Article(id=1148106700625797403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)02-0127-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1726761600000, receivedDateStr=2024-09-20, revisedDate=1732377600000, revisedDateStr=2024-11-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659568220, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1740672000000, pubDateStr=2025-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659568220, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659568220, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659568220, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106698197295351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567641, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401525528, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190215188894213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106698197295351, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=127, endPage=136, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149767847674556755, articleId=1148106700625797403, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research review and progress of coal mine gas explosion risk assessment, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Gas explosion disaster is the most serious coal mine accidents. In order to summarize the research progress of gas explosion risk assessment,firstly,the risk factors of gas explosion were identified. Then the shortcomings of existing risk assessment methods were analyzed,and the following conclusions were drawn by sorting out relevant literature. The analysis shows that there are subjective problems in identification method and evaluation method of coal mine gas explosion risk sources. There are also some problems with risk factors,such as the uncertainty of gas source and change,the unknown ignition source,the uncertainty of ventilation and air control. The application of objective weighting method and evaluation method based on mathematical theory can improve the accuracy of weighting and evaluation results,but the computational complexity limits its wide application. Although the application of computer models has made the assessment of coal mine gas explosion risk more accurate,it is necessary to solve the problem of expanding the integration of data collection and deep learning. Based on the current research status and existing problems,the future risk assessment of coal mine gas explosion can develop in the direction of multi-source data fusion technology,deeply mining precursory warning information,establishing intelligent models of disaster information based on information depth perception and data mining,and realizing dynamic risk assessment of coal mine gas explosion.

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瓦斯爆炸灾害是煤矿重特大事故中占比最高、致灾最严重的灾害,为了阐述瓦斯爆炸风险评估的研究进展,首先识别瓦斯爆炸的风险因素,然后剖析现有风险评估方法存在的不足,整理相关文献得出以下结论:煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险源识别方法及其评估方法存在主观性较强的问题,且风险因素还存在瓦斯来源与变化的不确定性、点火源的未知、通风与控风的不确定性,而应用基于数学理论的客观赋权方法与评估方法,能提高赋权及评估结果的准确性,但计算复杂性限制其广泛应用;虽然计算机模型可使评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险结果更加精确,但需要解决数据收集与深度学习的扩展融合问题;未来煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估可向多源数据融合技术方向发展,深度挖掘前兆预警信息,建立信息深度感知、数据挖掘的灾害信息智能化模型,以便动态评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险。

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李敏 (1989—),男,湖南涟源人,博士,副教授,主要从事作业安全、风险评估、火灾防治等方面的研究。E-mail:

施式亮 教授

王德明 教授

鲁义 教授

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施式亮 教授

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施式亮 教授

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王德明 教授

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王德明 教授

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鲁义 教授

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鲁义 教授

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Summary of risk identification methods and their advantages and disadvantages

