Article(id=1148106699635945818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0025-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0759, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723305600000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-11, revisedDate=1729353600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-20, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659567983, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659567983, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659567983, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659567983, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=25, endPage=31, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757470509282086, articleId=1148106699635945818, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Thermal safety risk warning system for elderly people based on thermoregulation model, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A thermal safety warning system was established based on a thermoregulation model to mitigate the thermal safety risk for elderly people under high-temperature conditions. Firstly, the improved model suitable for the elderly was established by replacing the physical model and adjusting the active and passive systems in the classical model. The improved model was validated using publicly available experimental data. Secondly, the model simulated the temperature changes in elderly people in high-temperature environments. Statistical analysis was used to assess the impact of various parameters on thermal safety. Finally, based on the analysis results and the improved model, a thermal safety risk warning system for elderly people was developed. The warning system was demonstrated through a case study. Results indicate that the improved model accurately simulates the body temperature of elderly people, with a root mean squared error less than 0.12 ℃. Physical activity intensity significantly impacts thermal safety, with a standardized regression coefficient β larger than 0.8. As heat exposure time increases, the impact of activity intensity on thermal safety is decreased (β decreases from 0.945 to 0.806), while the influence of environmental factors is increased (β of temperature and humidity increases from 0.249 and 0.137 to 0.370 and 0.348). In the case study, the safe duration of continuous activities for the resting and working elderly people in Baoding/Hong Kong is 172/175 minutes and 108/122 minutes, respectively. The highest thermal safety risk period for elderly people on that day is between 17:00 and 18:00.

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为降低老年人高温天气下的热安全风险,基于体温调节模型建立老年人热安全预警系统。通过改进经典体温调节模型中的物理模型和主被动系统,构建适用于老年人的改进体温调节模型,并利用已公开试验数据验证改进模型的准确性;利用模型模拟老年人在高温环境中的体温变化,并通过统计学方法分析模拟结果,确定各影响因素对老年人热安全的影响;建立老年人热安全风险预警系统,并通过案例分析演示该预警系统。结果表明: 改进模型能够准确模拟老年人的体温变化,均方根误差小于0.12 ℃;活动强度显著影响热安全,标准化回归系数β大于0.8;随着热暴露时间的增加,活动强度对热安全的影响减弱(β从0.945下降到0.806),环境因素的影响增强(温度和湿度的β从0.249和0.137上升到0.370和0.348);在预警系统案例分析中,保定/香港休息和工作老年人连续活动的安全时长分别为172/175和108/122 min;老年人在该日热安全风险最大的时段为17:00—18:00。

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郑国忠 (1982—),男,福建泉州人,博士,副教授,主要从事高温环境劳动保护、建筑环境等方面的研究。E-mail:

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郑国忠 (1982—),男,福建泉州人,博士,副教授,主要从事高温环境劳动保护、建筑环境等方面的研究。E-mail:

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郑国忠 (1982—),男,福建泉州人,博士,副教授,主要从事高温环境劳动保护、建筑环境等方面的研究。E-mail:

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(2024-08-12). https://xihe-energy.com., articleTitle=羲和能源气象大数据平台, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165721813028970794, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, awardId=20YJAZH138, language=CN, fundingSource=教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(20YJAZH138), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165721810394947810, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165721810399142115, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, companyId=1165721810394947810, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding Hebei 071003, China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165721810407530724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, companyId=1165721810394947810, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1165721811858759939, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Comparisons between simulation results and experiment results, figureFileSmall=tFqo121COBz5ZMuI0nlgGg==, figureFileBig=v0NcjlvfyDN9DGspHbDDRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721811909091588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=图1, caption=模拟结果与试验结果的比较, figureFileSmall=tFqo121COBz5ZMuI0nlgGg==, figureFileBig=v0NcjlvfyDN9DGspHbDDRA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721811955228934, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Framework of model-based elderly thermal safety risk warning system, figureFileSmall=EcG/nnuNE6rcpLfeBpSqlA==, figureFileBig=BK3osWgnLAKzuys8zyLWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812043309320, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=图2, caption=基于模型的老年人热安全风险预警系统, figureFileSmall=EcG/nnuNE6rcpLfeBpSqlA==, figureFileBig=BK3osWgnLAKzuys8zyLWVQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812085252362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Input parameters involved in cases, figureFileSmall=Rpjr3AiXAn5EUYBXdL6L3w==, figureFileBig=iQab0deeYNyyQTAS8mH8JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812156555533, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=图3, caption=案例中涉及的输入参数, figureFileSmall=Rpjr3AiXAn5EUYBXdL6L3w==, figureFileBig=iQab0deeYNyyQTAS8mH8JA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812198498574, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Early warning results of core temperature, figureFileSmall=BQQWHQ/nHXgm3yIaafXltw==, figureFileBig=Qp9zriV5uJtGepVKjLo8uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812273996047, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=图4, caption=核心温度的预警结果, figureFileSmall=BQQWHQ/nHXgm3yIaafXltw==, figureFileBig=Qp9zriV5uJtGepVKjLo8uQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812324327696, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Comparison and analysis results of early warning system, figureFileSmall=EEdvenc3XjPY8llGMBAmAA==, figureFileBig=f+zcyBIm5wqzEySCqG8CJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812374659345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=图5, caption=预警系统比较分析结果, figureFileSmall=EEdvenc3XjPY8llGMBAmAA==, figureFileBig=f+zcyBIm5wqzEySCqG8CJA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721812429185298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Activity intensity corresponding to daily activities of elderly people

