Article(id=1148106698339901687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)01-0202-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0442, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1724256000000, receivedDateStr=2024-08-22, revisedDate=1729785600000, revisedDateStr=2024-10-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659567674, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1737993600000, pubDateStr=2025-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659567674, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659567674, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1751659567674, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106697601704181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659567499, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757401533944, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573883, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172190250475573884, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106697601704181, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=202, endPage=208, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757472921010712, articleId=1148106698339901687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study of factors influencing rural emergency response capacity based on multi-criteria decision-making method, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the "last-mile" problem of grassroots emergency response capacity, a MCDM based on grey theory was proposed to analyze the rural emergency response capacity under conventional and unconventional states based on the resilience theory. Firstly, from the perspective of resilience, the influencing factors obtained from literature review and field investigation were selected and optimized to construct a model of the influencing factors of rural emergency response capacity. Secondly, the MCDM model was used as a framework to analyze the causality, logical hierarchy, and characteristic state of the influencing factors. Finally, the key factors for the enhancement of the rural emergency response capacity and the resilience of rural villages were identified through the multi-criteria decision-making analysis. The results show that the centrality of leadership team structure is 2.95 and the driving force is 6, which is a tier 1 factor. The centrality of village grid management is 3.08 and the driving force is 6, which is a tier 2 factor. The centrality of normative document development is 2.7 and the driving force is 5, which is a tier 3 factor. The centrality of village network construction is 3.54 and the driving force is 9, which is a tier 3 factor. Leadership team structure, village grid management, normative document development and village network building constitute decision-making intersections, which are key catch-alls for the improvement of village emergency response capacity and resilience.

, correspAuthors=Zihao JING, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Hua LI, Zihao JING, Lizhou WU, Zitong GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106701225582898, articleId=1148106698339901687, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于多准则决策方法的乡村应急能力影响因素研究, columnId=1149733268855108116, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=应急技术与管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为探究基层应急能力“最后一公里”问题,提出一种引入灰色理论的多准则决策方法(MCDM),基于韧性理论,科学分析常规和非常规状态下的乡村应急能力。首先,在韧性视角下,优选文献归纳与实地调研后得到的影响因素,构建乡村应急能力影响因素模型;其次,以MCDM模型为框架,剖析影响因素的因果关系、逻辑层次和特征状态;最后,通过多准则决策分析,识别乡村应急能力和乡村韧性提升的关键因素。结果表明: 领导队伍结构的中心度为2.95、驱动力为6,是第1层因素;乡村网格化管理的中心度为3.08、驱动力为6,是第2层因素;规范性文件制定的中心度为2.7、驱动力为5,是第3层因素,乡村网络建设的中心度为3.54、驱动力为9,是第3层因素。领导队伍结构、乡村网格化管理、规范性文件制定、乡村网络建设构成决策交集,是乡村应急能力和韧性提升的关键抓手。

, correspAuthors=荆子昊, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**荆子昊(1997—),男,青海西宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为安全韧性、公共安全与应急管理。E-mail:
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李 华 (1979—),女,陕西西安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业风险评估与安全管理、建筑安全监测与监控、公共安全与应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李 华 (1979—),女,陕西西安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业风险评估与安全管理、建筑安全监测与监控、公共安全与应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李 华 (1979—),女,陕西西安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业风险评估与安全管理、建筑安全监测与监控、公共安全与应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Influencing factors on rural emergency response capacity from resilience perspective

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乡村
应急
能力
全过程
均衡
韧性视角 影响因素
准备 抵抗力 灾害数据库建设F1;应急体系规划F2;应急演练F3;资源储备F4;乡村文化观念F5;规范性文件制定F6 领导队伍结构F28;
资金投入机制F29
预防 乡村两级信息畅通F7;乡村网格化管理F8;人员经验积累及知识储备F9;乡村网络建设F10;监测设施和系统F11
减缓 适应力 村干部危机指挥能力F12;职能与岗位设置F13;社会秩序F14;居民安全意识F15
响应 乡村主干道及支路建设F16;应急指挥中心数智化建设F17;乡村企业和社会组织参与F18;应急避难场所设置与应急转换F19;应急队伍建设F20
恢复 恢复力 乡村民生保障F21;事后评估与调查F22;重建规划F23;乡村产业支撑F24
学习 应急资料库更新F25;特定风险灾害应急知识补充F26;针对性应急培训开展F27
), ArticleFig(id=1165721866619593444, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698339901687, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

