Article(id=1148106699220705532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0163-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723564800000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-14, revisedDate=1729180800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659567885, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659567885, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659567885, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659567885, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=163, endPage=170, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757471440417577, articleId=1148106699220705532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of the teaching building, the classroom structure was optimized through control experiments and numerical simulations to enhance evacuation efficiency. Emergency evacuation tests were used to obtain the movement characteristics of students aged 6-7 years old. And Pathfinder simulation software was used to study the impact of desk layout, classroom door position, and exit position on evacuation. The results indicate that for a single classroom, although shortening the pre-action time can reduce the overall evacuation time, it cannot improve the congestion caused by the building structure. Appropriate evacuation routes and desk layouts can significantly reduce evacuation time. For buildings with classrooms on one side of the corridor, increasing the width of the corridor and exit is the most effective way to improve evacuation efficiency. For buildings with classrooms on both sides of the corridor, the structure of the evacuation corridor inside the building, including the number of corridors and the intersections inside the corridors, is the most important factor affecting evacuation time. Therefore, it is recommended to develop optimization plans for classroom evacuation structure from different aspects.

, correspAuthors=Xuxu SUN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Jun WANG, Yanghui HU, Xianfeng CHEN, Xuxu SUN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106708213293942, articleId=1148106699220705532, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响, columnId=1149733271510106222, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=公共安全, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为提高低龄小学生在教学楼的疏散效率,采用紧急疏散试验获取6~7岁学生的运动特征,并使用Pathfinder模拟软件研究课桌布局、教室门位置和出口位置对疏散的影响,通过控制试验和数值模拟优化教室结构。结果表明: 对于单个教室,虽然缩短预先行动时间可减少总体疏散时间,但无法改善由建筑结构造成的拥堵。适当的疏散路径和课桌布局可显著减少疏散时间,对于走廊一侧有教室的建筑,提高走廊宽度和出口宽度是提高疏散效率最有效的方法;对于走廊两侧有教室的建筑,建筑内疏散走廊的结构,包括走廊数量和走廊内的交叉口,是影响疏散时间的最重要因素,因此,建议从不同方面制定优化教室疏散结构的方案。

, correspAuthors=孙绪绪, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**孙绪绪(1994—),男,安徽宿州人,博士,教授,主要从事火焰传播动力学及风险防控技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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王 珺 (1982—),女,湖北黄冈人,硕士,讲师,主要从事安全应急管理及国防科研管理方面的研究。E-mail:

胡杨慧 讲师

陈先锋 教授

孙绪绪 教授

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Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications, 2017, 469:157-172., articleTitle=Modeling, simulation and analysis of the evacuation process on stairs in a multi-floor classroom building of a primary school, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1165721966964125968, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, awardId=WK2320000050, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WK2320000050), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1165721963579322560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1165721963587711169, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, companyId=1165721963579322560, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, 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figureFileSmall=VbNshFA+FLlJ/Q4IZ+2orw==, figureFileBig=V1yYIjtPwKEH89xS3bLNIA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721966469198088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Flow rate of different layouts, figureFileSmall=QayGQaqC8hQO+JVnYpCUXQ==, figureFileBig=nFw3Zbt4hzMgDw4qBvGXUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721966527918345, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=CN, label=图11, caption=不同布局下的流量, figureFileSmall=QayGQaqC8hQO+JVnYpCUXQ==, figureFileBig=nFw3Zbt4hzMgDw4qBvGXUw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165721966582444298, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Simulation parameters

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参数
移动速度/(m·s-1) max=3.83;min=1.79
加速时间/s 1.5
减速因子 0.7
持续时间/s 0.5
碰撞响应时间/s 1.0
慢速系数 0.05
壁面边界层/m 0
舒适距离/m 0
), ArticleFig(id=1165721966641164555, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

模拟参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数
移动速度/(m·s-1) max=3.83;min=1.79
加速时间/s 1.5
减速因子 0.7
持续时间/s 0.5
碰撞响应时间/s 1.0
慢速系数 0.05
壁面边界层/m 0
舒适距离/m 0
), ArticleFig(id=1165721966695690508, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Layout index and description