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称 方法内容 优点 缺点
德尔菲 通过匿名的方式集合专家的智慧、经验与知识等对模糊不确定性的问题发表意见,并经过多次反馈、归纳、统计而解决问题 低成本集思广益 易忽视少数人的意见;存在组织者主观影响
频率统计 根据收集到的相关事故案例,按照出现频率来统计产生瓦斯爆炸的事故原因 使用简单 难以获取大量样本
文本挖掘 从大量文本事故案例中发现知识,抽取隐含的、未知的、潜在有用的模式的过程 有效挖掘文本信息 难以获取大量样本,样本预处理工作量大
“5W”分析法 从人员(Who)、地点(Where)、时间(When)、内容(What)和原因(Why)等5方面思考事故的传播过程 使用简单 时间耗费成本较大;资料繁琐
灾害系统理论和风险理论 建立瓦斯风险的3级评价指标体系,一级为瓦斯灾害风险目标层;二级指标包括孕险环境的稳定性、致险因子的危险性、承险体的脆弱性;三级指标选取能反应二级指标特征的具体的、有代表性的、能量化的指标 快速提取风险源 对研究者自身素质依赖过强
事故树 从结果到原因描绘事故发生的有向逻辑树 可简洁、形象地表示事故之间的逻辑关系 难以适用于复杂庞大的系统,对人员专业性要求较高
鱼刺图 又称“因果图”,利用“头脑风暴法”,找出各特性要因,按相互关联性整理而成的图形来表示 层次分明,易于理解,使用简单 难以适用于复杂庞大的系统,对人员专业性要求较高
Bow-tie 主要包括事故(顶级事件)、事故原因(危险源)、事故后果,以及安全屏障,通过事故树分析探究事故原因,事件树分析研究事故后果,最后借鉴瑞士乳酪模型加入2道安全屏障 简单、易操作 难以适用于复杂庞大的系统,对人员专业性要求较高
24Model模型 将原因分为组织内部原因和外部原因,其内部原因分布在组织与个人2个层面上。组织层面上的原因分为安全文化、安全管理体系,个人层面上的原因分为习惯性行为和一次性行为与物态 层次分明,易于理解,使用简单 不考虑外部原因
HHM 可以用来识别一个项目中多个方面、维度和层级之间的内在不同特性,找出其中的关联性并加以分析 识别出的项目风险更全面系统,且该模型具有延展性 工作量大,成本较高,技术团队要求高
), ArticleFig(id=1165681722608857471, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700625797403, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各风险识别方法及其优缺点汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方法名称 方法内容 优点 缺点
德尔菲 通过匿名的方式集合专家的智慧、经验与知识等对模糊不确定性的问题发表意见,并经过多次反馈、归纳、统计而解决问题 低成本集思广益 易忽视少数人的意见;存在组织者主观影响
频率统计 根据收集到的相关事故案例,按照出现频率来统计产生瓦斯爆炸的事故原因 使用简单 难以获取大量样本
文本挖掘 从大量文本事故案例中发现知识,抽取隐含的、未知的、潜在有用的模式的过程 有效挖掘文本信息 难以获取大量样本,样本预处理工作量大
“5W”分析法 从人员(Who)、地点(Where)、时间(When)、内容(What)和原因(Why)等5方面思考事故的传播过程 使用简单 时间耗费成本较大;资料繁琐
灾害系统理论和风险理论 建立瓦斯风险的3级评价指标体系,一级为瓦斯灾害风险目标层;二级指标包括孕险环境的稳定性、致险因子的危险性、承险体的脆弱性;三级指标选取能反应二级指标特征的具体的、有代表性的、能量化的指标 快速提取风险源 对研究者自身素质依赖过强
事故树 从结果到原因描绘事故发生的有向逻辑树 可简洁、形象地表示事故之间的逻辑关系 难以适用于复杂庞大的系统,对人员专业性要求较高
鱼刺图 又称“因果图”,利用“头脑风暴法”,找出各特性要因,按相互关联性整理而成的图形来表示 层次分明,易于理解,使用简单 难以适用于复杂庞大的系统,对人员专业性要求较高
Bow-tie 主要包括事故(顶级事件)、事故原因(危险源)、事故后果,以及安全屏障,通过事故树分析探究事故原因,事件树分析研究事故后果,最后借鉴瑞士乳酪模型加入2道安全屏障 简单、易操作 难以适用于复杂庞大的系统,对人员专业性要求较高
24Model模型 将原因分为组织内部原因和外部原因,其内部原因分布在组织与个人2个层面上。组织层面上的原因分为安全文化、安全管理体系,个人层面上的原因分为习惯性行为和一次性行为与物态 层次分明,易于理解,使用简单 不考虑外部原因
HHM 可以用来识别一个项目中多个方面、维度和层级之间的内在不同特性,找出其中的关联性并加以分析 识别出的项目风险更全面系统,且该模型具有延展性 工作量大,成本较高,技术团队要求高
), ArticleFig(id=1165681722768241024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700625797403, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Summary of computer model methods