韧性视角下乡村应急能力影响因素

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
乡村
应急
能力
全过程
均衡
韧性视角 影响因素
准备 抵抗力 灾害数据库建设F1;应急体系规划F2;应急演练F3;资源储备F4;乡村文化观念F5;规范性文件制定F6 领导队伍结构F28;
资金投入机制F29
预防 乡村两级信息畅通F7;乡村网格化管理F8;人员经验积累及知识储备F9;乡村网络建设F10;监测设施和系统F11
减缓 适应力 村干部危机指挥能力F12;职能与岗位设置F13;社会秩序F14;居民安全意识F15
响应 乡村主干道及支路建设F16;应急指挥中心数智化建设F17;乡村企业和社会组织参与F18;应急避难场所设置与应急转换F19;应急队伍建设F20
恢复 恢复力 乡村民生保障F21;事后评估与调查F22;重建规划F23;乡村产业支撑F24
学习 应急资料库更新F25;特定风险灾害应急知识补充F26;针对性应急培训开展F27
), ArticleFig(id=1165721866678313701, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698339901687, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Semantic variables of expert evaluation and weight

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
专家评价语义变量 专家权重语义变量
语义变量 灰数区间 标度 权重变量 灰数区间
无影响 [0.00,0.00] 0 不重要 [0.0,0.3]
轻微影响 [0.00,0.25] 1 稍不重要 [0.3,0.5]
弱影响 [0.25,0.50] 2 重要 [0.4,0.7]
强影响 [0.50,0.75] 3 较重要 [0.5,0.9]
较强影响 [0.75,1.00] 4 非常重要 [0.7,1.0]
), ArticleFig(id=1165721866728645350, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106698339901687, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

专家评价和权重的语义变量

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
专家评价语义变量 专家权重语义变量
语义变量 灰数区间 标度 权重变量 灰数区间
无影响 [0.00,0.00] 0 不重要 [0.0,0.3]
轻微影响 [0.00,0.25] 1 稍不重要 [0.3,0.5]
弱影响 [0.25,0.50] 2 重要 [0.4,0.7]
强影响 [0.50,0.75] 3 较重要 [0.5,0.9]
较强影响 [0.75,1.00] 4 非常重要 [0.7,1.0]
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基于多准则决策方法的乡村应急能力影响因素研究
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李华 , 荆子昊 ** , 吴立舟 , 高子桐
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2025,35(1): 202-208
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2025, 35(1): 202-208
基于多准则决策方法的乡村应急能力影响因素研究
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李华 , 荆子昊** , 吴立舟, 高子桐
作者信息
  • 西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055
  • 李 华 (1979—),女,陕西西安人,博士,副教授,硕士生导师,主要从事企业风险评估与安全管理、建筑安全监测与监控、公共安全与应急管理等方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**荆子昊(1997—),男,青海西宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为安全韧性、公共安全与应急管理。E-mail:
Study of factors influencing rural emergency response capacity based on multi-criteria decision-making method
Hua LI , Zihao JING** , Lizhou WU, Zitong GAO
Affiliations
  • School of Resources Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an Shaanxi 710055, China
出版时间: 2025-01-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0442
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为探究基层应急能力“最后一公里”问题,提出一种引入灰色理论的多准则决策方法(MCDM),基于韧性理论,科学分析常规和非常规状态下的乡村应急能力。首先,在韧性视角下,优选文献归纳与实地调研后得到的影响因素,构建乡村应急能力影响因素模型;其次,以MCDM模型为框架,剖析影响因素的因果关系、逻辑层次和特征状态;最后,通过多准则决策分析,识别乡村应急能力和乡村韧性提升的关键因素。结果表明: 领导队伍结构的中心度为2.95、驱动力为6,是第1层因素;乡村网格化管理的中心度为3.08、驱动力为6,是第2层因素;规范性文件制定的中心度为2.7、驱动力为5,是第3层因素,乡村网络建设的中心度为3.54、驱动力为9,是第3层因素。领导队伍结构、乡村网格化管理、规范性文件制定、乡村网络建设构成决策交集,是乡村应急能力和韧性提升的关键抓手。

