在移动过程中会发生多种物理现象,如自组织现象[1]、从众现象[2]、避让现象[3]、瓶颈效应现象[4]等,这会加大行人流建模的难度。控制试验是研究行人流特性的重要方法,其不但能直接观察特定场景下行人流的基本特性[5-6],提高研究效率,更可视研究内容不同,灵活提取和分析行人运动过程中的其他特征[7]。控制试验多围绕行人交通安全问题展开。LI Jun等[8]通过行人疏散试验,构建了一种基于路径规划和情绪传染机制的考虑复杂障碍物情况下的行人疏散模型。WANG Jianyu[9]、SHI Dongdong[10]和YE Rui[11]等分别开展试验,研究楼梯结构、行人负载和行走模式对行人上下楼的影响,并建立了相关模型。此外,控制试验也被广泛应用于研究行人在运动过程中的受力问题。SHEN Liangchang等[12]使用一台压力分布测量跑步机记录不同速度下行人个体的步态参数,并由此建立了行人个体运动模型。WANG Chongyang等[13]基于碰撞动力学开展试验,还原了行人间的连续碰撞过程。SONG Jingni等[14]基于控制试验改进社会力模型,通过计算行人间的挤压力来模拟高密度人群运动。LI Xudong等[15]通过设置一系列对照试验,研究行人在静态和移动状态下的接触力,发现行人间的接触力主要集中在胸部、背部、上臂和双肩,且这些力呈现出周期性的波动特征。
虽然目前针对行人流的研究成果较多,但上述研究仅考虑行人流特性或行人间的相互作用,忽略了两者间的联系。且现有研究仍存在2个关键问题:①未揭示行人间碰撞挤压力与行人流特性的关系,无法通过行人密度、速度、流量等判断行人受力的大小;②未明确行人间碰撞挤压力对行人流状态的影响机制,无法有效判断行人流失稳阈值。因此,笔者拟通过开展双人碰撞、多人碰撞和高密度多人碰撞3种不同场景的行人控制试验,构建考虑行人间碰撞挤压力的行人流模型,建立行人流失稳的阈值条件,揭示行人流特性与碰撞挤压力关系及行人流失稳机制,为提升行人交通安全提供参考。
设计双人碰撞试验、多人碰撞试验和高密度多人碰撞试验等3种场景,如图1所示。
试验中,行人会受到来自不同方向的碰撞力和挤压力。碰撞力主要由行人碰撞产生,挤压力则是当行人密度过高,发生拥挤、拥堵时产生。为测量行人间的碰撞挤压力,配置10枚薄膜式压力传感器,通过内嵌于衣物的方式,佩戴在被试身体上容易被接触和碰撞的部位,包括胸部4枚、左臂1枚、右臂1枚和背部4枚。
1) 试验准备。招募25名人员,包括被试1名,参与者19名,协助人员5名。5名协助人员在试验场景外进行试验组织与数据采集,包括负责录像的摄影师1名,负责记录碰撞挤压力数据的记录员1名,负责记录试验时间的计时员1名,以及试验组织者2名。
2) 试验场景搭建。2名组织者根据场景要求,使用交通锥和警戒线搭建通道作为试验边界。所有行人,包括被试和参与者,在等待区域进行等候并排成队列。记录员和计时员将计算机与压力传感器进行连接,调试相关仪器设备。
3) 开始试验。计时员下达开始命令,开始计时。同时,摄影师操作无人机开始录像;记录员开启压力采集装置,记录被试受到的碰撞挤压力数据;两侧行人开始依次离开等待区域,进入通道并发生碰撞。试验过程中,计时员在通道外跟随被试,随时观察行走状况。直到所有行人完全通过通道后,试验结束,计时员发出结束命令并停止计时。
4) 重复试验。每个场景进行20次试验。当试验场景为场景2或场景3时,考虑被试受到的力可能会受其在队列中的位置影响,按队首、队中和队尾的顺序分别改变被试在队列中的位置。所有场景试验完成,共获得60组试验数据。
试验录像均由一台分辨率1 920×1 080 ppi,帧率25帧/s的无人机俯拍得到。采用人工标定的方法,在一台分辨率1 920×1 080 ppi,刷新率为60 Hz的彩色显示器上采集视频中的行人头部轨迹,以避免自动标定造成的误差。采集间隔时间为0.2s,确保数据能够准确反映行人的运动状况。
1) 速度。行人的步行速度由下式计算:
v t n = ( p t + Δ t , x n - p t , x n ) 2 + ( p t + Δ t , y n - p t , y n ) 2 Δ t