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优化算法 方法模型 内容 特点 不足
PSO-SVM[30] SVM 有监督学习方法的二类分类器,通过找到最大边距超平面将样本分类 可引入核技巧处理非线性分类;可处理高维数据问题;所需样本量少,泛化能力强 对缺失数据很敏感;难以找到合适的核函数
FOA-SVM[31]
信息增益(Information Gain,IG)-SVM[32]
PSO-BP[33] BP神经
网络
由输入层、隐含层、输出层构成,包含信号的正向传播和误差的反向传播2个学习过程 具有可扩展性;预测精度较高;可处理非线性问题 易出现过拟合问题;训练时间较长
GA-BP[34]
Adam-LSTM[35] LSTM神经
网络
由遗忘门、输入门、细胞状态、输出门构成,通过门结构的控制来判断信息是否有用 改善了RNN中存在的长期依赖问题以及可能出现的梯度消失问题 不能彻底解决RNN的梯度问题;计算量较大、费时
人工化学反应优化(Artificial Chemical Reaction Optimization,ACROA)-ELM[36] ELM 其结构与传统的神经网络相似,不同在于可随机初始化隐含层的权重,然后利用最小二乘法一次性解析出输出层的权重值 训练速度快、泛化能力强、自动特征选择 结果不稳定;表现非线性能力较差
改进乌鸦算法(Improved Crow Search Algorithm,ICSA)-ELM[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1165681722847932801, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700625797403, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算机模型方法汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
优化算法 方法模型 内容 特点 不足
PSO-SVM[30] SVM 有监督学习方法的二类分类器,通过找到最大边距超平面将样本分类 可引入核技巧处理非线性分类;可处理高维数据问题;所需样本量少,泛化能力强 对缺失数据很敏感;难以找到合适的核函数
FOA-SVM[31]
信息增益(Information Gain,IG)-SVM[32]
PSO-BP[33] BP神经
网络
由输入层、隐含层、输出层构成,包含信号的正向传播和误差的反向传播2个学习过程 具有可扩展性;预测精度较高;可处理非线性问题 易出现过拟合问题;训练时间较长
GA-BP[34]
Adam-LSTM[35] LSTM神经
网络
由遗忘门、输入门、细胞状态、输出门构成,通过门结构的控制来判断信息是否有用 改善了RNN中存在的长期依赖问题以及可能出现的梯度消失问题 不能彻底解决RNN的梯度问题;计算量较大、费时
人工化学反应优化(Artificial Chemical Reaction Optimization,ACROA)-ELM[36] ELM 其结构与传统的神经网络相似,不同在于可随机初始化隐含层的权重,然后利用最小二乘法一次性解析出输出层的权重值 训练速度快、泛化能力强、自动特征选择 结果不稳定;表现非线性能力较差
改进乌鸦算法(Improved Crow Search Algorithm,ICSA)-ELM[37]
), ArticleFig(id=1165681722948596098, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700625797403, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Summary of related empowerment methods and their advantages and disadvantages

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赋权方
法分类
方法名称 方法内容 优点 缺点
主观赋
权法
德尔菲法 由每位专家先独立地对考核指标设置权重,然后对每个考核指标的权重取平均值,作为最终权重 简单实用 主观性较强
AHP 由专家根据1~9标度建立判断矩阵确定各指标权重 具有系统性、简洁实用的特点,所需定量数据较少 主观性较强;指标过多时,难以检验判断矩阵的一致性
客观赋
权法
熵权法 根据各指标数据的分散程度,利用信息熵计算出各指标的熵权,从而反映出不同指标在综合评估中所起作用的大小 可信度高 对样本依赖度大
PCA 将样本数据矩阵转置,依据客观数据之间的关系,用PCA的方法计算各项指标的得分,继而归一化处理,作为各项指标的权重系数[39] 降维效果显著;计算效率高 计算过程较复杂;受限于样本量与变量个数
CRITIC法 用标准差表示评价指标的对比强度以及利用相关系数表示指标之间的冲突性来综合衡量指标的客观权重 客观性较强 处理较多影响因素时存在局限性
组合赋
权法
博弈论偏序集 博弈优化得出最佳平衡权重,并由此确定指标权重排序转化为偏序关系 保证了权重排序的稳定性;降低了样本量的要求;赋权结果准确性较高 计算过程较复杂
G1-CRITIC-博弈论 G1法确定主观常权,CRITIC法确定客观常权,最后利用博弈论确定最优综合常权 赋权结果准确性较高 计算过程较复杂
), ArticleFig(id=1165681723015704963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106700625797403, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