多准则决策方法(MCDM)  /  应急能力  /  乡村  /  韧性  /  灰色理论

To explore the "last-mile" problem of grassroots emergency response capacity, a MCDM based on grey theory was proposed to analyze the rural emergency response capacity under conventional and unconventional states based on the resilience theory. Firstly, from the perspective of resilience, the influencing factors obtained from literature review and field investigation were selected and optimized to construct a model of the influencing factors of rural emergency response capacity. Secondly, the MCDM model was used as a framework to analyze the causality, logical hierarchy, and characteristic state of the influencing factors. Finally, the key factors for the enhancement of the rural emergency response capacity and the resilience of rural villages were identified through the multi-criteria decision-making analysis. The results show that the centrality of leadership team structure is 2.95 and the driving force is 6, which is a tier 1 factor. The centrality of village grid management is 3.08 and the driving force is 6, which is a tier 2 factor. The centrality of normative document development is 2.7 and the driving force is 5, which is a tier 3 factor. The centrality of village network construction is 3.54 and the driving force is 9, which is a tier 3 factor. Leadership team structure, village grid management, normative document development and village network building constitute decision-making intersections, which are key catch-alls for the improvement of village emergency response capacity and resilience.

multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM)  /  emergency response capacity  /  rural  /  resilience  /  grey theory
李华, 荆子昊, 吴立舟, 高子桐. 基于多准则决策方法的乡村应急能力影响因素研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (1) : 202 -208 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0442
Hua LI, Zihao JING, Lizhou WU, Zitong GAO. Study of factors influencing rural emergency response capacity based on multi-criteria decision-making method[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (1) : 202 -208 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0442
