Article(id=1148106698394427640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0040-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0685, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1723824000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-17, revisedDate=1729180800000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659567688, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659567688, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659567688, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659567688, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=40, endPage=49, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757469712364325, articleId=1148106698394427640, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Visual behavior for construction site hazard identification under different cognitive loads, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the effect of cognitive load on workers' hazard identification behavior,a cognitive experiment based on eye-tracking technology for construction site hazard identification was designed firstly. In this experiment,a N-digit task was introduced to increase the cognitive load. Secondly,the gaze and glance data were collected to analyze the static attention allocation,and the scanning path was processed to extract the dynamic transfer characteristics of attention. Finally,three parameters of variance review probability (RP),transition probability (TP) and switching probability (SP) were selected as the quantitative parameter values to classify the scanning patterns of hazard identification,which explored the influence of cognitive load on hidden hazard identification from the perspective of visual behavior performance. The results show that the level of cognitive load negatively affects hazard identification performance. The subjects with high cognitive load show longer first fixation time,fewer fixation counts and saccade counts,and there is no significant difference in fixation percentage and mean fixation duration. Additionally,based on the attention characteristics,three scanning patterns are identified: sequential inspection,repeated comparison and random discovery. With the improvement of cognitive load level,subjects will pay more attention to identifying single hazard but neglect others during sequential inspection,and reduce the attention in the hazard area but still keep the fixation point quickly and frequently switching during repeated comparison,while the number and time of inspection of hazard areas are reducing simultaneously during random discovery.

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为探讨认知负荷对工人隐患识别行为的影响,首先,基于眼动追踪技术设计一套施工现场隐患识别认知试验,引入N-digit任务增加被试的认知负荷;然后,采集注视和扫视数据分析被试识别隐患时的注意力静态分配情况,挖掘扫描路径中的注意力动态转移特征;最后,以复视概率(RP)、移出概率(TP)和切换概率(SP)作为量化参数值对被试的扫描模式分类,从视觉行为表现层面探究认知负荷对隐患识别的具体影响。结果表明:认知负荷水平负向影响隐患识别绩效;高认知负荷条件下,被试表现出更长的首次注视时间、更少的注视次数和扫视次数,注视占比和平均注视时长没有显著性差异;根据注意力转移特征,将被试的扫描模式分为顺序检查、反复比对和随机发现3类;高认知负荷下,被试增加了顺序检查时处理单一隐患需要的时间而忽视检查其他隐患,减少反复比对时在隐患区域的注意力投入,仍保持注视点在不同区域间的快速、频繁切换,同时减少随机发现时对隐患区域的检查数量及检查时间。

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邓宏泽 (2000—),男,广西梧州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为施工行为安全管理。E-mail:

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邓宏泽 (2000—),男,广西梧州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为施工行为安全管理。E-mail:

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邓宏泽 (2000—),男,广西梧州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为施工行为安全管理。E-mail:

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Influence of in-vehicle information system interaction modes on driving behavior[J]. Journal of Safety and Environment, 2022, 22(3): 1406-1411., articleTitle=Influence of in-vehicle information system interaction modes on driving behavior, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1172856575569047616, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, awardId=72371036, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金资助(72371036), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172856575640350785, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, awardId=300102234618, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费(300102234618), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172856575720042562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, awardId=300102234501, language=CN, fundingSource=中央高校基本科研业务费(300102234501), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1172856575778762819, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Example of hidden hazard pictures

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1组图片
(编号1—3)
隐患解析
(编号1—3)
①未按要求设置临边护栏;②未戴安全帽;③挖掘机作业范围内有人;④坐在危险临边 ①未按要求搭设脚手板;②未系安全带;③易受坠落物体打击 ①站在危险临边;②防护围栏缺失;③临时电源线搭接混乱
2组图片
(编号4—6)
隐患解析
(编号4—6)
①临边堆物;②建筑废料随意丢弃;③站在危险临边;④吊装范围内有人 ①未戴安全帽;②未与运行中车辆保持足够安全距离;③挖掘机作业范围内有人 ①吊件未按要求固定;②木材堆放超高;③材料未按规定堆放整齐
), ArticleFig(id=1172856574583386165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