相关赋权方法及其优缺点汇总

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
赋权方
法分类
方法名称 方法内容 优点 缺点
主观赋
权法
德尔菲法 由每位专家先独立地对考核指标设置权重,然后对每个考核指标的权重取平均值,作为最终权重 简单实用 主观性较强
AHP 由专家根据1~9标度建立判断矩阵确定各指标权重 具有系统性、简洁实用的特点,所需定量数据较少 主观性较强;指标过多时,难以检验判断矩阵的一致性
客观赋
权法
熵权法 根据各指标数据的分散程度,利用信息熵计算出各指标的熵权,从而反映出不同指标在综合评估中所起作用的大小 可信度高 对样本依赖度大
PCA 将样本数据矩阵转置,依据客观数据之间的关系,用PCA的方法计算各项指标的得分,继而归一化处理,作为各项指标的权重系数[39] 降维效果显著;计算效率高 计算过程较复杂;受限于样本量与变量个数
CRITIC法 用标准差表示评价指标的对比强度以及利用相关系数表示指标之间的冲突性来综合衡量指标的客观权重 客观性较强 处理较多影响因素时存在局限性
组合赋
权法
博弈论偏序集 博弈优化得出最佳平衡权重,并由此确定指标权重排序转化为偏序关系 保证了权重排序的稳定性;降低了样本量的要求;赋权结果准确性较高 计算过程较复杂
G1-CRITIC-博弈论 G1法确定主观常权,CRITIC法确定客观常权,最后利用博弈论确定最优综合常权 赋权结果准确性较高 计算过程较复杂
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煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估研究综述及进展
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李敏 1, 2 , 王丹 1 , 贺珊 1 , 施式亮 1 , 王德明 2 , 鲁义 1
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(2): 127-136
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(2): 127-136
煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估研究综述及进展
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李敏1, 2 , 王丹1, 贺珊1, 施式亮1, 王德明2, 鲁义1
作者信息
  • 1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
  • 2 中国矿业大学 煤炭精细勘探与智能开发全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
  • 李敏 (1989—),男,湖南涟源人,博士,副教授,主要从事作业安全、风险评估、火灾防治等方面的研究。E-mail:

    施式亮 教授

    王德明 教授

    鲁义 教授

Research review and progress of coal mine gas explosion risk assessment
Min LI1, 2 , Dan WANG1, Shan HE1, Shiliang SHI1, Deming WANG2, Yi LU1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Resource,Environment and Safety Engineering,Hunan University of Science and Technology,Xiangtan Hunan 411201,China
  • 2 State Key Laboratory of Coal Resources and Safe Mining,China University of Mining and Technology,Xuzhou Jiangsu 221116,China
出版时间: 2025-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963
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瓦斯爆炸灾害是煤矿重特大事故中占比最高、致灾最严重的灾害,为了阐述瓦斯爆炸风险评估的研究进展,首先识别瓦斯爆炸的风险因素,然后剖析现有风险评估方法存在的不足,整理相关文献得出以下结论:煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险源识别方法及其评估方法存在主观性较强的问题,且风险因素还存在瓦斯来源与变化的不确定性、点火源的未知、通风与控风的不确定性,而应用基于数学理论的客观赋权方法与评估方法,能提高赋权及评估结果的准确性,但计算复杂性限制其广泛应用;虽然计算机模型可使评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险结果更加精确,但需要解决数据收集与深度学习的扩展融合问题;未来煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估可向多源数据融合技术方向发展,深度挖掘前兆预警信息,建立信息深度感知、数据挖掘的灾害信息智能化模型,以便动态评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险。