式中: v t n为行人 n在时刻 t的点速度,m/s; p t , x n p t , y n分别为行人 n t时刻位于XY方向轴的坐标; Δ t为数据采集的单位间隔时间,s,取0.02。
2) 密度。采用Voronoi图法[16]计算行人密度,将通道划分为若干个Voronoi单元,每个单元包含且仅包含1位行人,单元的形状随行人位置的变化而改变。计算每一时刻各行人所处单元的局部行人密度 k t i为:
k t i = 1 S t i
式中 S t i为第 i个行人 t时刻所在Voronoi单元的面积。
3) 碰撞挤压力。为便于计算,默认各传感器受力方向为垂直薄膜向内,则被试所受合力如下:
F = F ¯ C + F ¯ L + F ¯ R + F ¯ B
式中: F ¯ C F ¯ L F ¯ R F ¯ B分别为被试胸部、左臂、右臂与背部的受力,N;F为被试受到的碰撞挤压力,N。
4) 流量。由于每次发生碰撞时被试的位置不同,无法以固定的横截面来计算流量。因此,将被试视为一个粒子,通过这个粒子垂直于通道的运动线段作为参考横截面,来计算相向行人流量,如图2所示。
流量计算公式如下:
q t = v a v g o × k e t
式中: q t t时刻通过参考横截面的相向行人流量,人/s; v a v g o t时刻通过横截面的相向行人的平均速度mm/s; k e t为被试所处Voronoi单元的密度,人/m2
根据提取得到的视频数据,分析行人轨迹。图3为3个场景下部分试验的行人轨迹,图中,横线为试验通道,均为15.0 m×1.2 m。在此基础上,标记行人在各个位置的瞬时速度。
图3可知:
1) 场景1。由于行人密度低,行走过程中几乎不存在阻碍,因此轨迹较为平滑。行人的速度全程未发生明显变化,即使发生碰撞,速度变化也较小。
2) 场景2。行人数量、密度较场景1显著增大,如图3c图3e所示。可以发现,行人轨迹开始较为平滑,当与对向行人碰撞或即将发生碰撞时,由于行人避让、碰撞或挤压,行人轨迹向通道外侧大幅偏移,同时速度骤减。
3) 场景3。相较前2个场景,场景3中的轨迹较为混乱,呈现出不同程度的纵向振荡,如图3f图3h所示。在发生碰撞时,行人轨迹出现大幅度:偏移、弯曲及大量连续波动,且存在大量行人逆流和超出通道边界的现象。碰撞结束后,行人多不再于通道中心行走,而是紧贴通道边界行走,且伴有一定程度的纵向轨迹波动。此时,行人交通安全存在较大隐患。
根据轨迹数据,计算行人在试验中的速度和密度。速度和密度在一定程度上反映了行人的通行效率和行人流的稳定水平。在无外界扰动的情况下,行人的平均自由速度为1.63m/s[17]。而文中行人的平均速度在3个场景中具有显著的差异,且均低于1.63m/s,如图4所示。
场景1的行人受碰撞影响程度最轻,其平均速度为1.58m/s,与自由速度接近。场景2和场景3中,由于行人密度的增加,行人步行受影响严重,其平均速度分别为0.74和0.58m/s,远低于自由速度。
为探究被试在队列所处位置对发生碰撞时速度和密度的影响,分析场景2和场景3中不同位置的被试速度和所处区域密度,结果如图5所示。
图5a可以发现,在场景2和场景3中,碰撞时处于队尾的被试行走速度最大,处于队首的被试行走速度则最小。表明位于队首的行人受碰撞影响较大,位于队尾的行人受碰撞影响较小。同时,处于队首的被试行走速度标准差最大,表明该位置的行人速度相对不稳定,受个体影响较大。
队列不同位置被试发生碰撞时的行人密度如图5b所示。在场景2和场景3中,位于队首的被试所处区域的行人密度是最大的,位于队尾的被试所处区域的行人密度则相对较小。同时,由于行人流的不稳定,队首区域的行人密度标准差也最大,由图5a图5b可知:被试在发生碰撞时速度与所处区域密度呈负相关。行人密度由Voronoi图计算,如图6所示。
为进一步探究碰撞挤压力与速度、密度间的关系,记碰撞挤压力F为因变量,速度v与密度k为自变量(场景1中仅有2名行人,无法计算密度,因此仅以v作为自变量),对试验数据进行分段3次Hermite插值,过程如下:
Fv, k间的函数关系为
F = f ( v , k )