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活动类型 PAR
躺下休息 1.0
缝纫、编织、开车,洗漱 1.8
站立:轻度家务、做饭、散步 2.4
站立:洗澡、轻度活动、步行 3.3
站立:做家务、农活、擦窗户 4.4
跑步、跳舞、适度游泳、骑行 5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812487905555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

老年人日常活动对应的活动强度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
活动类型 PAR
躺下休息 1.0
缝纫、编织、开车,洗漱 1.8
站立:轻度家务、做饭、散步 2.4
站立:洗澡、轻度活动、步行 3.3
站立:做家务、农活、擦窗户 4.4
跑步、跳舞、适度游泳、骑行 5.2
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812542431511, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Basic parameters and setpoint temperature of standard Chinese elderly people

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分段
编号
身体
部位
长度/m 表面积/m2 核心层比热
容/(kJ·K-1)
表皮层比热
容/(kJ·K-1)
导热系数/
(W·K-1)
热受体分
布系数
核心温
度/℃
表皮温
度/℃
男性 女性 男性 女性
0 头部 0.113 0.100 0.103 0.080 6.092 0.667 1.60 0.055 37.11 35.08
1 颈部 0.077 0.070 0.025 0.016 1.994 0.205 0.91 0.014 36.72 35.25
2 胸部 0.267 0.178 0.167 0.111 36.417 1.560 1.79 0.149 36.92 34.68
3 背部 0.246 0.164 0.153 0.061 33.220 1.436 1.64 0.132 36.97 34.60
4 骨盆 0.338 0.318 0.210 0.273 15.834 1.967 3.08 0.212 37.04 34.82
5/8 左/右肩 0.305 0.249 0.096 0.121 6.011 0.446 1.50 0.023 36.30 34.34
6/9 左/右臂 0.235 0.204 0.058 0.050 3.964 0.297 0.98 0.012 35.85 33.96
7/10 左/右手 0.181 0.167 0.041 0.034 0.543 0.311 2.19 0.092 35.07 34.42
11/14 左/右大腿 0.343 0.383 0.274 0.274 21.245 1.335 2.48 0.050 36.83 34.15
12/15 左/右小腿 0.365 0.325 0.103 0.096 10.139 0.597 1.33 0.025 36.63 34.03
13/16 左/右脚 0.229 0.221 0.050 0.050 0.742 0.378 3.38 0.017 34.83 34.22
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812617928987, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

标准中国老年人的基本参数和设定点温度

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
分段
编号
身体
部位
长度/m 表面积/m2 核心层比热
容/(kJ·K-1)
表皮层比热
容/(kJ·K-1)
导热系数/
(W·K-1)
热受体分
布系数
核心温
度/℃
表皮温
度/℃
男性 女性 男性 女性
0 头部 0.113 0.100 0.103 0.080 6.092 0.667 1.60 0.055 37.11 35.08
1 颈部 0.077 0.070 0.025 0.016 1.994 0.205 0.91 0.014 36.72 35.25
2 胸部 0.267 0.178 0.167 0.111 36.417 1.560 1.79 0.149 36.92 34.68
3 背部 0.246 0.164 0.153 0.061 33.220 1.436 1.64 0.132 36.97 34.60
4 骨盆 0.338 0.318 0.210 0.273 15.834 1.967 3.08 0.212 37.04 34.82
5/8 左/右肩 0.305 0.249 0.096 0.121 6.011 0.446 1.50 0.023 36.30 34.34
6/9 左/右臂 0.235 0.204 0.058 0.050 3.964 0.297 0.98 0.012 35.85 33.96
7/10 左/右手 0.181 0.167 0.041 0.034 0.543 0.311 2.19 0.092 35.07 34.42
11/14 左/右大腿 0.343 0.383 0.274 0.274 21.245 1.335 2.48 0.050 36.83 34.15
12/15 左/右小腿 0.365 0.325 0.103 0.096 10.139 0.597 1.33 0.025 36.63 34.03
13/16 左/右脚 0.229 0.221 0.050 0.050 0.742 0.378 3.38 0.017 34.83 34.22
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812714397981, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Experiment conditions and subjects