煤矿瓦斯爆炸  /  风险评估  /  不确定性  /  风险指标  /  点火源

Gas explosion disaster is the most serious coal mine accidents. In order to summarize the research progress of gas explosion risk assessment,firstly,the risk factors of gas explosion were identified. Then the shortcomings of existing risk assessment methods were analyzed,and the following conclusions were drawn by sorting out relevant literature. The analysis shows that there are subjective problems in identification method and evaluation method of coal mine gas explosion risk sources. There are also some problems with risk factors,such as the uncertainty of gas source and change,the unknown ignition source,the uncertainty of ventilation and air control. The application of objective weighting method and evaluation method based on mathematical theory can improve the accuracy of weighting and evaluation results,but the computational complexity limits its wide application. Although the application of computer models has made the assessment of coal mine gas explosion risk more accurate,it is necessary to solve the problem of expanding the integration of data collection and deep learning. Based on the current research status and existing problems,the future risk assessment of coal mine gas explosion can develop in the direction of multi-source data fusion technology,deeply mining precursory warning information,establishing intelligent models of disaster information based on information depth perception and data mining,and realizing dynamic risk assessment of coal mine gas explosion.

coal mine gas explosion  /  risk assessment  /  uncertainty  /  risk indicators  /  ignition sources
李敏, 王丹, 贺珊, 施式亮, 王德明, 鲁义. 煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估研究综述及进展. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (2) : 127 -136 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963
Min LI, Dan WANG, Shan HE, Shiliang SHI, Deming WANG, Yi LU. Research review and progress of coal mine gas explosion risk assessment[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (2) : 127 -136 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963
中国是全球产煤大国与煤炭消费大国,2023年全国原煤产量为47.1亿t,比2022年增长3.4%,其消费量比2022年增长5.6%。据国家矿山安全监察局、煤矿安全生产网、安全管理网等公布的数据资料统计,2000—2010年事故起数和死亡人数处于较高水平,但大体呈下降趋势,其中重大事故起数与死亡人数分别占事故总起数和总死亡人数的82.5%和57.1%(图1)。虽然我国近些年煤矿安全形势有所好转,但总体上重特大瓦斯爆炸事故的死亡占比较大,这是因为瓦斯爆炸产生的高温高压气体会以极快的速度向外冲击,同时还会产生CO等有害气体,有时爆炸产生的冲击波会使扬起的煤尘与瓦斯持续性爆炸,造成井下火灾,因此,瓦斯爆炸是最危险的事故类型。