隐患图片示例

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
1组图片
(编号1—3)
隐患解析
(编号1—3)
①未按要求设置临边护栏;②未戴安全帽;③挖掘机作业范围内有人;④坐在危险临边 ①未按要求搭设脚手板;②未系安全带;③易受坠落物体打击 ①站在危险临边;②防护围栏缺失;③临时电源线搭接混乱
2组图片
(编号4—6)
隐患解析
(编号4—6)
①临边堆物;②建筑废料随意丢弃;③站在危险临边;④吊装范围内有人 ①未戴安全帽;②未与运行中车辆保持足够安全距离;③挖掘机作业范围内有人 ①吊件未按要求固定;②木材堆放超高;③材料未按规定堆放整齐
), ArticleFig(id=1172856574650495030, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Eye-tracking index statistics

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指标 指标解释
首次注视时间/ms 图片呈现后,被试的注视点首次落到AOIs所需的时间
注视占比/% 注视点在AOIs停留时间与整个隐患识别任务时间的比值
注视次数 落在AOIs内的注视点数量
平均注视时长/ms 构成一个注视点的首个采样点与最后一个采样点之间的平均持续时间
扫视次数 在单个刺激材料中的总扫视次数
), ArticleFig(id=1172856574721798199, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

眼动指标统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 指标解释
首次注视时间/ms 图片呈现后,被试的注视点首次落到AOIs所需的时间
注视占比/% 注视点在AOIs停留时间与整个隐患识别任务时间的比值
注视次数 落在AOIs内的注视点数量
平均注视时长/ms 构成一个注视点的首个采样点与最后一个采样点之间的平均持续时间
扫视次数 在单个刺激材料中的总扫视次数
), ArticleFig(id=1172856574851821624, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Attention transfer probability

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 指标解释 指标计算
RP 注视点落于AOI且下一个注视点仍在该AOI的概率 R P = i = 1 m P ( X n = i ) · P ( X n + 1 = i X n = i )
TP 注视点落于AOI且下一个注视点在非AOI的概率 T P = i = 1 m P ( X n = i ) · P ( X n + 1 = O X n = i )
SP 注视点落于AOI且下一个注视点在另一AOI的概率 S P = i = 1 m P ( X n = i ) · P ( X n + 1 = j X n = i )
), ArticleFig(id=1172856574927319097, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

注意力转移概率

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 指标解释 指标计算
RP 注视点落于AOI且下一个注视点仍在该AOI的概率 R P = i = 1 m P ( X n = i ) · P ( X n + 1 = i X n = i )
TP 注视点落于AOI且下一个注视点在非AOI的概率 T P = i = 1 m P ( X n = i ) · P ( X n + 1 = O X n = i )
SP 注视点落于AOI且下一个注视点在另一AOI的概率 S P = i = 1 m P ( X n = i ) · P ( X n + 1 = j X n = i )
), ArticleFig(id=1172856574998622266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Influence of cognitive load on hazard identification performance

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分组 个案数 平均值/% 标准差/% 显著性
低负荷 22 84.38 6.75 0.004***
高负荷 22 77.57 8.45
), ArticleFig(id=1172856575061536827, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

认知负荷对隐患识别绩效的影响

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分组 个案数 平均值/% 标准差/% 显著性
低负荷 22 84.38 6.75 0.004***
高负荷 22 77.57 8.45
), ArticleFig(id=1172856575128645692, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Influence of cognitive load on attention allocation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 平均值±标准差 显著性
p(双尾)
低认知负荷 高认知负荷
首次注视时
间/ms
790.88±274.38 1184.15±433.57 0.001***
注视占比/% 46.79±13.53 45.94±13.26 0.833
注视次数 8.98±2.19 7.69±1.75 0.029**
平均注视时
长/ms
579.02±238.54 622.70±225.60 0.544
扫视次数 15.77±4.12 13.50±3.75 0.003***
), ArticleFig(id=1172856575204143165, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

认知负荷对注意力分配的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 平均值±标准差 显著性
p(双尾)
低认知负荷 高认知负荷
首次注视时
间/ms
790.88±274.38 1184.15±433.57 0.001***
注视占比/% 46.79±13.53 45.94±13.26 0.833
注视次数 8.98±2.19 7.69±1.75 0.029**
平均注视时
长/ms
579.02±238.54 622.70±225.60 0.544
扫视次数 15.77±4.12 13.50±3.75 0.003***
), ArticleFig(id=1172856575313195070, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698394427640, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Clustering center$\quad\quad\quad$%