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布局序号 描述
布局1 基本布局如图3a所示
布局2 从左到右面向黑板的第四列课桌与第三列合并,使靠近门的走道宽度增加到0.75m,如图3b所示
布局3 第三列课桌并入第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.20m,如图3c所示
布局4 第四列和第三列课桌合并到第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.35m,如图3d所示
布局5 第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.80m,如图3e所示
布局6 第四列、第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.95m,如图3f所示
), ArticleFig(id=1165721966750216461, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

布局序号与描述

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布局序号 描述
布局1 基本布局如图3a所示
布局2 从左到右面向黑板的第四列课桌与第三列合并,使靠近门的走道宽度增加到0.75m,如图3b所示
布局3 第三列课桌并入第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.20m,如图3c所示
布局4 第四列和第三列课桌合并到第二列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.35m,如图3d所示
布局5 第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.80m,如图3e所示
布局6 第四列、第三列和第二列课桌合并到第一列,使靠近门口的走道宽度增加到1.95m,如图3f所示
), ArticleFig(id=1165721966800548110, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Exit locations of the building with classrooms on one side of the corridor

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序号 描述
E1 出口位于走廊的左端,出口中点的离散值为0
E2 出口位于走廊右端,出口中点的离散值为45
E3 出口位于第一间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为4.5
E4 出口位于第二间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为13.5
E5 出口位于第三间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为22.5
), ArticleFig(id=1165721966859268367, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106699220705532, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

走廊一侧为教室的教学楼出口位置

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序号 描述
E1 出口位于走廊的左端,出口中点的离散值为0
E2 出口位于走廊右端,出口中点的离散值为45
E3 出口位于第一间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为4.5
E4 出口位于第二间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为13.5
E5 出口位于第三间教室对面,出口中点的离散值为22.5
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教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响
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王珺 1 , 胡杨慧 2, 3 , 陈先锋 1 , 孙绪绪 1, **
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2025,35(1): 163-170
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2025, 35(1): 163-170
教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响
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王珺1 , 胡杨慧2, 3, 陈先锋1, 孙绪绪1, **
作者信息
  • 1 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
  • 2 辽宁警察学院 治安管理系, 辽宁 大连 116036
  • 3 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026
  • 王 珺 (1982—),女,湖北黄冈人,硕士,讲师,主要从事安全应急管理及国防科研管理方面的研究。E-mail:

    胡杨慧 讲师

    陈先锋 教授

    孙绪绪 教授

通讯作者:

**孙绪绪(1994—),男,安徽宿州人,博士,教授,主要从事火焰传播动力学及风险防控技术方面的研究。E-mail:
Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students
Jun WANG1 , Yanghui HU2, 3, Xianfeng CHEN1, Xuxu SUN1, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Science and Emergency Management, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan Hubei 430070, China
  • 2 Department of Public Security Management, Liaoning Police College, Dalian Liaoning 116036, China
  • 3 State Key Laboratory of Fire Science, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei Anhui 230026, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526
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为提高低龄小学生在教学楼的疏散效率,采用紧急疏散试验获取6~7岁学生的运动特征,并使用Pathfinder模拟软件研究课桌布局、教室门位置和出口位置对疏散的影响,通过控制试验和数值模拟优化教室结构。结果表明: 对于单个教室,虽然缩短预先行动时间可减少总体疏散时间,但无法改善由建筑结构造成的拥堵。适当的疏散路径和课桌布局可显著减少疏散时间,对于走廊一侧有教室的建筑,提高走廊宽度和出口宽度是提高疏散效率最有效的方法;对于走廊两侧有教室的建筑,建筑内疏散走廊的结构,包括走廊数量和走廊内的交叉口,是影响疏散时间的最重要因素,因此,建议从不同方面制定优化教室疏散结构的方案。

教室结构  /  低龄小学生  /  疏散效率  /  课桌布局  /  出口位置

In order to improve the evacuation efficiency of the teaching building, the classroom structure was optimized through control experiments and numerical simulations to enhance evacuation efficiency. Emergency evacuation tests were used to obtain the movement characteristics of students aged 6-7 years old. And Pathfinder simulation software was used to study the impact of desk layout, classroom door position, and exit position on evacuation. The results indicate that for a single classroom, although shortening the pre-action time can reduce the overall evacuation time, it cannot improve the congestion caused by the building structure. Appropriate evacuation routes and desk layouts can significantly reduce evacuation time. For buildings with classrooms on one side of the corridor, increasing the width of the corridor and exit is the most effective way to improve evacuation efficiency. For buildings with classrooms on both sides of the corridor, the structure of the evacuation corridor inside the building, including the number of corridors and the intersections inside the corridors, is the most important factor affecting evacuation time. Therefore, it is recommended to develop optimization plans for classroom evacuation structure from different aspects.