自1675年英国茅斯汀(Mostyn)煤矿首次发生重大瓦斯爆炸事故以后,世界各产煤国家都发生过不同损失程度的瓦斯爆炸事故。从20世纪中叶,VAN[1]、SOLBERG[2]、VANDERSTRAETEN[3]等国外学者开始研究瓦斯等爆炸物质爆炸机制。中国则研究较晚,从80年代开始,先后建立瓦斯、煤尘爆炸等实验室和试验研究基地[4],关志琦[5]、胡俊[6]、裴蓓[7]等分别研究了瓦斯爆炸机制。而针对煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故灾害的发生,学者们[8-11]也作了大量研究,且大多基于故障树、事件树、安全检查表等安全分析方法,辨识危险源并建立风险评价体系,或应用层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)、灰色理论、云模型、神经网络等数学模型或计算机模型来建立危险性评价模型。
国内外学者主要从生产综合性、风险识别与预测性2方面对煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险进行评估,因对煤矿瓦斯爆炸理论的认识还在不断发展,而井下复杂环境中导致瓦斯爆炸的风险源还存在不确定性因素,现有风险识别与评估模型方法的适用性仍有待探究。因此,笔者将剖析现有煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险因素识别与评估模型方法的优缺点,提出建立信息深度感知、数据挖掘的灾害智能化模型,以期为煤矿瓦斯爆炸防治提供依据。
事故统计分析方法可以探寻事故致因及发展机制,因此,很多学者利用事故统计分析研究煤矿瓦斯爆炸特征[12-13]。除了从事故案例统计角度定性分析,学者们[14-15]还从文本的角度挖掘相关信息,以深度挖掘各事故致因间的影响关系,而文本挖掘具有从大规模文本集中发现新关系的特点。虽然文本挖掘技术在煤矿领域中应用广泛,但是文本挖掘存在很明显的缺点,由于文本挖掘的结果来源于文本数据,那么其结果的可靠性与文本数据的质量息息相关,如果文本数据中存在多余、虚假信息或数据量过少,都会影响到结果的准确性。而煤矿瓦斯爆炸的致灾风险因素在一定条件下会发生复杂耦合,张津嘉等[16]构建了瓦斯爆炸事故风险耦合层次网络模型,发现风险因素会从“源→链→网→层”的路径传递,引起上层事故因素发生结构状态的演化或跃迁,如图2所示。
煤矿瓦斯爆炸的危险源孕育过程隐蔽,影响因素错综复杂,研究[17-18]发现,煤矿瓦斯爆炸不确定性风险大致可分为3类:
1) 不确定性的瓦斯来源与变化。受瓦斯形成及赋存状态、地质构造、采掘活动等多方面的不确定性影响,可能会造成瓦斯涌出量的异常变化。
2) 未知的点火源。对点火源导致的事故判定常缺少有效证据,通常按固有经验进行推测,如一些瓦斯爆炸事故发生后,仅靠有限的证据和经验推测,在排除明显的电火花、爆破火花、煤自燃等火源后,可大致推断事故原因为摩擦撞击火花,可由于实验室难以验证顶板岩石冒落摩擦的实际产热点火条件,所以很少被认定为点火源。
3) 不确定性的通风与控风。通风系统的不合理会导致局部瓦斯积聚,以及灾变时期的控风可能会导致二次爆炸,使灾害影响扩大。
事故模式理论的演化从早期“亡羊补牢”式的事后防范到如今本质安全的事前预防,是学者们对事故不断深入研究的成果,这些理论包括海因里希因果连锁理论、轨迹交叉理论、能量意外转移理论等。在识别煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故风险源时,常根据危险源理论识别事故风险因素,也就是从系统中存在的、可能发生意外释放的能量或危险物质的第1类危险源与导致约束、限制能量措施失效或破坏的各种不安全因素的第2类危险源这2方面去识别。后来田水承等[19]在2类危险源的基础上提出了3类危险源,为学者们[20-21]识别瓦斯爆炸风险源提供了理论基础,即第1类危险源为能量载体或能量源;第2类危险源为物的故障、物理性环境因素,个体人行为失误;第3类危险源为不符合安全的组织因素,包含组织人的不安全行为、失误等。其中,第3类危险源的提出揭示了煤矿事故频发的根源,对辨识和控制煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故具有指导意义。
基于事故致因理论,有的学者常通过搜集事故案例运用频率统计的方法或专家主观经验与知识识别风险源;有的学者利用故障树、鱼刺图等通过事件之间的发生逻辑来推演出风险源[22]。此外,蝴蝶结分析法(Bow-tie Analysis,BTA)可以结合故障树和事件树,能同时分析和描述几种不同导致事故的潜在危险因素及后果,同时提出合理的预防及控制措施,而事故致因“2-4”模型(24Model)[23]认为所有事故都至少发生在一个社会组织中,然后分析事故;还有的学者为了更准确地识别煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险源,通过层次全息建模法(Hierarchical Holographic Modeling,HHM)[24]进行识别。除了从事故致因的角度分析,也有从其他分析角度出发的方法与理论,如成连华等[25]从事故风险耦合演化路径的角度,运用“5W”分析法提取风险因素,即人员(Who)、地点(Where)、时间(When)、内容(What)和原因(Why);张涛涛等[26]从灾害系统理论的角度去识别煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险源,将煤矿瓦斯爆炸的风险因素分为孕险环境、致险因子、承险体3大类。各风险识别方法及其优缺点详见表1