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标 聚类中心(低认知负荷) 聚类中心(高认知负荷)
1(N=23) 2(N=47) 3(N=77) 1(N=17) 2(N=35) 3(N=83)
RP 50.83 18.92 16.66 65.58 16.90 11.38
TP 10.17 14.88 21.84 9.07 13.30 22.29
SP 20.59 39.01 13.27 5.11 37.38 7.96
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聚类中心

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指标 聚类中心(低认知负荷) 聚类中心(高认知负荷)
1(N=23) 2(N=47) 3(N=77) 1(N=17) 2(N=35) 3(N=83)
RP 50.83 18.92 16.66 65.58 16.90 11.38
TP 10.17 14.88 21.84 9.07 13.30 22.29
SP 20.59 39.01 13.27 5.11 37.38 7.96
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不同认知负荷下施工现场隐患识别的视觉行为研究
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邓宏泽 1 , 孔媛媛 1 , 徐晟 1, 2, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2025,35(1): 40-49
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2025, 35(1): 40-49
不同认知负荷下施工现场隐患识别的视觉行为研究
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邓宏泽1 , 孔媛媛1, 徐晟1, 2, 3
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学 经济与管理学院,陕西 西安 710064
  • 2 西安市绿色基础设施建设与管理重点实验室,陕西 西安 710064
  • 3 西安数智交通管理国际科技合作基地,陕西 西安 710064
  • 邓宏泽 (2000—),男,广西梧州人,硕士研究生,研究方向为施工行为安全管理。E-mail:

Visual behavior for construction site hazard identification under different cognitive loads
Hongze DENG1 , Yuanyuan KONG1, Sheng XU1, 2, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Economics and Management,Chang'an University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China
  • 2 Laboratory for Green Infrastructure Construction and Management,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China
  • 3 Xi'an International Research Center for Data-driven Intelligent Transportation Management,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0685
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为探讨认知负荷对工人隐患识别行为的影响,首先,基于眼动追踪技术设计一套施工现场隐患识别认知试验,引入N-digit任务增加被试的认知负荷;然后,采集注视和扫视数据分析被试识别隐患时的注意力静态分配情况,挖掘扫描路径中的注意力动态转移特征;最后,以复视概率(RP)、移出概率(TP)和切换概率(SP)作为量化参数值对被试的扫描模式分类,从视觉行为表现层面探究认知负荷对隐患识别的具体影响。结果表明:认知负荷水平负向影响隐患识别绩效;高认知负荷条件下,被试表现出更长的首次注视时间、更少的注视次数和扫视次数,注视占比和平均注视时长没有显著性差异;根据注意力转移特征,将被试的扫描模式分为顺序检查、反复比对和随机发现3类;高认知负荷下,被试增加了顺序检查时处理单一隐患需要的时间而忽视检查其他隐患,减少反复比对时在隐患区域的注意力投入,仍保持注视点在不同区域间的快速、频繁切换,同时减少随机发现时对隐患区域的检查数量及检查时间。

认知负荷  /  施工现场  /  隐患识别  /  眼动试验  /  视觉行为  /  扫描模式

In order to explore the effect of cognitive load on workers' hazard identification behavior,a cognitive experiment based on eye-tracking technology for construction site hazard identification was designed firstly. In this experiment,a N-digit task was introduced to increase the cognitive load. Secondly,the gaze and glance data were collected to analyze the static attention allocation,and the scanning path was processed to extract the dynamic transfer characteristics of attention. Finally,three parameters of variance review probability (RP),transition probability (TP) and switching probability (SP) were selected as the quantitative parameter values to classify the scanning patterns of hazard identification,which explored the influence of cognitive load on hidden hazard identification from the perspective of visual behavior performance. The results show that the level of cognitive load negatively affects hazard identification performance. The subjects with high cognitive load show longer first fixation time,fewer fixation counts and saccade counts,and there is no significant difference in fixation percentage and mean fixation duration. Additionally,based on the attention characteristics,three scanning patterns are identified: sequential inspection,repeated comparison and random discovery. With the improvement of cognitive load level,subjects will pay more attention to identifying single hazard but neglect others during sequential inspection,and reduce the attention in the hazard area but still keep the fixation point quickly and frequently switching during repeated comparison,while the number and time of inspection of hazard areas are reducing simultaneously during random discovery.

