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Article(id=1148106700906815777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0050-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1389, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723651200000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-15, revisedDate=1728921600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659568287, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659568287, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659568287, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659568287, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=50, endPage=59, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757470039523823, articleId=1148106700906815777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Mechanical response of high pre-tightening stress uniformly distributed bolt under static-dynamic load, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to solve the problem of bolt breaking and losing anchor due to the influence of strong mining stress in deep mining roadway, and effectively improve the pre-tightening force of the bolt, a stress uniform bolt with high pre-tightening force was designed. The theoretical analysis, static load drawing and drop hammer impact test, numerical calculation and DIC method were used to study the load-displacement distribution characteristics of the bolt in the process of static load drawing, and the stress concentration position of the bolt was obtained. The mechanical response characteristics of the bolt under dynamic load were studied by using Ansys numerical simulation of drop hammer impact test and SHPB impact test. The results show that the thread deformation of the ordinary bolt nut decreases exponentially along the axial direction away from the extrusion surface, and the strain is concentrated in the first three circles of the thread. The stress uniformly distributed bolt can achieve thread strain coordination, and the mechanical environment is good. The change of bolt axial force is divided into a rising zone, an oscillating zone and a stable zone. When the drop hammer impulse is the same, the stress uniform distribution bolt can reduce the impact force to 64% of the original, and reduce the amplitude frequency of bolt axial force. The stress uniform distribution bolt can reduce the amplitude and frequency of the stress wave waveform. The research results have been applied to deep roadways such as Zhuji mine, Paner mine and Dingji mine. The bolt has no broken anchor phenomenon, and the control effect of the roadway surrounding rock is good.

, correspAuthors=Chuiyu LI, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Junling HOU, Chuiyu LI, Tongli HUANG, Lin YUAN, Shiyang LIU, Ping HUANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106714458612076, articleId=1148106700906815777, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=高预紧力应力均布型锚杆在静-动载作用下的力学响应, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决因深部采动巷道强采动应力影响导致锚杆断锚、失锚现象发生的问题,有效提高锚杆预紧力,设计一款可施加高预紧力的应力均布型锚杆,综合采用理论分析、静载拉拔和落锤冲击试验、数值计算以及数字散斑相关法(DIC)等研究锚杆静载拉拔过程中载荷-位移分布特征,得到锚杆应力集中位置;采用Ansys数值模拟落锤冲击试验和霍普金森压杆(SHPB)冲击试验,研究锚杆在动载作用下的力学响应特征。研究结果表明:普通锚杆螺母螺纹变形沿着远离挤压面轴向呈指数降低,应变集中在螺纹前3圈,应力均布型锚杆可实现螺纹应变协调,力学环境良好;锚杆轴力变化分为上升区、震荡区、稳定区,当落锤冲量相同时,应力均布型锚杆可将冲击力降低为原来的64%,降低锚杆轴力振幅频率;应力均布型锚杆可降低应力波波形变化幅度及频率。该研究成果在朱集矿、潘二矿、丁集矿等深部巷道应用,锚杆未见断锚现象,对巷道围岩控制效果较好。

, correspAuthors=李垂宇, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**李垂宇(2000—),男,福建南平人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锚杆支护技术及施工工艺。E-mail: 。
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侯俊领 (1979—),男,江苏徐州人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制、矿山支护设计技术及成套装备研究。E-mail:。

刘世阳 正高级工程师

黄 平 教授

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侯俊领 (1979—),男,江苏徐州人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制、矿山支护设计技术及成套装备研究。E-mail:。

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侯俊领 (1979—),男,江苏徐州人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制、矿山支护设计技术及成套装备研究。E-mail:。