上述风险识别方法都是在不断实践中总结出来的,各有其自身的特点与范围,因此,在选择风险识别方法时,应该综合考虑多方面因素,如一些风险识别方法过于依赖评价人员的专业素质和经验,此时应该选择常规易学的识别方法,如频率统计等;或者样本量不足时,应避免需大量样本的风险识别方法。
我国煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估大多以构建AHP模型为主,同时,由于AHP模型框架的强包容性,还可以与云模型、贝叶斯网络(Bayesian Network,BN)模型[27]以及模糊数学、未确知测度理论[28]、集对分析理论、灰色系统理论[29]等数学模型结合。而BN是学者们近年来研究的热点,它能够通过网络结构描述变量间的因果关系,并利用条件概率分布描述变量间的依赖程度,同时揭示各变量间的定性与定量关系。BN作为一种进行不确定性推理和数据实时分析的工具,适合应用于有条件地融合多领域专家知识,为具体安全事故的处理提供实时决策支持,并且具有较高的计算效率和建模灵活性。
随着人工智能和信息技术的发展,煤矿瓦斯爆炸领域积累了大量的数据,挖掘有效的、具有潜在价值的数据信息对风险评估具有重要意义,目前已有许多如支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)、BP神经网络、长短期记忆网络(Long Short-Term Memory,LSTM)、极限学习机(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)等计算机模型应用于煤矿瓦斯爆炸领域中,见表2。为了使模型预测误差达到最小,常需要粒子群优化算法(Particle Swarm Optimization,PSO)、果蝇优化算法(Fruit Fly Optimization Algorithm,FOA)、遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)等算法优化参数配置,使参数组合达到最优。这些计算机模型方法的引入,使得处理复杂系统时更方便,预测结果更精确,但是计算机模型在这一领域的研究存在一定缺陷,如今还缺乏样本库和现场事故数据。
评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸事故风险时,由于模型稳定性、参数一致性、有限的知识获取、数据噪声等约束,独立模型的预测精度往往会降低。因此,当前的趋势是利用多个模型的综合优势评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险。
在风险指标体系构建过程中,找到能够反映事故本质的风险指标是构建指标体系的关键。由于识别的风险源可能出现重叠或无价值的情况,因此需要有效筛选风险指标。例如:可以通过扎根理论[38]逐级编码原始资料,从而找到核心风险源;也可以通过粗糙集属性约简方法[39]从大量属性中找到重要的属性;主成分分析(Principal Components Analysis,PCA)[40]与核PCA(Kernel PCA,KPCA)[34]都可以通过提取特征实现特征约简,消除样本噪声,区别在于KPCA是PCA的一种扩展,可以处理非线性问题,将数据由低维线性不可分转变为高维线性可分。然后,将筛选出来的风险指标利用解释结构模型(Interpretative Structural Modeling,ISM)、故障树、层次分析结构或BN结构等构建风险指标体系,而层次分析结构是学者们最常用的分析结构。
依据常用分级标准,风险指标的评估等级通常划分为安全、较安全、一般安全、较不安全、不安全,而各指标的分界点取值常以相关研究、调研结果或指标取值原则等为依据,由于煤矿井下作业的复杂性与安全生产的特殊性,有些指标就具有综合属性,如生产责任制落实度、安全教育与培训、员工的职业责任感等,对于这类指标,通常以百分制打分的形式进行量化;有些指标如煤层瓦斯含量、相对瓦斯涌出量、风量供需比等则需要根据指标的物理化学属性或灾害机制确定。为准确评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险等级,指标数据的处理至关重要。为此,采用区间数、云模型[41]、可拓理论[42]、三角模糊数等数学模型对指标数据量化处理,可有效降低数据的模糊不确定性。而云模型能够实现定性概念与定量数据的相互转化,其步骤为:首先根据各评估指标的评分数据Vij计算出各指标对应的云参数,确定权重后,结合指标权重Wj可计算出综合关联云的特征参数,再将综合隶属度云的特征参数输入正向云生成器,最后可以生成N个符合条件的云滴,并以云图直观、具体地表现出来(图3),具有处理模糊不确定性与随机不确定性的优势。