classroom structure  /  young elementary school students  /  evacuation efficiency  /  desk layout  /  exit location
王珺, 胡杨慧, 陈先锋, 孙绪绪. 教室结构布局对低龄小学生疏散效率的影响. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 163 -170 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526
Jun WANG, Yanghui HU, Xianfeng CHEN, Xuxu SUN. Influence of classroom structure layout on evacuation efficiency of young primary school students[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 163 -170 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526
儿童的认知和运动能力与成人不同,因此,他们在火灾等紧急状况中属于脆弱群体,尤其是在教学楼这样高密度的环境中,教室中的学生疏散更加复杂和困难[1]。统计数据显示,2011—2015年,美国高达80%的教育火灾发生在6:00—18:00[2]。ZHANG Yongling等[3]统计了中国2000—2014年期间校园发生的踩踏事故,发现小学教学楼内踩踏事故的比例高达71.2%。因此,优化教室结构,提高学生疏散效率,有助于减少儿童受伤并确保其生命安全。
目前,关于教室疏散的研究,主要通过疏散演习或半公开的疏散演习获得不同年龄儿童在教学楼中的运动特征,如运动速度[4-5](水平速度和楼梯速度)、预动作时间[6]、疏散时间[7]、流率[8]等。一些研究人员研究了教室中的选择行为,如ZHU Kongjin等[9]在大学教室开展了试验,发现行人的出口选择和路线选择是不对称的,行人的撤离时间受环境和个人特征的影响;CHEN Liang等[10]在小学开展了基于问卷的试验,发现低龄小学生的位置、拥挤程度、群体行为和回溯行为会影响路线选择。此外,一些学者还研究了能见度[11]和门宽[12]对教室疏散的影响。
综上,学者们关于教室疏散的研究大多集中在单个教室,而缺乏对多个教室,如单层或多层建筑的研究。此外,文献中对单间教室的设置,如行列间距、门间距、门宽等,并不符合《中小学校设计规范》(简称《规范》)[13]。鉴于此,笔者拟开展试验,根据《规范》[13]优化教室结构,分析教室结构对低龄小学生人员疏散效率的影响,并进行数值模拟计算,以期为建筑设计和疏散策略提供理论依据。
在模拟之前,需要根据低龄小学生的运动特点设置模型参数。为此进行对照试验,试验场景如图1a所示,由等待区和测量区2个区域组成。测量区是一个6m×6m的正方形房间,有3扇门。3扇门位于图1a中右侧1.2m的试验区域。在试验中,只有“门A”和“门B”可以使用,剩下的一扇门被工作人员挡住。试验开始前,志愿者聚集在等候区,听到“出发”的指令后,开始跑向门口并离开房间。在试验过程中,被试被要求想象火灾等紧急状况,最终模拟紧急疏散。共有41名被试参加试验,均为6~7岁的低龄小学生,在试验过程中未表现出身体残疾。使用数码相机记录整个试验过程,试验截图如图1b所示,视频帧率为25帧/s。
根据试验结果建立对应单位模拟场景,并根据试验中的疏散时间和移动速度调整模拟参数。试验与模拟之间的疏散时间对比如图1c所示。模拟疏散时间与试验结果吻合良好,模型参数见表1