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刘世阳 正高级工程师

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刘世阳 正高级工程师

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黄 平 教授

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黄 平 教授

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articleId=1148106700906815777, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Force-time curve of bolt body, figureFileSmall=qGl1XjxvugBwUQnmddXO4A==, figureFileBig=IOS7oeZFvzDDKHTt18N7cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988472517089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=CN, label=图8, caption=锚杆杆体受力-时间曲线, figureFileSmall=qGl1XjxvugBwUQnmddXO4A==, figureFileBig=IOS7oeZFvzDDKHTt18N7cQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988514460130, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Bolt thread deformation failure cloud diagram, figureFileSmall=EGi2syWx4HUH9SBYhSWKRA==, figureFileBig=NCZdnPClA9ynHHZuumyYvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988564791779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=CN, label=图9, caption=锚杆螺纹变形破坏云图, figureFileSmall=EGi2syWx4HUH9SBYhSWKRA==, figureFileBig=NCZdnPClA9ynHHZuumyYvQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988615123428, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=SHPB structure and loading device, figureFileSmall=cIJ8oQUEBtb9J63Ntzqqgg==, figureFileBig=a88pvivUm3YJRKM99yTDPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988665455077, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=CN, label=图10, caption=SHPB总构及加载装置, figureFileSmall=cIJ8oQUEBtb9J63Ntzqqgg==, figureFileBig=a88pvivUm3YJRKM99yTDPw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988761924070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Test materials and anchorage specimens, figureFileSmall=rEhM1t1gscmH7Ob5Uz9wdw==, figureFileBig=ilA9NrnJQAj00lWyc4eL8w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721988816450023, 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subsidence, figureFileSmall=XcIKxbTNqWttYcqdgm48vg==, figureFileBig=B4SjdVRE8LgRSeFkQXMcxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721989021970923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=CN, label=图13, caption=巷道顶板下沉量, figureFileSmall=XcIKxbTNqWttYcqdgm48vg==, figureFileBig=B4SjdVRE8LgRSeFkQXMcxw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721989076496876, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

The mechanical parameters of each component of the drop hammer impact model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件名称 本构模型 密度/(kg·m-3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa
锚杆杆体 弹性体 7 850 200 0.28 500 630
托盘 弹性体 7 850 200 0.28 400 540
普通螺母 弹性体 7 850 200 0.25 400 600
应力均布
型螺母		 弹性体 7 850 200 0.25 400 600
锚固剂 弹性体 2 000 20 0.32 20 30
钢管 刚体 7 850 — 0.3 — —
落锤 刚体 7 850 — — — —
), ArticleFig(id=1165721989135217133, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700906815777, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

落锤冲击模型各构件力学参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件名称 本构模型 密度/(kg·m-3) 弹性模量/GPa 泊松比 屈服强度/MPa 抗拉强度/MPa
锚杆杆体 弹性体 7 850 200 0.28 500 630
托盘 弹性体 7 850 200 0.28 400 540
普通螺母 弹性体 7 850 200 0.25 400 600
应力均布
型螺母		 弹性体 7 850 200 0.25 400 600
锚固剂 弹性体 2 000 20 0.32 20 30
钢管 刚体 7 850 — 0.3 — —
落锤 刚体 7 850 — — — —
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高预紧力应力均布型锚杆在静-动载作用下的力学响应
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侯俊领 1, 2, 3 , 李垂宇 1, ** , 黄童李 3 , 袁琳 3 , 刘世阳 4 , 黄平 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(1): 50-59
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(1): 50-59
高预紧力应力均布型锚杆在静-动载作用下的力学响应
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侯俊领1, 2, 3 , 李垂宇1, ** , 黄童李3, 袁琳3, 刘世阳4, 黄平2
作者信息
  • 1 安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 2 攀枝花学院 四川 攀枝花 617001
  • 3 安徽理工大学 矿业工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
  • 4 淮南矿业(集团)有限责任公司,安徽 淮南 232001

    • 侯俊领 (1979—),男,江苏徐州人,博士,教授,主要从事矿山压力与岩层控制、矿山支护设计技术及成套装备研究。E-mail:。

    刘世阳 正高级工程师

    黄 平 教授

通讯作者:

**李垂宇(2000—),男,福建南平人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锚杆支护技术及施工工艺。E-mail: 。
Mechanical response of high pre-tightening stress uniformly distributed bolt under static-dynamic load
Junling HOU1, 2, 3 , Chuiyu LI1, ** , Tongli HUANG3, Lin YUAN3, Shiyang LIU4, Ping HUANG2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Civil Architecture, Anhui University of Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001, China
  • 2 Panzhihua University, Panzhihua Sichuan 617001, China
  • 3 School of Mining Engineering,Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan Anhui 232001, China
  • 4 Huainan Mining ( Group ) Co., Ltd., Huainan Anhui 232001, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1389
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摘要
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为解决因深部采动巷道强采动应力影响导致锚杆断锚、失锚现象发生的问题,有效提高锚杆预紧力,设计一款可施加高预紧力的应力均布型锚杆,综合采用理论分析、静载拉拔和落锤冲击试验、数值计算以及数字散斑相关法(DIC)等研究锚杆静载拉拔过程中载荷-位移分布特征,得到锚杆应力集中位置;采用Ansys数值模拟落锤冲击试验和霍普金森压杆(SHPB)冲击试验,研究锚杆在动载作用下的力学响应特征。研究结果表明:普通锚杆螺母螺纹变形沿着远离挤压面轴向呈指数降低,应变集中在螺纹前3圈,应力均布型锚杆可实现螺纹应变协调,力学环境良好;锚杆轴力变化分为上升区、震荡区、稳定区,当落锤冲量相同时,应力均布型锚杆可将冲击力降低为原来的64%,降低锚杆轴力振幅频率;应力均布型锚杆可降低应力波波形变化幅度及频率。该研究成果在朱集矿、潘二矿、丁集矿等深部巷道应用,锚杆未见断锚现象,对巷道围岩控制效果较好。

预紧力  /  应力均布型锚杆  /  静载  /  动载  /  力学响应  /  数字散斑相关法(DIC)  /  锚杆破断  /  落锤冲击  /  霍普金森压杆(SHPB)

In order to solve the problem of bolt breaking and losing anchor due to the influence of strong mining stress in deep mining roadway, and effectively improve the pre-tightening force of the bolt, a stress uniform bolt with high pre-tightening force was designed. The theoretical analysis, static load drawing and drop hammer impact test, numerical calculation and DIC method were used to study the load-displacement distribution characteristics of the bolt in the process of static load drawing, and the stress concentration position of the bolt was obtained. The mechanical response characteristics of the bolt under dynamic load were studied by using Ansys numerical simulation of drop hammer impact test and SHPB impact test. The results show that the thread deformation of the ordinary bolt nut decreases exponentially along the axial direction away from the extrusion surface, and the strain is concentrated in the first three circles of the thread. The stress uniformly distributed bolt can achieve thread strain coordination, and the mechanical environment is good. The change of bolt axial force is divided into a rising zone, an oscillating zone and a stable zone. When the drop hammer impulse is the same, the stress uniform distribution bolt can reduce the impact force to 64% of the original, and reduce the amplitude frequency of bolt axial force. The stress uniform distribution bolt can reduce the amplitude and frequency of the stress wave waveform. The research results have been applied to deep roadways such as Zhuji mine, Paner mine and Dingji mine. The bolt has no broken anchor phenomenon, and the control effect of the roadway surrounding rock is good.