评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险一方面可以通过计算指标的综合关联度及权重来评估指标的风险等级;另一方面可以直接计算指标权重,根据排序结果得到煤矿瓦斯爆炸的关键风险因素。目前对权重方法的研究可分为主观赋权法、客观赋权法、组合赋权法3类。主观赋权法包括德尔菲法、AHP等,但得出的结果主观性较强且带有一定片面性。AHP简单实用、思路明晰,是赋权方法中使用频率最高的主观赋权法,但其局限性也逐渐暴露,通常与评价人员的意愿有很大关系,其赋权结果主观性较大,因此,发展演变出了许多改进的AHP法,如模糊AHP(Fuzzy AHP,FAHP)[43]、区间AHP(Interval AHP,IAHP)[44]、网络层次分析(Analytic Network Process,ANP)[45]等等。客观赋权法包括熵权法、PCA法、标准间相关性方法(Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation,CRITIC)等,这些方法一般利用收集到的数据和资料基于数学方法和模型进行赋权,客观性强,但其计算过程较为复杂,有时可能会得出与意愿不符的结果。为了使赋权更加精确科学,采用主客观相结合的组合赋权法,提高了赋权结果的准确性,但其计算较复杂。相关赋权方法及其优缺点详见表3。其中,博弈论是通过分析与事情有关的所有因素,并研究他们的优化策略。因此,博弈论用于处理指标权重时具有一定的合理性,通常结合主客观赋权法,如林志军等[46]用AHP和三角模糊数法分别确定主客观权重,然后运用博弈论组合赋权法消除主客观偏差得到最优综合权。
由于煤矿安全生产系统中存在不确定性和模糊性的特征,上述赋权方法应用于现场其准确性也存在不同,因此,在赋权过程中,可以根据现场实际情况灵活地结合数学方法。
1) 深度挖掘导致煤矿瓦斯爆炸的前兆预警信息,利用大数据、云计算、互联网、遥感等先进技术,建立信息深度感知、数据挖掘的煤矿瓦斯爆炸灾害智能化模型是未来研究煤矿瓦斯爆炸灾害的主要趋势。
2) 动态风险评估是未来煤矿瓦斯爆炸灾害研究的主要趋势,目前针对煤矿井下致灾因子多源异构信息时空演化特征,尚缺乏风险因素指标与瓦斯爆炸机制的动态关联解释与分析。
3) 煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估可向多数据融合技术方向发展,建立面向煤矿瓦斯爆炸多源、异构、海量前兆信息模态的数据挖掘模型,利用瓦斯爆炸多源异构信息,深度挖掘关键指标动态海量感知数据,构建基于区块链技术的煤矿瓦斯爆炸监测数据库,预处理多源、异构、海量的前兆信息,从而提取预警关键指标信息,深入研究远程监测预警平台。
1) 随着煤炭井工的开采,地质构造和作业环境多变、灾害类型多样化等复杂问题逐渐突出,以致于传统的风险评估方法在综合评估煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险时变得十分困难。
2) 煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险分析理论已形成基本应用框架,但由于井下环境的复杂性,指标相互之间的影响性,需要动态监测指标数据。
3) 数学理论和机器学习模型已被广泛应用于煤矿瓦斯爆炸风险评估和预测性评估中,能够有效表示非线性和最小化人为偏差。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52104191)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52274196)
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2025年第35卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963
  • 接收时间:2024-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-09-20
  • 修回日期:2024-11-24
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52104191)
国家自然科学基金资助(52274196)
作者信息
    1 湖南科技大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 湘潭 411201
    2 中国矿业大学 煤炭精细勘探与智能开发全国重点实验室,江苏 徐州 221116
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https://castjournals.cast.org.cn/joweb/zgaqkxxb/CN/10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.02.0963
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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