cognitive load  /  construction site  /  hazard identification  /  eye-tracking experiment  /  visual behaviors  /  scanning patterns
邓宏泽, 孔媛媛, 徐晟. 不同认知负荷下施工现场隐患识别的视觉行为研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0685
Hongze DENG, Yuanyuan KONG, Sheng XU. Visual behavior for construction site hazard identification under different cognitive loads[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 40 -49 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0685
智能建造以数据驱动建设管理,通过人机智能交互,协同完成复杂建造任务和管理任务,是工程建造领域的新质生产力。人机协同施工新模式下,施工人员的工作方式由繁重的体力操作转变为对机器的监控和操作,处理的信息类型和结构更为复杂,需要调用更多的认知资源[1]。随着机械化和自动化水平的提高,工人的操作负荷降低,但其控制感和情景感知能力下降,认知负荷越来越高[2]。此外,工人在进行施工任务的同时还需要时刻警惕和关注周围动态的工作环境,以识别潜在风险并防止事故和伤害[3]。受认知资源有限条件的限制[4],施工任务和现场环境将分担施工人员的认知资源,当工人专注于施工任务时,容易忽视检查现场环境中的安全隐患。因此,针对智能建造技术给施工人员带来的认知难题,有必要研究认知负荷对施工人员隐患识别行为的影响。
目前,已有学者针对工程建造领域的认知负荷问题展开一系列研究。如LIU Yizhi等[5]通过N-digit任务改变了工人的认知负荷,采集工人在不同负荷下完成砌砖任务时反馈的脑电数据,训练生成对抗网络分类器,可使协作机器人依据工人的认知负荷调整其运行速度。类似地,SHAYESTEH等[6]提出了一种融合沉浸式虚拟环境和生理传感的机器人协作培训平台,使用生理信号来评估工人在人机协作期间的认知负荷。此类研究利用认知负荷与生理信号之间的潜在关联,基于生理信号调整智能设备的性能以适应工人的认知状态,但还未能充分挖掘生理信号中所蕴含的行为认知信息,也还未从行为表现层面解读认知负荷对工人任务安全绩效的影响规律。眼动技术可记录注视点和眼球运动数据,适用于分析和归纳施工人员识别安全隐患时的视觉行为规律[7]。现有研究考虑经验[8]、情绪[9]、现场条件[10]等内外因素对注意力的影响,基于静态的注视相关指标表征施工人员的注意力投入,证明了注意分散、注意盲视对隐患识别的不利影响。有研究[11]对被试的扫描路径进行再编码,基于路径相似性划分被试识别安全隐患时的视觉搜索策略,根据注视点的转移情况总结注意力资源投入和分配的时空演化规律[12-13],从动态视角探讨隐患识别的视觉搜索模式及其蕴含的认知策略。特别地,在高认知负荷条件下,施工现场的无关要素可能会更多地吸引施工人员的注意力,导致分心,干扰对安全隐患的识别;但也有研究指出[14],认知负荷会降低注意分散的敏感性,为维持高认知负荷条件下的任务绩效,与任务无关的刺激将受到抑制。上述研究鲜有涉及认知负荷对隐患识别视觉注意力的影响,尤其缺少认知负荷对工人识别现场隐患时搜索模式的影响研究。
因此,笔者拟基于眼动追踪技术设计一套施工现场隐患识别认知试验,遵循N-digit范式增加被试的认知负荷,以注视及扫视相关指标表征被试识别隐患时的静态注意力分配情况,从扫描路径中挖掘注意力的动态转移特征,从注意力的分配与转移2个维度分析被试识别安全隐患时的扫描模式差异,厘清不同认知负荷下被试识别安全隐患的视觉行为规律,为施工现场的安全管理提供理论依据。