单间教室结构的基本布局如图2所示。获得模拟参数后,建立9m×6.9m的教室模型。教室内有4×5排双人课桌,每间教室的学生总数为40人。教室右侧有2扇门,门宽0.9m,课桌的尺寸为1.2m×0.4m,2排课桌之间的距离为0.9m,教室内走道的宽度为0.6m,靠近墙壁的课桌距离墙壁0.15m。在确定教室的基本几何形状后,通过改变预动作时间、教室结构的布局(课桌分布)、教室门的位置和教学楼的出口位置来研究小学教学楼的疏散情况。模拟场景有3种:①单个教室;②教室位于走廊一侧的教学楼;③教室位于走廊2侧的教学楼。由于试验中研究对象均为一年级学生,其教室通常设置在一楼,因此,考虑采用单层教学楼[14]
由于低龄小学生的认知能力有限,他们可能无法准确预测危险。因此,以图2作为单间教室的基本布局,根据模拟结果,分析拥堵区域和可能的拥堵原因,并制定相应的措施来优化教室结构。首先,以图2中的布局为基本布局进行模拟研究,每个学生的预动作时间设为15 s[8],最大密度曲线如图3a所示。从图3a可以看出,拥堵主要发生在靠近门口的过道上,根据最短路径原理,教室内的走道使用不均衡。学生先在2排之间横向移动到靠近门口的过道,然后再移动到门口。由于靠近门口的过道拥挤,出口区域周围没有明显的拥挤现象。由于最后一排课桌与黑板之间的最大距离为8.00m,因此,合并不同列的课桌,以保持课桌的行数。表2为布局序号及其描述。
一般来说,增加拥挤过道宽度的策略可以改善靠近门口过道的拥挤状况(布局2—布局6),但不同布局下门口的拥挤程度不同。在布局2条件下(将过道移至墙边),虽然缓解了靠近门口过道的拥堵,但过道和门口的拥堵是重叠的,导致门口区域的拥堵加深。在布局3中,通过增加过道宽度,过道的拥堵状况可以得到明显缓解。因此,在布局4—布局6中进一步增加拥挤过道的宽度。单间教室不同布局下的疏散时间如图4所示。从图4中可以看出,这些变化并没有进一步缓解拥挤状况。相反,由于过道减少,2排学生之间的横向移动距离增加,从而增加了2排之间的密度。同时,过道和门口处的高密度区域并没有得到进一步缓解,表明:无限增加门边过道的宽度并不总是对缓解拥挤有积极的作用。
与布局1的疏散时间相比,其他布局可以缩短疏散时间,即把拥挤的过道移到墙边,增加拥挤过道的宽度。与布局1的疏散时间相比,其他布局中95%的行人的疏散时间可缩短5.2%、13.1%、10.1%、10.8%和7.5%(从布局2到布局6)。结合图3(拥挤程度)和图4(疏散时间)可以得出:将拥挤的过道移到墙边,并适当增加靠近门的过道宽度,有利于疏散。但值得注意的是,在设计教室布局时,不仅要考虑如何更快地疏散,还要考虑如何方便学生的日常活动。布局2和布局3不仅可以缩短疏散时间,还可以尽可能减少布局对日常活动的影响。
预动作时间对疏散时间有至关重要的影响[14-15]。然而,很少有小学生疏散模型考虑到儿童的预动作时间。6~7岁小学生的基本预动作时间约为15 s。选择6个不同的预动作时间:0、5、10、15、20和25s。不同预动作时间下单间教室的疏散时间和拥堵时间及其关系如图5所示。
图5c可知:疏散时间与预动作时间呈线性关系,随着预动作时间的增加,疏散时间也呈线性增加。在相同的预动作时间下,不同布局的疏散时间趋势相同。布局3的疏散时间最短,总疏散时间大致等于移动时间(0s预动作时间下的疏散时间)和预动作时间之和。与布局1相比,改进后的布局(布局2—布局6)大大减少了拥堵时间,从而缩短了疏散时间。当预动作时间减少到一定程度时,还需要从学生的疏散策略上提高疏散效率。
通过为小学生设置不同的疏散策略来提高疏散效率:①错峰出行,通过改变不同行列小学生的预行动时间,减少同时到达拥挤过道的行人数量。通过模拟,将疏散时间从12.8s减少到12.4s(第一排到第五排的预行动时间分别为0、1.5、2、1、0s)。②提高教室空间利用率,指定疏散路线。根据这一策略,通过为不同位置的学生分配不同的疏散路线和疏散门,将疏散时间缩短至10.3s。这种方法可在实际疏散中通过多次疏散演练来实现。因此,建议分配不同的疏散路线来疏散学生,以提高疏散效率。结果表明:这2种不同的策略能够有效减少走道和门前的拥堵情况。
该教学楼由一排5个单间教室和一条连接所有教室的走廊组成。首先,研究出口位置对教学楼疏散的影响;在模拟中,使用5个不同的出口位置,见表3,模拟结果如图6所示。