已知 f ( p , q ) ( v r , k i ) , p , q = 0,1 , , k - 1 ; r , i = 1,2 , , n,假设插值函数唯一,记为 p ( v , k ),则:
p + q v p k q p ( v i , k j ) = f ( p , q ) ( v i , k j )
参考Ahlin范式[18],构造二元分段3×3次Hermite插值,为方便起见,对于v引入插值基函数,每个子块 [ v i , v i + 1 ] × [ y j , y j + 1 ]上的 p 3,3 ( v , k )可写成:
p 3,3 ( v , k ) = j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ i ( v ) ψ j ( k ) f ( v i , k j ) +
j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ i v ψ ˜ j k k f ( v i , k j ) +
j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ ˜ i v ψ j k v f ( v i , k j ) +
j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ ˜ i v ψ ˜ j k 2 v k f ( v i , k j ) *
式中: *为插值余项,即误差; ϕ i ( v ) ϕ ˜ i ( v ) ψ j ( k ) ψ ˜ j ( k )为关于v, k的构造函数,计算如下:
ϕ i ( v ) = [ 1 - 2 l ' i ( v i ) ( v - v i ) ] l i 2 ( v )
ϕ ˜ i ( v ) = ( v - v i ) l i 2 ( v )
ψ j ( k ) = [ 1 - 2 m ' j ( k j ) ( k - k j ) ] m j 2 ( k )
ψ ˜ j ( k ) = ( k - k j ) l j 2 ( k )
式中 l i ( v ) , m j ( k )分别为关于v, k的Lagrange插值基函数。
Hermite插值结果如图7所示。从图7中可以发现:
1) 场景1中有2名行人发生碰撞,此时可以认为密度趋近于0。被试受到的力几乎只有碰撞力,与速度呈正相关。
2) 场景2和场景3中,随速度的增加,碰撞挤压力先增大后减小。分析原因,是由于密度相对较小时,被试受到的力主要由碰撞力组成,此时速度越大,碰撞挤压力越大;而随密度增加,挤压力在被试受到的力中占比不断增大,此时若速度较大,表明行人行走相对自由,密度处于较低水平,挤压力较小,被试受到的力也整体较小。
3) 观察密度与碰撞挤压力的关系,可以发现二者基本呈正相关。在场景3中,较大的碰撞挤压力一般出现在行人密度较高的区域,其原因是由于行人拥挤造成的。然而,当密度处于一个相对较小值时,被试也可受到较大的力,此时速度一般较大,说明被试受到的力主要由碰撞力组成。
宏观基本图常被用来研究各类交通流特性间的关系。当交通流密度趋近某一临界密度时,基本图曲线将会折回,形成一个闭合回路。此现象称为磁滞现象[19-20],形成的闭合环称为磁滞环。在行人流中,密度k由0开始增加至最佳密度kc,当 k [ 0 , k c ],行人流数据与基本图曲线较贴合,状态稳定。当密度进一步增大至临界密度kh,即 k [ k c , k h ],行人流数据逐渐与曲线分离,进入拥挤状态,开始失稳。当密度趋近kh,将发生磁滞现象,行人流数据分散在磁滞环周围,完全失稳。
Van Aerde模型[21]于1996年被提出,广泛应用于宏观基本图曲线的拟合。文中在Van Aerde模型基础上加入碰撞挤压力参数,构建力-速度-密度-流量四维模型,见下式:
F = j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ i ( v ) ψ j ( k ) f ( v i , k j ) +
j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ i v ψ ˜ j k k f ( v i , k j ) +