认知负荷是指个体解决问题或执行任务时其脑力资源的占用率,可反映个体在特定时间的认知状态[15]。基于容量有限假设[4],认知负荷理论认为个体能够同时接收和处理的信息有一定限制。当任务简单、信息量少,主要依靠对刺激的自动加工便能完成相应的任务操作时,认知负荷较低;随着任务难度增加、多模态信息涌现,为同时完成多项任务必须充分调用自身的工作记忆资源,此时认知负荷较高;当任务所需资源超出工作记忆资源总量时,认知控制资源被占用,使得个体无法有效过滤与任务无关的信息,干扰对目标的加工[16],导致认知超负荷。
目前,认知负荷的测量方法主要包括主观量表法、任务绩效法以及生理测量法,其中多项指标和生理特征被证明与认知负荷高度相关[17-18],但仍未形成统一的标准以某一量化参数值来界定认知负荷的级别,相关研究仅以指标数值变化来判断认知负荷的相对大小。为比较不同认知负荷下个体的行为规律,通常通过改变额外认知任务的难度以操纵被试的认知负荷,常见的试验范式包括N-back任务[19]、心算任务[15]和N-digit任务[5]等。其中,N-digit范式的基本原理是,利用额外的认知任务占用被试的工作记忆资源,通过改变数字串的长度N的值来调整任务难度,进而诱导被试处于不同认知负荷状态[20-21]
引入N-digit任务改变被试的认知负荷水平[5],用施工现场的图片模拟真实的施工现场[9-10],通过要求被试记忆数字并检查图片中的安全隐患来模拟施工人员与现场环境、设备的交互情景。利用眼动技术记录被试识别隐患时的兴趣区域(Area of Interest,AOIs),基于眼动指标和扫描路径分析被试的视觉行为规律。
施工现场的隐患识别受年龄、工作经验、性格等人为因素的显著影响[22],选择学生而非工人为被试有助于控制试验中的无关变量[23]。此外,工程管理相关专业背景的大学生具有一定的施工安全知识,能够完成相应的隐患识别任务,常作为建筑安全眼动试验的有效被试[1324]。因此,招募了35名具有工程管理相关专业背景的研究生作为被试,所有被试都学习过施工安全课程,且具有4~6周的相关实习经历。被试双眼视力或矫正视力正常,无色盲色弱现象,试验时身体、精神状况良好。
试验使用便携式可穿戴眼动仪,采样频率60 Hz,配合使用D-lab软件可收集分析被试在完成隐患识别任务时的相关眼动指标,并生成注视轨迹。
由2名施工安全领域专家从132张实地拍摄的施工现场隐患图片中筛选出40张图片,作为眼动试验的素材。选定的图片画面清晰,且都存在一个或多个安全隐患,包括防护用品缺失、高处坠落、物体打击和环境杂乱4类隐患,均属于施工现场常见的安全隐患。将40张图片分成2组,每组各20张,保证2组素材的隐患构成和隐患总数相近,最终一组隐患56处,二组隐患51处,可认为2组试验照片不存在较大差异。表1为2组试验素材的部分样例,涵盖试验所涉及的4类典型隐患。
试验包括隐患识别和N-digit 2项任务,分2个阶段进行。N-digit任务用于增加被试的认知负荷,工作记忆理论认为,人同时只能处理(7±2)个模块的信息,可通过要求被试每秒记忆2位数字诱使其处于高认知负荷状态[525]。为尽可能减少被试差异化的记忆容量对试验结果的影响,在切合常人信息处理能力的基础上适当提高记忆任务的难度,采用6-digit任务(3位数字/s)对被试施加高认知负荷。具体试验流程如下:
1) 介绍试验的任务及流程,引导被试签署知情同意书并填写个人基本信息,包括性别、年龄、专业等。
2) 引导被试在距显示屏正中4m处坐定,确保被试处于正常坐姿时能轻松观察到施工现场图片全景,避免被试在试验过程中为扫描图片产生不必要的头部运动而引起疲劳。辅助被试佩戴Dikablis眼动仪,采用五点法校准。
3) 进行第1阶段眼动试验,显示屏顺序呈现施工现场测试图片,共20张,每张呈现10s,要求被试识别并记忆图片中的安全隐患。每张图片呈现前插入4s的含“+”白屏,引导被试的注视点回到屏幕中央。待全部测试图片展示结束,依次回放图片,此时要求被试报告其发现的安全隐患,主试做好记录。