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 温度/℃ 湿度/% 年龄/岁 体质量/kg 身高/cm
1 36.5 20 65 80.1 180
2 36.5 60 65 80.1 180
3 40.0 40 66 63.2 165
4 40.0 25 68 80.2 173
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812777312544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

试验条件和被试

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
场景 温度/℃ 湿度/% 年龄/岁 体质量/kg 身高/cm
1 36.5 20 65 80.1 180
2 36.5 60 65 80.1 180
3 40.0 40 66 63.2 165
4 40.0 25 68 80.2 173
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812836032803, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Impact of temperature, humidity, activity intensity and heat exposure duration on thermal safety

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
热暴露
时长/h
决定
系数
P β
温度 湿度 PAR
0.5 0.972 <0.001 0.249 0.137 0.945
1 0.941 <0.001 0.296 0.222 0.900
2 0.912 <0.001 0.337 0.294 0.849
4 0.901 <0.001 0.360 0.333 0.817
8 0.900 <0.001 0.370 0.348 0.806
), ArticleFig(id=1165721812903141669, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699635945818, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

温度、湿度、活动强度及热暴露时长对热安全的影响

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热暴露
时长/h
决定
系数
P β
温度 湿度 PAR
0.5 0.972 <0.001 0.249 0.137 0.945
1 0.941 <0.001 0.296 0.222 0.900
2 0.912 <0.001 0.337 0.294 0.849
4 0.901 <0.001 0.360 0.333 0.817
8 0.900 <0.001 0.370 0.348 0.806
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基于体温调节模型的老年人热安全风险预警系统
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郑国忠 , 贾锐麟 , 易文文 , 岳欣茹
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2025,35(1): 25-31
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2025, 35(1): 25-31
基于体温调节模型的老年人热安全风险预警系统
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郑国忠 , 贾锐麟, 易文文, 岳欣茹
作者信息
  • 华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003
  • 郑国忠 (1982—),男,福建泉州人,博士,副教授,主要从事高温环境劳动保护、建筑环境等方面的研究。E-mail:

Thermal safety risk warning system for elderly people based on thermoregulation model
Guozhong ZHENG , Ruilin JIA, Wenwen YI, Xinru YUE
Affiliations
  • School of Energy Power and Mechanical Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Baoding Hebei 071003, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0759
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为降低老年人高温天气下的热安全风险,基于体温调节模型建立老年人热安全预警系统。通过改进经典体温调节模型中的物理模型和主被动系统,构建适用于老年人的改进体温调节模型,并利用已公开试验数据验证改进模型的准确性;利用模型模拟老年人在高温环境中的体温变化,并通过统计学方法分析模拟结果,确定各影响因素对老年人热安全的影响;建立老年人热安全风险预警系统,并通过案例分析演示该预警系统。结果表明: 改进模型能够准确模拟老年人的体温变化,均方根误差小于0.12 ℃;活动强度显著影响热安全,标准化回归系数β大于0.8;随着热暴露时间的增加,活动强度对热安全的影响减弱(β从0.945下降到0.806),环境因素的影响增强(温度和湿度的β从0.249和0.137上升到0.370和0.348);在预警系统案例分析中,保定/香港休息和工作老年人连续活动的安全时长分别为172/175和108/122 min;老年人在该日热安全风险最大的时段为17:00—18:00。