pre-tightening force  /  stress uniformly distributed anchor bolt  /  static load  /  movable load  /  mechanical response  /  digital image correlation (DIC)  /  bolt broken  /  drop hammer impact  /  Hopkinson pressure bar (SHPB)
侯俊领, 李垂宇, 黄童李, 袁琳, 刘世阳, 黄平. 高预紧力应力均布型锚杆在静-动载作用下的力学响应. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1389
Junling HOU, Chuiyu LI, Tongli HUANG, Lin YUAN, Shiyang LIU, Ping HUANG. Mechanical response of high pre-tightening stress uniformly distributed bolt under static-dynamic load[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 50 -59 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1389
正文
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0 引言
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随着我国浅部煤矿资源逐渐减少甚至枯竭,深部开采将成为常态[1]。深部开采具有明显的强扰动特征[2],锚杆极易发生断、失锚现象,严重威胁煤矿的安全生产。
为此,国内外学者们围绕提高锚杆防冲支护,获得锚杆在静-动载作用下力学响应特性,开展了大量研究工作。何满潮等[3]针对传统锚杆变形量小,在巷道围岩发生大变形时易被拉断破坏等问题,研发了恒阻大变形锚杆,通过冲击拉伸试验,验证了恒阻大变形锚杆可提高锚杆变形量,降低锚杆破断现象发生,在强采动巷道具有较好的适用性。侯俊领等[4-5]针对普通锚杆预紧力低,锚杆易从锚头断裂的特点,研发了一款高预紧力应力均布型锚杆,通过扭矩-预紧力试验得出该锚杆预紧力转化率提高2倍左右,并消除了锚杆螺纹副应力集中的现象。付玉凯等[6]采用自由落锤冲击试验装置,分析了侧向冲击载荷下锚杆的动力响应,通过控制锚杆材质中元素含量,提高锚杆的抗冲击性能。王爱文等[7]研制了一款静-动加载试验系统,以等强与非等强螺纹钢锚杆,开展静力拉伸试验和动力冲击试验试验,得出不同冲击能量下锚杆的力学特征。司林坡等[8]自主研发了锚杆轴向冲击试验设备,研究锚杆不同位置的变形、应力分布及时序特征,并利用Ansys数值模拟软件进行仿真计算,剖析出井下锚杆在冲击载荷下的力学响应特性。常聚才等[9-10]基于霍普金森压杆(Split Hopkinson Pressure Bar,SHPB)试验,研究了端部锚固及全长锚固体的力学响应特征,发行动载作用下锚固体的应力波传播规律及层裂破坏规律。LI 等[11]针对D型锚杆开展了大量冲击试验,发现D型锚杆截面的吸能与锚杆截面体积、锚杆材料的抗拉强度和极限应变成正比关系。现有研究大多仅针对不同型号锚杆杆体力学特征展开,而对整根锚杆系统、锚杆受力最为复杂的螺纹副研究较少,对于可缓解螺纹副应力集中的高预紧力应力均布型锚杆目前也仅停留在静载拉拔研究范畴上。
鉴于此,笔者拟以深部采动巷道锚杆易断锚失锚现状为切入点,进一步介绍高预紧力应力均布型锚杆的原理及构件,利用数字散斑相关法(Digital Image Correlation,DIC)得出锚杆螺纹静载拉伸过程中应力分布;采用Ansys数值模拟落锤冲击试验和SHPB冲击试验,并研究锚杆在动载作用下的力学特征,获得应力均布型锚杆在静载与动载的力学响应特征,以期为深部采动巷道锚杆的支护设计及改进提供参考。
1 普通锚杆受载破断的力学机制
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锚杆在服役过程中承受多种载荷复合作用,尤其是锚杆杆体尾部,在整个杆体中受力最为复杂[12]。根据现场实例分析,普通锚杆破断主要分为剪断、脆断、折断、拉断、崩盘以及退帽这6种方式[13-14]。锚杆在实际安装过程与巷道断面均存在一定角度,锚杆破断位置如图1所示。本文主要研究锚杆尾部螺纹处的破断机制,因此重点关注锚杆尾部螺纹副、锚杆杆体与钻孔孔口接触部位的力学特性,即图1中的①和②。