4) 休息5min后,重新校准仪器,进行第2阶段眼动试验。在该阶段,被试在进行隐患识别任务的基础上,还需同时完成一项6-digit记忆任务。显示屏顺序呈现另一组施工现场测试图片,共20张,每张呈现10s,要求被试识别并记忆图片中的安全隐患。每张图片呈现前,屏幕将出现一串6位数字,持续2s,被试须尽可能记住这串数字。在展示每幅施工测试图片后,屏幕将出现A/B共2个选项,持续2s,被试须判断哪个选项是本测试图片展示前呈现的数字串。全部测试图片展示结束后,要求被试报告其发现的安全隐患,主试做好记录,试验结束。试验流程如图1所示。
收集被试在每张施工现场图片上的注视热图,以确定他们对哪些地方感兴趣。综合考虑注视热图和隐患位置,界定照片上的AOIs区域,40张照片总共定义了107个AOIs。定义的AOIs包括:未穿戴防护设备(安全帽、安全绳);坠落(未设置安全标识的临边、洞口);打击(机械打击、高空坠物);环境(材料堆放杂乱、障碍物)。
试验过程中,通过眼动仪自动记录被试识别安全隐患时的眼动数据,分析不同认知负荷条件下被试视觉注意力的静态分配情况,使用的指标通常包括首次注视相关指标、总体注视相关指标和扫视相关指标。首次注视点与视觉搜索早期阶段的注意捕获相关[26],被试注视点首次落于AOIs所需的时间可反映其将注意力快速转移至隐患目标的能力[24]。注视占比指投入隐患区域的注意力资源占整个隐患识别任务注意力资源的比例,用以反映注意力资源在隐患区域内外的分布情况[38];注视次数和平均注视时间反映被试处理隐患信息时的认知努力,可以衡量视觉注意的程度[27]。扫视相关指标可反映被试在场景中寻找隐患目标的努力程度,用以衡量其在隐患识别任务中的注意力水平。因此研究选取了首次注视时间、注视占比、注视次数、平均注视时长和扫视次数5个眼动指标评估被试的视觉注意力水平,各指标解释见表2
因试验过程中设备中断,5人部分眼动数据丢失,另有5人注视伪迹过多,3人未能准确理解试验的任务要求,最终选取22人眼动数据用作后续分析。针对小样本数据的组间属性特征比较,置换检验通过重组和重新采样原始数据以构建大样本,进而计算生成数据的统计分布和显著性指标p值,对异常值和缺失数据有较高稳健性,适用于样本条件受限的心生理试验结果分析[24]。因此,利用R软件中的Deducer包进行数据置换检验,分析被试在不同认知负荷条件下进行隐患识别时的注意力分配差异。
扫描路径是指被试在检查施工现场图片时其注视点位置的空间变化情况,包含了时间和空间信息,能够反映被试在隐患识别过程中的视觉搜索策略。为避免过于简单的搜索场景限制了对搜索策略的分析,从试验素材中筛选出包含3处及以上安全隐患的图片共计16张,每组8张,通过D-lab软件以图片的形式导出被试对应的扫描路径,剔除注视点过少的异常路径,最终得到282条扫描路径,其中低认知负荷147条,高认知负荷135条。
为提取被试识别隐患时的注意力转移特征,先对扫描路径进行字符串编码处理,即用字符代表被试注视点的空间位置,字符串之间的字符顺序反映被试视觉行为的先后顺序。将注视点位置按AOIs划分,即不同AOI用不同字母表示,非AOIs区域则编码为O,将扫描路径转化为类似OOAABBCC的字符串。基于扫描路径字符串计算被试注意力转移的3类概率,包括复视概率(Review Probability,RP)、移出概率(Transition Probability,TP)和切换概率(Switching Probability,SP),各概率解释及计算见表3
比较试验被试在不同认知负荷条件下的隐患识别绩效,分别计算每一被试在2阶段中识别隐患的平均准确率,使用置换检验分析不同认知负荷状态下被试隐患识别准确率的差异性,结果见表4。结果显示,被试在2种认知负荷条件下的隐患识别准确率存在显著性(p=0.004<0.01)差异,高认知负荷条件下隐患识别的准确率平均值为77.57%,明显低于低认知负荷条件下的结果。可见:认知负荷水平会影响被试的隐患识别绩效,有必要对试验的眼动数据作进一步分析,以发现其影响机制。
使用置换检验对被试搜索安全隐患时的眼动数据作差异性分析,探讨不同认知负荷状态对被试视觉注意力分配的差异化影响关系,结果见表5
首次注视时间分析结果显示,被试在2种认知负荷条件下对隐患目标的首次注视时间存在显著性(p=0.001<0.01)差异。高认知负荷水平下被试对隐患目标的首次注视时间平均值为1 184.15ms,显著高于低认知负荷水平下的平均值,表明被试认知负荷水平较高时,注意到隐患目标的时间将延长。