随着乡村振兴战略不断深入推进,中国乡村发展迅速。据《中国统计年鉴2023》,中国乡村(不含港澳台地区)人口达到49 104万人,占全国人口比重的34.78%[1]。作为自然灾害最严重的国家之一,我国广阔的国土面积加上多种自然灾害的不确定性,给防灾减灾带来巨大挑战[2]。《“十四五”国家综合防灾减灾规划》对我国现阶段乡村灾害风险的判断是“农村不设防”,与城市系统相比,乡村系统的脆弱性更为突出,这在河南特大暴雨洪涝、甘肃临夏州积石山地震和云南昭通市镇雄县山体滑坡等灾害中尤为明显。面对日趋复杂的风险灾害,建设韧性乡村是乡村振兴的重要前提,也是中国式现代化的重要社会基础,而乡村应急能力建设是构建韧性乡村的重要保障,是加强乡村韧性顶层设计的关键一环。探讨构建韧性乡村的实践路径,增强乡村对不确定因素扰动的抵御、适应和转型能力,实现乡村可持续发展,具有符合时代发展的现实意义[3]
诸多学者针对当前我国乡村的现状开展了研究,如杜兴军[4]剖析了中国农村社区应急管理的现状及不足,在此基础上提出提升中国农村社区应急管理能力的思路和对策;李健彬等[5]研究了乡村应急管理的特点、困境和关键内因,指出乡村应急管理工作的重点;ZHANG Xiaojun等[6]基于调查问卷和数据收集,分析了城市、集镇、乡村社区的应急能力,提出在解决灾害应急问题时,关注社区层面的韧性并分析其影响因素是一种重要且具有潜在价值的方法。LI Zhijian等[7]在复合风险视角下建立模型分析乡村社区应急能力的影响因素,得出提高乡村社区应急管理整体能力的关键因素;RACHEL等[8]基于乡村应急准备和响应计划,分析了乡村应急能力的关键因素,为灾害应急的每个阶段提供了最佳决策。综上,学者们对乡村应急能力的相关研究多集中于现状分析、策略研究和模型建立,理论视角和分析模型较为单一,鲜有从乡村韧性理论视角出发,集成多种决策模型来分解和剖析乡村应急能力的研究。
鉴于此,笔者拟将韧性视角贯穿乡村应急能力建设的全周期,以广泛调研为基础,基于多准则决策方法(Multi-Criteria Decision-Making,MCDM),将灰色理论引入模型,开展乡村应急能力影响因素的多准则决策分析,明确各因素之间的关联性和各因素在系统中的位置,并识别关键因素,以期提高乡村应对风险灾害的韧性。
在自然科学体系中,韧性主要应用于工程学科,由于其并未准确描述生态系统受扰动后在不同稳态间跃迁并改变功能结构的特性,因而有学者提出生态韧性概念。在此基础上,考虑到人类社会的能动性,进而产生“社会-生态韧性”等概念,成为社会学科体系中的概念[9]。为解决人类社会面临的灾害、经济危机等威胁,出现了区域韧性、城市韧性等概念。后有学者开始探究乡村社区韧性和城市韧性之间的关联,将韧性思想延伸至乡村研究领域。2019年,学界将韧性纳入中国应急管理知识的范畴,并逐步形成对乡村社区韧性的深入探讨[10]
基于乡村韧性的多维特点,学者们进行了质性与量化相结合的测度研究,将以往韧性的概念内涵与乡村发展的特点相结合,以乡村在应对其发展进程中各种不确定的内外部扰动时表现出的抵抗力、适应力和恢复力为框架,开展分析评价与实证研究[11]。其中,抵抗力指遭受扰动前乡村主体表现出掣肘和相持的能力;适应力指过度暴露在扰动中时,乡村主体的能动反应能力;恢复力指在遭受扰动后,乡村能够回到稳态或新状态的能力。
有学者认为,乡村韧性是乡村应急能力的特征指向[12-13],提升基层应急能力的核心在于增强其统合韧性[14],而应急管理能力的全过程均衡[15],在应对风险灾害的时间周期上符合韧性理论的要素。同时,考虑到风险灾害本身就具有不确定性、随机性、复杂性和反复性等特征,科学分析常规和非常规状态下的乡村应急能力至关重要。据此,以韧性理论为视角,将准备-预防划分至风险灾害抵抗阶段,减缓和响应划分至风险灾害适应阶段,恢复和学习划分至风险灾害恢复阶段,表征韧性理论下的应急能力全过程均衡,建立韧性视角下乡村应急能力模型,如图1所示。
为探讨韧性视角下乡村应急能力的影响因素,通过中国知网、万方、Web of Science等数据库,筛选出国内外对乡村韧性、应急管理能力有深刻研究的文献,初步梳理出频数较高的35个指标因素。在此基础上,对照国家、省市相关政策型文件分析指标因素的适用性和合理性,确定初选指标因素。结合初选所得因素设计调查问卷题项,调研对象理解指标因素及其释义后,采用打分法根据实际情况对其合理度、重要度打分。当调研对象认为因素不可取时,在疑问及修改意见栏中更新,并在补充栏中说明理由。
最后以访谈、走访、发放调查问卷等形式调研青海省多个短时间内经历地震、砂涌灾害后正在恢复重建的乡村实际情况。为维持受灾乡村正常恢复重建秩序,共发放128份问卷,面向村干部、政府工作人员、援建单位、志愿者等应急力量群体发放79份,收回有效问卷73份;面向受灾群众与其他利益相关者发放49份,收回有效问卷22份,共收回问卷95份,作为影响因素优选来源之一。根据调研结果剔除影响较弱的6个因素、修改9个因素,在韧性理论视角下,最终确定29个因素,按照其时空特性和阶段特性将其归入应急能力全过程均衡,影响因素指标体系见表1
MCDM是多种决策方法的集成。LIU Jiaguo等[16]针对疫情期间海上运输供应链影响因素建立MCDM模型,得到影响运输供应链的关键因素,为提升疫情期间的海运能力提供一定策略支撑。Xing Mengxia等[17]通过对比传统多准则决策模型和灰色多准则决策模型后发现,认知水平会影响专家评价过程中对模糊问题和相似问题的决策,应用灰色理论可以获得更清晰准确的结果,其结果更接近于实际情况。应用灰色理论后的MCDM模型在研究复杂系统影响中具有良好的适用性,同时具有一定验证性。集成决策实验室分析法(Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory, DEMATEL)、解释结构模型(Interpretive Structure Modeling, ISM)、交叉影响矩阵相乘法(Cross-Impact Matrix Multiplication Applied to Classification, MICMAC)等方法并应用灰色理论,剖析具有模糊性和不确定性的乡村系统,可进一步提高分析的准确性和客观性。分析步骤如图2所示。