图6可以看出,在E5条件下,疏散效率最高,因为此时行人的移动路径最短。在E3条件下,疏散时间最长。这表明:疏散效率不仅与行人路径的长度有关,还与出口位置有关。通过Kruskal Wallis检验在5个不同的出口位置下,疏散时间和人行道长度的分布是否存在显著差异。结果发现,5种疏散时间分布之间没有显著差异(P=0.34>0.05)。然而,行人移动路径的长度却存在明显差异(P=8.72×10-23<0.05)。由此可见:将出口设置在建筑物的中间位置,虽然不能显著缩短疏散时间,但可以显著减少行人的移动路径,从而降低行人在疏散过程中的能耗。
为优化该方案中拥堵区域的设计,在E1、E2和E3条件下,拥堵出现在走廊和教室门的交汇处;在E4和E5条件下,拥堵出现在出口区域周围的走廊上。在这种情况下,建议增加走廊宽度,以提高疏散效率。当走廊宽度增加到2.4m,出口宽度保持1.8m时,E1—E5的疏散时间分别减少了-0.8%、1.5%、7.6%、6.6%和2.6%。然而,只增加走廊宽度而不增加出口宽度,虽然减少了走廊的拥堵,但学生在出口处拥堵,导致疏散时间增加不明显。当走廊宽度和出口宽度增加到2.4m时,与图6a相比,E1—E5的疏散时间分别缩短19.7%、19.5%、15.5%、21.7%和17.8%。由此得出拥堵是由走廊宽度和出口宽度2个因素造成的。单纯增加走廊宽度并不一定有利于疏散,在设计建筑时最好考虑到所有影响因素。
不同门位置和出口位置下的流量如图7所示。其中,C18E18指1.8m走廊宽度和1.8m出口宽度,C24E24指2.4m走廊宽度和2.4m出口宽度。从图7中可以看出,门的位置对流速的影响与出口位置有关。具体来说,门的位置对疏散效率的影响与门在疏散方向上的位置(教室内2扇门的出口附近的门)有关。在第2.1节中,发现当门位于教室的尽头时,墙壁的引导作用有利于疏散。例如:在图7中的出口位置序号1中,出口位于走廊的左侧,此时,教室的前门就是疏散方向的门。在D1、D2和D3条件下,教室的前门位于教室的尽头,可以看出,D1、D2和D3条件下的流量更大。在出口位置序号为2的情况下,出口位于走廊的右侧,此时,D1、D4和D5条件下的教室后门距离出口更近,且位于教室的尽头,D1、D4和D5条件下的流量更大。此外,当相邻门之间的最小距离越大时(从D1到D5∶0、0.3、1.6、0.9、1.3m),门在疏散过程中的积极作用就越明显。一般来说,门在疏散方向上的位置对疏散效率的影响较大,相邻2门之间的距离较长也能对疏散起到积极作用,但这些因素对疏散的影响并不比增加走廊和出口的宽度更大。
计算课桌布局对教室位于走廊一侧的大楼出口流速的影响,结果如图8所示。从图8可以看出,较宽的走廊和出口可以显著提高流量。与出口位置相比,课桌的布局对疏散的影响较小。因此,在一排教室楼的情况下,走廊宽度和出口宽度对疏散效率的影响较大,其次是出口位置,再次是门的位置。在上述因素中,教室内课桌的布局对疏散效率的提高可以忽略不计。
在2排教室的建筑中,应满足以下规范:内部走廊的宽度不应小于2.4m,每100人的出口宽度不应小于0.7m。建筑的整体分布包括5×2间单人教室、中间一条2.4m宽的走廊以及走廊末端2个2.4m宽的出口。
走廊两侧为教室的大楼中不同出口位置的疏散时间如图9所示。从图9可以看出,在E1的情况下,疏散时间最短,此时楼内只有一条直走廊,当行人从教室门出来时,会与走廊上的人流同向汇合,在整个疏散过程中,行人之间的冲突相对较少。从图3可以看出,当走廊上有转弯或交叉结构时,疏散过程中行人会在这些结构处发生交叉流动,造成拥堵,从而增加疏散时间。因此,建议在走廊两侧都有教室的建筑设计中,最佳结构是一条长直走廊,两端有2个出口。应取消或尽量减少疏散走廊中的转弯和交叉结构,以避免出现多重交叉流。如果必须有交叉疏散走廊,在交叉口采用非对称出口分隔人流也能有效缩短疏散时间(如E3、E4和E5情况)。此外,还需要采取相应措施优化建筑结构,根据拥堵位置增加走廊宽度和出口宽度。
教学楼2排教室的不同门位置下的流量如图10所示。用95%的疏散时间除以疏散人数(380)得出疏散流速。从图10中可以看出,当出口位置是影响疏散的主要因素(走廊位置和走廊中的交叉口)时,改变门的位置并不能显著提高疏散效率。在不同的出口结构下,与教室门的位置相比,增加走廊宽度和出口宽度对提高教室位于走廊两侧建筑的疏散效率更为有效。