注视占比分析结果显示,2种认知负荷条件下被试在隐患目标的注视占比不存在显著差异(p=0.833)。根据认知负荷理论,个体处于高认知负荷时,会将有限的注意力资源分配在重要内容而忽略其他信息,然而试验并未发现被试在隐患目标处存在注意力的增减。可能的原因是,高认知负荷下被试将注意力分配至首个识别到的隐患目标,忽略对其他潜在隐患的搜索,使得注视占比总体保持不变。此外,2种认知负荷下被试的注视占比均未超过50%,大部分注意力被无关要素吸引,相关的隐患识别眼动试验也得到了类似结论[38]
注视次数和平均注视时长共同反映被试处理隐患信息时的注意力水平。结果显示,2种认知负荷下被试的平均注视时长不存在显著性(p=0.544>0.05)差异,高认知负荷时对隐患目标的注视次数显著(p=0.029<0.05)减少。较长的平均注视时间与更高水平的注意力和认知努力有关[28],代表了获取信息的困难及困惑程度[29]。试验未发现高认知负荷下被试的平均注视时间增大,表明认知负荷的提高并没有迫使被试付出更大的认知努力来分析场景信息;而注视次数有所减少,被试在处理隐患信息时的整体注意力水平下降,不足以充分解读场景要素中所蕴含的隐患信息,进而导致其隐患识别绩效下降。
扫视次数是视觉搜索行为的度量指标[24],可通过更多的扫视获取有效信息[30]。扫视次数结果显示,高认知负荷下被试的扫视次数显著(p=0.003<0.01)减少,表明高认知负荷状态下被试减少了对现场环境的检查,为完成额外的任务而牺牲了用于隐患识别的注意力投入。
综上所述,被试在完成隐患识别任务时,认知负荷状态对其注意力的分配的影响具有以下特点:首先,高认知负荷状态限制了被试用于隐患识别的注意力投入,有效注意力下降,需要耗费更长的时间定位隐患;其次,被试处于不同认知负荷状态时,其大部分注意力均会被干扰要素吸引,对隐患区域内外的整体注意力分配没有显著差异,但高认知负荷状态时,被试可能倾向于将注意力分配至某一隐患而忽略检查其他隐患。
对注意力分配的静态分析显示了被试注意力资源在隐患区域内外的整体分配情况,但未能考虑其注意力在各场景要素中的持续转移过程,因此,进一步分析其注意力转移模式,以揭示不同认知负荷下被试注意力的动态转移规律。使用K-Means方法分别对2种认知负荷条件下被试搜索隐患时采取的扫描模式分类,从注意力转移角度分析认知负荷对视觉行为的影响。分别计算2组分类样本的误差平方和与轮廓系数,结果如图2所示。当误差平方和到达拐点且轮廓系数最大时聚类结果最优,故2组样本的聚类数均取3。
通过SPSS软件迭代计算,得到的最终聚类中心见表6。基于Kruskal-Wallis H检验比较3类转移概率的组内差异,结果证实,各聚类组的RP(F=57.41,p<0.001,低负荷;F=48.57,p<0.001,高负荷)、TP(F=50.61,p<0.001,低负荷;F=43.14,p<0.001,高负荷)和SP(F=93.44,p<0.001,低负荷;F=78.56,p<0.001,高负荷)存在显著差异,表明聚类结果能较好区分被试的隐患搜索模式。
根据聚类结果,2种认知负荷下被试识别安全隐患的扫描模式均可分为3类,可归纳为:顺序检查式、反复对比式及随机发现式,其典型扫描路径如图3所示。顺序检查式的注视点在多个区域密集重合,且区域间的连线少;反复对比式的注视点同样在多个区域重合,但各区域间存在多条相对平行的连线,表明被试注视点在各区域之间频繁切换;随机发现式的注视点及连线则相对凌乱。
就上述3类扫描模式分析如下:
1)扫描模式1的注视点转移特征为RP大,TP小,SP中等,其RP为0.33~1,TP为0~0.27,SP为0~0.44。该模式下,被试的注意力长时被安全隐患吸引,通过持续沉浸式地检查某一区域来获取隐患信息,然后将注意力转移至下一个隐患并持续检查,较少被场景中的无关要素所吸引,在搜索时表现出一定的顺序性,称为顺序检查(图3a)。在高认知负荷条件下,RP大幅度上升且SP大幅度减小,表明被试此时花费更多的时间和注意来检查某一区域,对其他区域隐患的注意下降,为充分提取某一区域的隐患信息而被迫忽视对其他区域的检查,表现为识别出的隐患数量的减少。