体温调节模型  /  老年人  /  热安全  /  风险预警系统  /  活动强度

A thermal safety warning system was established based on a thermoregulation model to mitigate the thermal safety risk for elderly people under high-temperature conditions. Firstly, the improved model suitable for the elderly was established by replacing the physical model and adjusting the active and passive systems in the classical model. The improved model was validated using publicly available experimental data. Secondly, the model simulated the temperature changes in elderly people in high-temperature environments. Statistical analysis was used to assess the impact of various parameters on thermal safety. Finally, based on the analysis results and the improved model, a thermal safety risk warning system for elderly people was developed. The warning system was demonstrated through a case study. Results indicate that the improved model accurately simulates the body temperature of elderly people, with a root mean squared error less than 0.12 ℃. Physical activity intensity significantly impacts thermal safety, with a standardized regression coefficient β larger than 0.8. As heat exposure time increases, the impact of activity intensity on thermal safety is decreased (β decreases from 0.945 to 0.806), while the influence of environmental factors is increased (β of temperature and humidity increases from 0.249 and 0.137 to 0.370 and 0.348). In the case study, the safe duration of continuous activities for the resting and working elderly people in Baoding/Hong Kong is 172/175 minutes and 108/122 minutes, respectively. The highest thermal safety risk period for elderly people on that day is between 17:00 and 18:00.