DEMATEL可深度剖析因素间的因果关系和影响强度,将因素间的因果关系可视化地表现出来,分析系统中的关键影响因素及影响程度[18]。邀请4位专家采用打分法对29个影响因素的关联度打分,并根据专家的经验和认知赋予不同权重的灰数区间,通过专家语义变量将原始矩阵转换为灰数关联矩阵Z,详见表2
1) 标准化灰数关联矩阵Z中灰数的上界和下界。
U Z ˜ i j n = U Z i j n - m i n U Z i j n Δ m i n m a x
L Z ˜ i j n = U Z i j n - m i n L Z i j n Δ m i n m a x
Δ m i n m a x = ( m a x U Z i j n - m i n L Z i j n )
式中:U Z i j nL Z i j n分别为第n位专家得分的上限和下限;U Z ˜ i j nL Z ˜ i j n分别为经过标准化变换后的第n位专家得分的上限和下限。
2)确定专家直接影响矩阵S
N i j n = L Z ˜ ( 1 - L Z i j n ) + ( U Z ˜ i j n · U Z i j n ) 1 - L Z ˜ i j n + U Z ˜ i j n
Q i j n = m i n L Z i j n + N i j n Δ m i n m a x
S = ω 1 Q i j 1 + ω 2 Q i j 2 + + ω n Q i j n
式中ωii位专家的权重矩阵,经计算得ω1=0.156 25、ω2=0.255、ω3=0.255、ω4=0.393 75。
3) 计算综合影响矩阵T
S - = S m a x i i m j = 1 m S i j
T = S ( I - S ) - 1
式中:T为综合影响矩阵;I为单位矩阵。
4) 计算影响度fi、被影响度ei、原因度ri、中心度ci
f i = j = 1 n   t i j ,   ( i = 1,2 , , n )
e i = j = 1 n   t i j ,   ( i = 1,2 , , n )
c i = f i + e i
r i = f i - e i
中心度表示因素在系统中的重要程度,中心度越大的因素对乡村应急能力的影响越显著,通过中心度和平均值对比可以得出在整个系统中有突出作用的因素,中心度-原因度分布如图3所示。
通过计算,结合图3,原因因素包含F6、F22、F1、F12、F8、F29、F28、F18、F10、F24、F20、F2、F23。其中,中心度较高的原因因素为F1、F12、F2、F10、F23、F8、F20、F28、F6。结果因素包含F14、F5、F3、F11、F17、F27、F13、F21、F9、F19、F16、F26、F4、F15、F25、F7。中心度较高的结果因素为F3、F4、F17、F9、F27、F15、F11、F7
ISM基于反映系统内各因素间影响关系的矩阵,通过矩阵的变换分析构建多级递阶结构模型,阐明各因素间关联与层次[19]
1) 建立可达矩阵M。为充分考虑因素自身,通过综合影响矩阵T求解整体影响矩阵H,通过不同的阈值设置和经验分析,剔除整体影响矩阵H中影响较小的因素,此处λ值取0.09,建立可达矩阵M
a i j = 1 , t i j λ 0 , t i j λ
2) 识别可达集和先行集。可达集合由M中第i行元素值为1的所有列元素组成,先行集合由M中第i列元素值为1的所有行元素组成。
3) 绘制ISM多层递阶图。从M中去除所在的行和列,根据该步骤,循环往复,最终将影响因素划为不同层级,并标明因素的影响及作用路径,乡村应急能力影响因素ISM层级特征如图4所示。
除最底层因素外,没有因素指向它,即为活动因素,包含F18、F19、F24、F29,表明这些因素容易引起系统拓变,越深层次的活动因素越能引起系统的拓变,使系统变为活动系统,正确引导这些活动因素,可以有效提升乡村整体的应急能力。
MICMAC分析方法用来研究因素之间的相互影响关系及风险事件发生的作用机制,深层次划分影响因素所处的地位与作用,确定相应的依赖力和驱动力[20]
1) 通过可达矩阵M计算影响因素的驱动力Di和计算影响因素的依赖力Ri
D i = j = 1 n   a i j m
R i = j = 1 n   a i j m
2) 绘制MICMAC属性特征图(图5)。根据结果,将影响乡村应急能力所有因素分为自治聚类、独立聚类、依赖聚类和联动聚类4个象限。
结合图5,自治因素具有较低的驱动力和依赖力,这些因素相较稳定,受其他因素影响,但对其依赖性又较低,是表征因素,需要注重自身建设;依赖因素具有较高的依赖力和较低的驱动力,这些因素受其他因素影响较强,对其他因素的依赖性较大,容易被其他因素控制牵引,可通过调整其他影响因素来使得这些因素处于良好状态;联动因素具有较高的驱动力和依赖力,表明这些因素极易变化并对其他因素和系统产生作用或反作用,关联性较高;独立因素具有强驱动力和较低的依赖力,表明因素这些因素有巨大的推动力,不仅自身至关重要,对其他因素也有十分强的影响。