2)扫描模式2的注视点转移特征为RP中等,TP小,SP大,其RP为0~0.47,TP为0~0.29,SP为0.2~0.8。该模式下,被试的注意力部分被安全隐患吸引,其注意力在多个隐患目标之间反复跳转,通过多次反复地检查以确定该区域是否存在安全隐患,在整个场景中的注意力分布更广泛,称为反复比对(图3b)。在高认知负荷条件下,3类转移概率均有所减小,表明被试此时在隐患区域的注意力下降,但其注意力转移的总体规律不变,仍保持快速、反复检查的特点。
3)扫描模式3的注视点转移特征为RP和TP中等,SP小,其RP为0~0.38,TP为0.1~0.38,SP为0~0.29。该模式下,被试较少注意到安全隐患,仅对隐患区域作简短的检查,容易被场景中无关要素吸引,在整个场景中快速地搜索,但其搜索具有随机性和无序性,称为随机发现(图3c)。在高认知负荷条件下,TP有所上升且RP和SP中等幅度减小,表明被试对隐患区域的注意下降,检查隐患区域的数量及时间均减少。为直观展示聚类结果,绘制三维分类散点图,如图4所示。
1) 认知负荷负向影响隐患识别绩效(p=0.004),高认知负荷条件下,被试注意到隐患目标的时间延长(p=0.001),检查隐患区域的时间总体保持不变(p=0.833),但在隐患区域的注视次数下降(p=0.029),表明其分析隐患信息时付出的认知努力减少,而扫视次数下降(p=0.003),为完成额外的任务而牺牲了用于搜索隐患的注意力投入,表现为处理隐患信息的能力下降。
2) 根据注意力转移特征将被试搜索隐患时的扫描模式按RP、TP和SP的数值分成顺序检查、反复比对和随机发现3类。认知负荷对不同扫描模式的影响不同,高认知负荷增加了顺序检查时处理单一隐患所需的时间,忽视检查其他隐患;减少了反复比对时在隐患区域的注意力投入,仍保持注视点在不同区域间的快速、频繁切换;同时减少了随机发现时对隐患区域的检查数量及检查时间。
3) 试验重点考察了认知负荷对隐患识别视觉行为规律的整体影响,未考虑隐患类型不同的差异性,且学生群体与工人群体对不同类型安全隐患的敏感性不同,因此下一步考虑招募工人被试分析认知负荷对特定类型隐患识别的视觉行为规律。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(72371036)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(300102234618)
  • 中央高校基本科研业务费(300102234501)
  • 陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2024GH-GHJD-16)
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2025年第35卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0685
  • 接收时间:2024-08-17
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-17
  • 修回日期:2024-10-18
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(72371036)
中央高校基本科研业务费(300102234618)
中央高校基本科研业务费(300102234501)
陕西省创新能力支撑计划(2024GH-GHJD-16)
作者信息
    1 长安大学 经济与管理学院,陕西 西安 710064
    2 西安市绿色基础设施建设与管理重点实验室,陕西 西安 710064
    3 西安数智交通管理国际科技合作基地,陕西 西安 710064
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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