分析锚杆尾部螺纹段①处破断面可知:由于普通锚杆预紧力普遍较低,无法有效控制围岩结构面早期的离层和滑动,导致围岩强度和整体性降低,采动应力[15-16]影响下,围岩变形速度快、变形量大,此时锚杆易被剪断。
分析锚杆尾部螺纹段②处破断面可知:螺纹副存在较为明显的应力集中现象[17-18],虽然锚杆螺母长度较短,但其对锚杆产生的拉伸应力、扭转应力、弯曲应力分布并不均匀;侯俊领等[4]通过理论分析、数值计算和现场应用得出,锚杆、螺母螺纹前3扣的最外圈的变形和承受的载荷最大,锚杆螺纹副应力分配如图2所示[5]。可以看出,锚杆螺纹副第1圈受力占比最大,为锚杆破断危险面。
2 高预紧力应力均布型锚杆及构件
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由于普通锚杆在预紧过程中锚杆杆体承受拉应力,而螺纹副承受压应力,导致普通锚杆螺纹副存在应力集中和变形不协调现象,造成锚杆易从锚头附近螺纹段破断发生,为有效解决此问题,侯俊领[4]研发了一款可提高预紧力的应力均布型锚杆,通过改善锚杆螺纹副变形、受力环境,提升锚杆在动载作用下长期服役的能力。
图3为高预紧力应力均布型锚杆结构设计图,消除普通锚杆螺纹应力集中现象的核心构件为应力均布型螺母[4],提高锚杆预紧力的核心构件为滚动式减摩垫片[5],其余锚杆构件与普通锚杆相同,安装工艺与普通锚杆也完全一致。
图4为应力均布型螺母,螺母总长40 mm,法兰面内部刻有环槽,槽宽3 mm,深10 mm,在预紧过程中螺母法兰面挤压托盘,此时前端的法兰面受压,由于环槽的作用,可有效隔绝压应力,使其无法传递至螺母螺纹处,此时应力均布型螺母法兰面为受压区。在锚杆预紧过程中,锚杆整根杆体承受拉应力,锚杆与螺母的旋合部分均受拉;由于法兰承受的压应力被有效隔绝,螺母螺纹和锚杆螺纹变形相同,二者螺距变形趋势一致,使螺纹牙上的载荷分布趋于均匀,此时应力均布型螺母的螺纹段为受拉区。
3 锚杆静载条件下的力学响应研究
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3.1 锚杆静载数值模拟
为得到普通锚杆与应力均布型锚杆在静载拉拔过程中的力学响应特征,采用Ansys软件进行数值计算[4],图5为普通锚杆与应力均布型锚杆应力云图。
云图中的n为螺纹编号,旋入螺母中的螺纹从挤压面往上编号依次为1—10,未旋入螺母中的螺纹从挤压面向下编号依次为-1—-10。
过数值模拟证明普通锚杆螺母内螺纹副应力沿着远离挤压面轴向呈指数衰减,螺母内前3圈(n=1、2、3)应力值较大,该范围的应力明显集中,为锚杆破断的危险面。应力均布型螺母以环槽为界,将拉应力与压应力分离,消除应力集中现象,应力最大值下降35%,锚杆的安全性和可靠性大幅提高。螺纹副所在区域为拉应力区,杆体螺纹的变形和螺母螺纹变形协调。
3.2 锚杆散斑试验
为检验数值模拟的准确性,采用DIC技术分析普通锚杆螺母和应力均布型锚杆螺母表面变形特点。拍摄多幅螺母变形前后的高分辨率散斑图像,并进行图像数字化操作,将经数字化过的图像利用Matlab软件Nocrr进行图像数据分析。
采用微机静载锚固试验机开展锚杆拉拔试验,万能试验机最大载荷为500 kN,调节加载速度为20 kN/min,锚杆选用Φ22mm、M24×3mm、长度为1500mm、材质为MG400的矿用锚杆试验段。
散斑试验如图6所示,左侧为固定端采用锚杆锁具将锚杆固定,右侧为拍摄端将锚杆托盘、表面散斑的普通螺母(应力均布型螺母)依次旋入试验锚杆螺纹上,相机可全程记录锚杆在拉拔过程中,覆涂于螺母表面散斑的变化情况。为避免试件壁厚导致试验结果误差,普通螺母采用不带法兰的普通六角螺母,应力均布型螺母监测部位也为外型与六角螺母的螺纹段外表面相同。利用白色哑光喷漆将螺母表面喷成白色,形成底色,待喷漆完全干燥后,采用黑色马克笔在螺母外表面均匀覆涂散斑。
由于拉拔试验加载的载荷由0~110 kN,从中选取0、50、100 kN螺母受力时,螺母应变情况进行分析。得到2种螺母散斑试验应变云图如图7所示。由图7可知:①随着拉拔力的增大,普通螺母应变云图出现明显的应变不协调现象,即靠近螺母挤压面一端前3圈螺纹外表面,沿着锚杆轴向方向应变最大,而远离挤压面应变逐渐减小,表明此处螺纹由于受力不协调,进而导致应变不协调的现象发生。②随着拉拔力的增大,应力均布型螺母应变云图较为协调,整个螺母外表面应变分区并不明显,基本位于1 000微应变附近,表明此处螺纹由于受力环境较好,应变均匀分布。