thermoregulation model  /  elderly people  /  thermal safety  /  risk warning system  /  activity intensity
郑国忠, 贾锐麟, 易文文, 岳欣茹. 基于体温调节模型的老年人热安全风险预警系统. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 25 -31 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0759
Guozhong ZHENG, Ruilin JIA, Wenwen YI, Xinru YUE. Thermal safety risk warning system for elderly people based on thermoregulation model[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 25 -31 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0759
随着全球变暖加剧,热浪的频率和强度不断增加。长时间暴露在高温环境中会影响人体热平衡,从而导致热相关疾病,甚至可能引发死亡[1-2]。与此同时,我国人口老龄化问题也日益严重。根据《中华人民共和国老年人权益保障法》[3],年满60周岁及以上的人群被认定为老年人。随着年龄增长,老年人适应高温和感知危险的能力逐渐下降,其热安全风险明显高于年轻人[4]。因此,建立老年人热安全风险预警系统,对预测并及时干预高温环境下老年人热安全风险具有重要意义。
学者们提出了多种热安全风险预警指标和方法,并开发了不同的热安全预警系统。CHENG Yuting等[5]根据健康记录确定了湿球黑球温度(Wet Bulb Globe Temperature, WBGT)、温度和表观温度的热安全阈值;YI Wen等[6]分析了工人的生理状态、工作强度与工作环境之间的关系,并开发了湿热环境热安全预警系统;GOLECHHA等[7]通过分析气象和死亡率数据,划分了城市温度阈值,并开发了热浪灾害风险预警系统。然而,以上研究对象主要为普通成年人,且未考虑各影响因素对热安全的综合作用。
因此,笔者拟借助体温调节模型进行老年人热安全风险预警。首先,通过现有研究结果改进经典体温调节模型;然后,利用改进模型模拟老年人在高温环境中的体温变化并根据模拟结果分析各因素对热安全的影响;最后,建立老年人热安全风险预警系统,并通过案例分析论证该预警系统的实际应用,以期为老年人高温防护提供方法支持和理论依据。
TAKAHASHI等[8]开发的第三代关节系统体温调节(Third Generation Joint System Thermoregulation,JOS-3)模型具有灵敏度高、准确性好、结果详细等优点,被广泛用于体温调节模拟[8]。模型的热平衡方程为:
C i j d d t ( T i j ) = Q i j + B i j - D i j - L i j - R i j - E i j - S i j
式中:Cij为比热容,J/K;Tij为温度,K;t为时间,s;Qij为产热量,W;Bij为血液流动热交换,W;Dij为导热热损失,W;Lij为对流热损失,W;Rij为辐射热损失,W;Eij为蒸发热损失,W;Sij为呼吸热损失,W;i为分段编号;j为组织。
JOS-3模型中活动强度按体力活动率(Physical Activity Ratio,PAR)分级。该分级方式简洁明了地量化了不同活动的代谢率,具有较强的通用性和个体适用性,便于比较不同活动间的差异。基础代谢率和工作代谢率可通过下式计算。
G b , i j = F b , i j × M
G w , i = F w , i × ( P A - 1 ) × M
式中: G b , i j为基础代谢产热量,W; F b , i j为基础代谢产热量的分布系数;M为基础代谢率,W/m2;Gw,i为活动产热量,W;Fw,i为活动产热量的分配系数,W;PA为PAR。老年人日常生活中从事的各项活动及其对应的PAR见表1[8]
老年人和年轻人在生理参数和体温调节方面存在差异。JOS-3模型主要针对标准成年人,无法准确模拟老年人的体温变化。为提高JOS-3模型模拟老年人体温调节的准确度,从物理模型、被动系统和主动系统3个方面改进JOS-3模型。
基于文献[9-11]的研究结果,建立标准中国老年人的物理模型,来代替JOS-3中的物理模型;建立标准老年人的物理模型,可有效提高体温调节模型在预测老年人体温变化时的准确度。ZHOU Xin等[9]确定了中国老年人各部位的尺寸划分,安奇志等[10]确定了老年人的体脂分布,RIDA等[11]确定了各部位的热物理参数。标准中国男/女性老年人的年龄为60岁,身高和体质量分别为166/152cm和67/59kg,其基本参数和热力学参数见表2
基于文献[11]的研究结果,改进JOS-3模型中的基础代谢和心输出量的计算方法。基础代谢率和心输出量的计算见下式:
M m = 277.84 + 57.48 × W + 20.9 × H - 28.22 × A
M w = 2   780.1 + 39.96 × W + 7.69 × H - 19.52 × A
C o = 6.2 × ( 1.3 - 0.01 × A )
式中:Mm为男性基础代谢率,W/m2;W为体质量,kg;H为身高,cm;A为年龄,岁;Mw为女性基础代谢率,W/m2;Co为心输出量,L/min。
在JOS-3模型中,设定点温度不会随对象的年龄而变化。然而,现有研究表明:设定点温度并非恒定不变[12]。因此,有必要针对老年人调整设定点温度,具体操作为:老年人的核心温度设定值增加0.05℃,平均皮肤温度降低0.9℃,以反映其温度调节的延迟[12-13]。体温调节信号见下式:
N e = i = 0 16 S k , i × ( T i j - T s p , i j )
C e = i = 0 16 S k , i × ( T s p , i j - T i j )
式中:Ne为热积分误差,K;Ce为冷积分误差,K; S k , i为热受体分布系数;sp为设定点。
为验证改进模型的有效性,选择文献[14-15]中的试验工况,对比改进模型的模拟值与实测值及Fiala模型[16]的模拟结果,试验条件和被试条件见表3,模拟结果与试验结果的比较如图1所示。
对比改进模型模拟值和实测值,核心/皮肤温度的最大误差小于0.11/1.64℃,平均绝对误差小于0.08/0.34℃,均方根误差小于0.04/0.48℃。对于Fiala模型,核心/皮肤温度的最大误差为0.2/2.04℃,平均绝对误差大于0.09/0.68℃,均方根误差大于0.07/1.03℃。由于Fiala模型并未考虑人体衰老,预测的老年人核心温度偏低,皮肤温度偏高。根据模拟结果可得,改进模型准确可靠,能够准确模拟老年人在高温下的体温变化,从而反映热安全状态。