分析因素的因果关系、层级特征、属性特征可见,韧性理论视角下的乡村应急能力建设是一个多因果、多层次、多属性相互影响的复杂系统;提升乡村系统应急能力是一个多维度、综合性的任务。针对过程,单一决策无法对乡村应急能力进行准确剖析和深刻分析;针对结果,单一决策很难具备对复杂系统进行总结的能力,在实际中造成误判或浪费。集成模型分析结果,进行多准则决策分析可以得出更全面、更科学的决策结果。
1)识别决策并集。选取原因因素集、根源因素集和独立因素集的并集为决策并集。集合包含F1、F2、F6、F8、F10、F12、F15、F20、F22、F23、F28。其中,F1、F2、F6、F8、F10存在于抵抗力维度,是乡村对风险灾害抵抗能力的基石,为乡村提供了坚实的数据支撑、制度保障和基础设施,使乡村在面对自然灾害时能够有备无患,有效减轻灾害的初期影响;F12、F15、F20存在于适应力维度,强调在灾害发生时,乡村内部的组织和个体能够迅速适应灾害环境,通过有效的指挥、自救互救和专业救援,最大程度地减少灾害带来的损失,是适应力提升的核心;F22、F23存在于恢复力维度,通过科学评估和规划,确保乡村能够在最短的时间内恢复正常秩序,并为未来的防灾减灾工作提供宝贵的经验和借鉴,是恢复力提升的关键,这些因素都是乡村应急能力建设和韧性提升的推动因素。
2)识别决策交集。提升乡村整体面对自然灾害时的应急能力,决策交集是一个至关重要的环节,决策交集意味着在多个模型和要素之间找到共同点和平衡点,识别乡村应对自然灾害时应急能力的关键和抓手,实现提升效能的最大化。选取原因因素集、根源因素集和独立因素集的交集为决策交集。集合包含F28、F8、F6、F10。这些因素都有着举足轻重的地位和作用,对其他因素和整个系统有着巨大的推动力,应充分考虑其产生的长远影响,并采取针对性的策略提升,这些因素都是乡村应急能力提升和抗灾韧性建设的关键和抓手。其中,F28对抵抗力、适应力和恢复力都具有重要影响;F6、F8、F10均在抵抗力方面扮演关键角色,是抵抗力提升的核心要素。决策交集中的影响因素均可划为抵抗力维度的因子,因此,抵抗力在提升韧性方面亦需得到重视。
1) 基于韧性理论构建韧性乡村应急能力模型,在乡村应对风险灾害的抵抗力、适应力、恢复力3个韧性属性的视角下,识别应急能力全过程均衡理论即准备、预防、减缓、响应、恢复、学习6个阶段的影响因素。文中的理论模型可为提升乡村基层治理效能提供新的研究视角。
2) 通过多准则决策分析,领导队伍结构的中心度为2.95、驱动力为6,是第1层因素;乡村网格化管理的中心度为3.08、驱动力为6,是第2层因素;规范性文件制定的中心度为2.7、驱动力为5,是第3层因素,乡村网络建设的中心度为3.54、驱动力为9,是第3层因素。其中,领导队伍结构对抵抗力、适应力、恢复力的建设都有十分重要的影响;乡村网格化管理、规范性文件制定、乡村网络建设都属于抵抗力维度的影响因素,是抵抗力建设的重中之重。同时,抵抗力维度在乡村韧性提升中需要重点关注。
3) 面对复杂性和不确定性较高的乡村系统,众多的影响因素的共同作用下,没有应用灰色理论的多准则决策模型,所得结果中心度普遍较大,总体因果分类效果不显著,划分层次较少且因素集中。通过验证发现,灰色理论的应用能得到更加明确的因果关系和更加清晰的层次结构,更有利于剖析乡村应急能力的关键和抓手。
  • 陕西省社科界重大理论与现实问题研究联合项目(2023HZ1473)
  • 省级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310703104)
  • 2024年省级大学生创新创业训练计划项目
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2025年第35卷第1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.01.0442
  • 接收时间:2024-08-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-01-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-08-22
  • 修回日期:2024-10-25
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陕西省社科界重大理论与现实问题研究联合项目(2023HZ1473)
省级大学生创新创业训练计划项目(S202310703104)
2024年省级大学生创新创业训练计划项目
作者信息
    西安建筑科技大学 资源工程学院,陕西 西安 710055

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**荆子昊(1997—),男,青海西宁人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为安全韧性、公共安全与应急管理。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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