j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ ˜ i v ψ j k v f ( v i , k j ) +
j = 1 n i = 1 n ϕ ˜ i v ψ ˜ j k 2 v k f ( v i , k j ) *
k = 1 c 1 + c 2 v f - v s + c 3 v s
c 1 = v f 2 v c r - v f ) k m a x v c r 2
c 2 = v f ( v c r - v f ) 2 k m a x v c r 2
c 3 = 1 q c - v f k m a x v c r 2
式中: v s为平均行走速度,m/s; v t为自由流速度,取1.63m/s[17]; v c r为临界速度,m/s; q c为通行能力,人/s; k m a x为阻塞密度,人/m2
将试验数据代入模型,如图8所示。
图8a可知:当行人密度达到2.46人/m2,流量达到最大,为2.63人/s。当行人密度超过2.46人/m2,行人流进入拥挤状态,开始失稳,流量随密度的增大而减小,试验数据开始在脱离拟合曲线。当密度达3.59人/m2,试验数据开始折回,出现磁滞现象,试验数据分散在磁滞环周围,此时的步行速度 v h为0.37m/s。图8b为碰撞挤压力与密度的拟合关系,分别将 k c=2.46人/m2 k h=3.59人/m2代入,得碰撞挤压力区间为[187.32,258.11]N,即在设计试验场景下,行人流从开始失稳至完全失稳,受到的碰撞挤压力为[187.32,258.11]N。
1) 高行人密度下,行人的行走轨迹会发生偏移、弯曲及连续波动,出现行人逆流现象,导致行人失稳,且难以通过行人自组织恢复稳定。
2) 有限区域内,行人速度与密度呈负相关,且速度变化略滞后于密度变化。碰撞、拥挤将严重影响行人的行走状态,其中位于队首的行人受影响最大,位于队尾的行人受影响最小。
3) 行人密度相对较小时,行人受到的力主要为碰撞力,且与行走速度呈正相关;行人密度相对较大时,行人受到的力主要为挤压力,且与密度呈正相关。
4) 当行人密度达2.46人/m2,行人流开始失稳;当行人密度达3.59人/m2,行人流完全失稳。在失稳过程中,行人可能受到的碰撞挤压力区间为[187.32,258.11]N。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52002282)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52102374)
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2025年第35卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0895
  • 接收时间:2024-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-10
  • 修回日期:2024-10-11
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52002282)
国家自然科学基金资助(52102374)
作者信息
    1 长安大学 运输工程学院,陕西 西安 710064
    2 长安大学 道路基础设施数字化教育部工程研究中心,陕西 西安 710064
    3 同济大学 交通运输工程学院, 上海 210804
    4 宁波市高等级公路建设管理中心,浙江 宁波 315199
    5 宁波工程学院 建筑与交通工程学院,浙江 宁波 315211

通讯作者:

**毛新华(1986—),男,江苏海门人,博士,副教授,主要从事交通韧性优化等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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