计算不同布局下的流速如图11所示,从图11可以看出,出口位置,即建筑物内走廊的结构对流量的影响最大。对相同布局下不同出口位置的前95%行人的疏散时间进行Kruskal-Wallis显著性检验。结果表明:在相同布局下,不同出口位置的疏散时间存在显著差异(对于C24E24,布局1:P=6.74×10-44<0.05,布局2:P=2.81×10-32<0.05,布局3:P=9.24×10-32<0.05;对于C30E30,布局1:P=6.86×10-29<0.05,布局2:P=2.74×10-31<0.05,布局3:P=2.54×10-31<0.05)。其次,无论布局如何变化,增加走廊和出口宽度都能显著提高疏散效率。最后,发现与出口位置和走廊宽度相比,布局对疏散流量的影响很小。通过Kruskal-Wallis显著性检验,发现不同布局下疏散时间无显著差异(C24E24,布局1:P=0.32>0.05,布局2:P=0.10>0.05,布局3:P=0.46>0.05,布局4:P=0.77>0.05,布局5:P=0.89>0.05;对于C30E30,布局1:P=0.88>0.05,布局2:P=0.97>0.05,布局3:P=0.77>0.05,布局4:P=0.85>0.05,布局5:P=0.97>0.05)。因此,在一栋教室位于走廊两侧的建筑中,教室内课桌的布局并不能显著提高疏散效率,但走廊的结构和走廊出口的宽度对疏散时间的影响更大。
一般来说,通过改变出口位置(楼内走廊和交叉路口的数量)、门的位置和教室内课桌的布局来优化教室位于走廊两侧的建筑。研究发现,在这类建筑物中,建筑物中疏散走廊的数量和走廊中的交叉口,对疏散效率的影响最大。其次,通过增加走廊宽度和出口宽度来提高疏散效率。然而,教室门位置和教室内课桌布局的改变并不能明显改善疏散情况。
1) 模拟结果显示,对于单个教室,改变课桌的布局可显著减少疏散时间。值得注意的是,设置课桌布局还需要考虑学生日常活动的便利性,因此,推荐布局2和布局3。同样,门的位置也会影响疏散时间,但这种影响比布局对疏散时间的影响要小。
2) 将不同位置的学生分配到不同的疏散路线,不仅可以有效缩短疏散时间,而且是一种易于在实际疏散过程中实施的策略。对于走廊一侧有教室的建筑,增加走廊和出口的宽度是提高疏散效率的最有效方法。出口位置、教室门的位置和教室的课桌布局对提高疏散效率影响不大。对于走廊两侧有教室的建筑,出口位置(疏散走廊的数量和走廊的交叉口数量)对疏散效率的影响最大。当建筑物只有一个疏散走廊时,疏散时间最短。然而,教室门的位置和教室的课桌布局对疏散效率的影响不大。
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0526
  • 接收时间:2024-08-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-14
  • 修回日期:2024-10-18
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中央高校基本科研业务费专项资金资助(WK2320000050)
作者信息
    1 武汉理工大学 安全科学与应急管理学院,湖北 武汉 430070
    2 辽宁警察学院 治安管理系, 辽宁 大连 116036
    3 中国科学技术大学 火灾科学国家重点实验室,安徽 合肥 230026

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**孙绪绪(1994—),男,安徽宿州人,博士,教授,主要从事火焰传播动力学及风险防控技术方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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