4 锚杆在动载作用下的力学响应研究
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3.1节数值模拟及3.2节DIC试验证明普通锚杆螺纹副前3圈存在明显应力集中,应变不协调,采用应力均布型锚杆可解决此类问题。为探究动载作用下2种锚杆的力学响应特征,采用落锤冲击数值模拟和SHPB试验冲击2种手段开展研究。
4.1 锚杆落锤冲击数值模拟
采用Ansys软件建立有限元实体模型,计算分析落锤冲击数值。普通锚杆由螺母、托盘和锚杆组成,锚杆长度为2 500mm,直径为22mm,尾部螺纹为M24×3mm,螺纹长度为150mm,在锚杆螺纹段安装普通螺母、锚杆托盘,锚杆顶部为端部锚固,将锚固剂安装至空心钢管内,钢管长度为0.75m,内径为30mm,外径为70mm。应力均布型锚杆将普通螺母换成应力均布型螺母,其他模型参数与普通锚杆一致。
落锤冲击模型各构件力学参数见表1。落锤为整个锚固体系统提供冲击动能来源,将落锤和钢管本构模型简化为刚体。同时,钢管顶部设置为固定边界约束,并在Y轴方向设置重力加速度为9.806 m/s2,实现重锤自由落体撞击锚杆托盘。钢管与锚固剂、锚杆杆体与锚固剂之间均设置30MPa的黏结强度,其他组件的接触类型设定为摩擦,摩擦因数为0.15。参照文献[19]并结合数值模拟结果,以5 kJ冲击功作为模拟试验的既定目标,落锤质量约为43.92kg,自由落体高度设定为11.61m。
图8为锚杆轴力沿时曲线。由图8可知: ①普通锚杆、应力均布型锚杆轴力上升区,分别为0~1.1、0~1.5ms。此时落锤与锚固系统发生碰撞,锚杆轴力以较快速度达到峰值;普通锚杆受到的最大轴力达234.6 kN,应力锚杆受到的最大轴力仅为214.3 kN,均位于该区间内。与普通锚杆相比,应力均布型锚杆的轴力上升区范围提高36%,在相同的冲量条件下可将落锤冲击对锚固系统的冲击力降低为原来的64%。②普通锚杆、应力均布型锚杆轴力震荡区,分别为3.2~6.7、4.2~7.6ms。普通锚杆轴力在该区间振幅频率极大,并多次出现轴力正负交替情况,锚杆在此时易发生疲劳破断;应力均布型锚杆轴力在该区间振幅稍大于其他区间,锚杆整体受力震荡较为平缓。③普通锚杆、应力均布型锚杆轴力稳定区,分别为6.7~10、7.6~10ms。此时落锤冲击的能量基本被锚杆锚固系统所吸收,锚杆轴力趋于稳定,同时二者轴力均存在下降趋势。
图9为普通锚杆和应力均布型锚杆变形破坏云图。在动载冲击过程中,普通螺纹损坏部位位于螺纹旋入端附近螺纹破坏程度较为严重,部分螺纹完全断裂。应力均布型锚杆螺纹基本未见破坏,完整性较好。
4.2 锚杆电磁线圈加载系统SHPB的冲击试验
4.2.1 试验设备及试验材料
自主研发的SHPB杆体材料均为40Cr调制磨光圆棒,其中入射杆参数为Φ50mm×1 000mm,透射杆参数为Φ50mm×800mm,SHPB系统总构及加载装置如图10所示。
该装置对SHPB的加载方式进行改进,将传统的压缩气体加载方式改为多级电磁线圈加载方式,使得操作更简易,可通过增加或减少线圈数量、线圈匝数及电容储能器大小来控制“子弹”的速度范围,以满足不同试验需求[20]。
试验材料包括基体、试验锚杆、应变片、环氧树脂、螺母、托盘等材料,锚固体试件如图11所示。
1) 试验基体采用由不同比例的P42.5硅酸盐水泥和P62.5硫铝酸盐水泥混合制备而成。试块直径为22 mm,长度为2 000mm;内部预留锚杆孔直径为32mm,深度为1 350mm。
2) 采用环氧树脂A料与环氧树脂B料按质量比2∶1配置,灌封处理锚杆和基体。
3) 试验锚杆锚杆长度为2 500mm,直径为22mm,尾部螺纹为M24×3mm,螺纹长度为150mm,材质为MG400,并锚杆上下2个表面进行开槽处理。应变片贴附于锚杆开槽部位,并用环氧树脂A、B料灌封处理锚杆开槽处,从而保护应变片。
4.2.2 锚杆冲击试验及数据分析
图12为普通锚杆锚固系统、应力均布型锚杆锚固系统在相同加载电压下波形变化图。普通锚杆锚固体表面以及锚杆杆体的波形变化主要在-600~600和-400~400mV之间。应力均布型锚杆锚固体表面以及锚杆杆体的波形变化主要在-400~600和-200~400mV之间。即在相同的加载电压下应力均布型锚杆锚固系统波形均比普通锚杆锚固系统波形变化幅度小,振幅度频率降低200mV。
由于应力均布型锚杆可将锚杆受到拉应力与压应力分离,消除了螺母螺纹出现应力集中的现象;当锚杆锚固系统受到撞击时应力均布型螺母会吸收一部分的能量减少冲击载荷对锚杆锚固系统的破坏。
5 现场工业性试验