选择具有热安全风险的环境及老年人可接受的活动强度为输入参数。借助改进模型模拟并分析老年人在不同环境条件和活动强度下的体温变化,具体影响因素及其范围分别为:温度(30~44℃)、湿度(20%~80%)和PAR(1.0~5.2)。
根据多元线性回归分析模拟结果,确定各影响因素对热安全的影响。采用气温、湿度和活动强度作为预测变量。采用直接反映人体热安全的核心温度作为因变量。对比不同时长(0.5、1、2、4和8h)的分析结果,确定热暴露时间对热安全的影响。
温度、湿度、活动强度及热暴露时长对热安全的影响见表4。拟合结果的决定系数大于0.9,各影响因素对热安全均具有显著影响,其P<0.001(P表示在0假设为真的情况下,观察到的统计结果出现的概率)。标准化回归系数β显示,各影响因素均增强了热安全风险,其中,活动强度对热安全的影响最为显著。此外,活动强度对热安全的影响随着热暴露时间的增加而降低(β从0.945降低到0.806)。而环境参数的影响随着热暴露时间的延长而增加(温度和湿度的β分别从0.249和0.137增加到0.370和0.348)。
上述结果表明:温度、湿度和活动强度对热安全风险具有显著影响。预警前必须提前确定预警对象的活动类型。此外,热安全风险预警需要考虑热暴露时间的影响。极端高温会刺激人体热感觉,促使人们采取降温措施,因此,长期暴露在较低强度的高温(30~35℃)下比短期暴露在极端高温(35℃以上)下具有更高的热安全风险。
基于热安全风险影响因素的分析结果及改进后的体温调节模型,构建热安全风险预警系统,如图2所示。该预警系统包括4个基本模块,即特征参数设置模块、输入模块、运算模块和输出模块。
特征参数设置模块确定预警对象的年龄、身高、体质量、性别和衣服类型等影响信息。根据这些特征参数,系统自动计算并调整物理模型,随后,将物理模型和其他信息传输到输入模块进行处理。
输入模块需要人工输入并设置预警时间长度及环境和人体活动参数。参数为动态变化的数值,包括温度、湿度和PAR。参数的最小时间步长为秒。
运算模块主要由体温调节模型构成。体温调节模型根据接收到的数据模拟预警对象的体温调节过程,确定模拟对象在所设定条件下各部位的皮肤和核心温度、身体产热及散热量和出汗量。
输出模块则根据模拟结果,判断预警对象在该场景中的热安全风险是否超出安全临界状态,并发出预警信号。然后,综合各项信息确定热安全风险。文中以核心温度达到38.5℃为安全临界值。
选取河北省保定市及香港居家休息及外出工作的2类老年人作为预警对象,展示热安全风险预警系统的应用。环境数据为2023年7月6日内每小时温湿度[17]。活动参数为根据2类老年人的活动安排确定PAR。案例涉及的环境参数、老年人的活动安排及PAR如图3所示。
核心温度的预警结果如图4所示。2地老年人的体温变化趋势大致相同。2地休息老年人在17:00具有热安全风险。主要风险项为长时间热暴露导致的体内热量积聚。休息老年人的热安全的风险较低。由于2地的气候差异,香港休息老年人的体温上升及下降速率均小于保定休息老年人。2地工作老年人的热安全高风险期为9:00—13:00及16:00—19:00。主要风险项是身体活动。预警结果表明:工作老年人整体热安全风险较高。此外,由于香港湿度较高,人体散热能力受限,该地老年人在午间及下午的热安全风险更高。综合来看,该日,保定/香港的休息老年人的连续活动安全时长小于172和175min,工作老年人的连续活动安全时长小于108和122min。此外,午休可有效降低核心温度,从而降低热安全风险。
比较预警结果与WBGT和通用热气候指数(Universal Thermal Climate Index, UTCI),确定预警结果的可靠性,结果如图5所示。2地的预警结果与热指标(WBGT和UTCI)具有相同的变化趋势。表明预警结果具有极高的准确性与灵敏度。此外,随着热暴露时间的增加及人体活动的变化,预警系统能够依据人体热生理变化调整热安全预警等级,并为不同人群提供针对性的热安全预警,具有更好的实用性。
综上,预警系统可准确预警老年人的热安全风险,且具有更高的灵敏度和适用性。其主要原因如下:①WBGT和UTCI均不能反映活动强度对人体热平衡的影响。因此,这些热指标会高/低估进行低/高活动强度个体的热安全风险。②WBGT和UTCI不能反映热暴露时间对热安全的影响。③WBGT和UTCI难以评估动态条件下人体的热安全风险。在现实生活中,人类经历的活动强度和外界环境通常是动态变化的。热指标并不能准确预警现实生活中老年人的热安全风险。例如:在香港案例中UTCI始终保持在“热”这一等级,不能对老年人进行有效的热安全预警。文中建立的基于模型的热安全风险预警系统可弥补现有热指标的局限性,提供一种更加精确、实用的热安全风险评估方法。
1) 改进模型可准确模拟老年人在高温环境中的体温变化,核心/皮肤温度的平均绝对误差小于0.08/0.343℃,均方根误差小于0.04/0.48℃。
2) 活动强度和温湿度对老年人热安全有显著影响。随着热暴露时间的增加,活动强度对热安全的影响减弱,标准化回归系数β从0.945下降到0.806,而温湿度的影响增强,β从0.249和0.137上升到0.370和0.348。
3) 基于模型的热安全预警系统更为准确可靠。保定和香港休息老年人的连续活动安全时长小于172和175 min,工作老年人的连续工作安全时长小于108和122 min。代表温带季风气候的保定和亚热带气候的香港的案例分析结果证明,该系统具有一定的普适性。
  • 教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(20YJAZH138)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0759
  • 接收时间:2024-08-11
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-11
  • 修回日期:2024-10-20
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教育部人文社会科学研究一般项目(20YJAZH138)
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    华北电力大学 能源动力与机械工程学院,河北 保定 071003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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