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将高预紧力应力均布型锚杆,运用于在淮南矿业集团朱集东煤矿1171(1)运输巷,1171(1)运输巷所属煤层为11-2煤,煤层厚度为0~1.5m,煤层倾角为1~5°,直接顶为泥岩均厚为13.4m,基本顶为细砂岩均厚为12.2m,直接底为泥岩均厚为1.8m,基本底为细砂岩均厚为22.5m。
原支护方案为:巷道顶板每排采用MG400锚杆7 根,锚杆间排距为800mm×800mm,锚索间排距为1 000mm×1 600mm、1 200mm×1 600mm,走向间距为1 600mm,采用“4-5-4”布置。其中,2根6.3m锚索间距为1 600mm,配合14号槽钢长2m沿巷道顶板两侧交替走向布置。
将巷道支护分为2段进行对比试验,其他参数不变,第1段为巷道原有支护方案,第2段在不改变试验巷道原有锚杆(索)支护间距,把高预紧力均布承载型锚杆运用至试验巷道,锚杆排距增大至1 000mm,锚索排距增大至2 000mm。
依据《煤矿巷道锚杆支护技术规范》(GB/T 35056—2018),2段试验巷道锚杆均给定200N·m扭矩,普通锚杆预紧力仅为40 kN,高预紧力应力均布型锚杆预紧力为70 kN,每根锚杆预紧力均提高30 kN左右。
改进支护方案实现了高预紧力、低密度支护,施工效率提高20%,支护成本降低约10%;职工的施工强度得到有效降低,工作面基本杜绝锚杆断裂现象。巷道顶板下沉量如图13所示,工作面回采期间巷道断面变形量小,顶板围岩下沉变形为原来的1/3,对巷道围岩控制效果较好。
6 结论
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1) 设计一种高预紧力应力均布型锚杆,该锚杆的核心构件为滚动式减摩垫片和应力均布型螺母;通过DIC试验证实了普通锚杆在静载拉拔过程锚杆螺纹副前3圈存在应力集中、应变不协调现象,应力均布型锚杆可有效消除该现象。
2) 锚杆落锤冲击数值模拟表明:锚杆轴力变化分上升区、震荡区、稳定区;当落锤冲量相同时,在轴力上升区内,应力均布型锚杆可将落锤对锚固系统的冲击力降低为原来的64%;在轴力震荡区内,可有效降低锚杆轴力振幅频率。
3) 研发一种采用电磁线圈加载系统SHPB,冲击试验结果表明:冲击过程中应力均布型螺母会吸收一部分能量,减少冲击载荷对锚杆锚固系统的破坏。
4) 实测试验巷道现场得出,每根锚杆预紧力均提高30 kN以上,实现高预紧力、低密度支护,施工效率提高20%,支护成本降低10%左右;工作面回采期间巷道断面变形量小,顶板围岩下沉变形为原来的1/3,对巷道围岩控制效果较好。
基金
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  • 深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室开放基金资助(SKLMRDPC19KF03)
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2025年第35卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1389
  • 接收时间：2024-08-15
  • 首发时间：2025-07-05
  • 出版时间：2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-08-15
  • 修回日期：2024-10-15
基金
深部煤矿采动响应与灾害防控国家重点实验室开放基金资助(SKLMRDPC19KF03)
作者信息
    1 安徽理工大学 土木建筑学院,安徽 淮南 232001
    2 攀枝花学院 四川 攀枝花 617001
    3 安徽理工大学 矿业工程学院,安徽 淮南 232001
    4 淮南矿业(集团)有限责任公司,安徽 淮南 232001

通讯作者:

**李垂宇(2000—),男,福建南平人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为锚杆支护技术及施工工艺。E-mail: 。
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.1389
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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