Article(id=1278415567388390122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0296-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1636, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1765382400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-11, revisedDate=1773072000000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-10, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727623078, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727623078, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727623078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727623078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=296, endPage=303, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415569078694635, articleId=1278415567388390122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Evaluation of public response behaviors for rainstorm disasters based on PSR model and LBS data, columnId=1278415493535076803, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Disaster Prevention and Mitigation Technology and Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to address the challenges of quantitatively evaluating public behavioral responses to rainstorm disasters and clarifying the degree of their alignment with disaster risks, this study took the Shenzhen "9·7" rainstorm as a case study. Employing the PSR model and public LBS data, public response behaviors during the disaster were comprehensively evaluated from three dimensions: pressure, state, and response. A response adaptation index was established to measure the alignment between public behavior and rainstorm disaster risks. The findings indicate that, compared to normal conditions, the public's travel patterns during rainstorms exhibit similar spatial characteristics but with reduced intensity. Across all time phases, the response effectiveness is highest during non-peak daytime hours. Among different administrative districts, residents in Futian and Longhua District demonstrate the highest level of responsiveness, while those in Yantian District exhibit a relatively weaker response. Among various functional area types, schools and recreational areas show the most significant reduction in travel intensity, indicating the most positive public response, whereas residential and office areas showed a comparatively weaker response.

, authors=Anying Chen1, Zhihao Ye1, Wenyu Jiang2, 3, **, Xiaotong Tan1, authorsList=Anying Chen, Zhihao Ye, Wenyu Jiang, Xiaotong Tan, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Wenyu Jiang, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415573541434102, articleId=1278415567388390122, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于PSR和LBS数据的暴雨灾害公众应对行为评价, columnId=1149735802885817075, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=防灾减灾技术与工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决暴雨灾害公众应对行为量化评价难、与灾害风险适配程度不明晰的问题,以深圳“9·7”暴雨为例,基于“压力-状态-响应”(PSR)模型和公众位置服务(LBS)数据,从压力、状态和响应维度综合评价公众在灾害期间的应对行为,并建立响应适配指数,以衡量公众应对行为与暴雨灾害风险的适配程度。研究结果表明:相比于日常,公众在暴雨期间的出行行为存在相似模式,但强度有所减弱。在各时间阶段中,非高峰期的白天阶段响应效果最佳;在各行政区中,福田区和龙华区市民的响应程度最高,盐田区响应较弱;在各功能区类型中,学校和娱乐区域在暴雨期间的公众出行强度减少最为显著,响应最为积极,住宅与办公区域响应较弱。

, authors=陈安滢1, 叶智濠1, 姜文宇2, 3, **, 谭晓彤1, authorsList=陈安滢, 叶智濠, 姜文宇, 谭晓彤, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=姜文宇, authorNote=

陈安滢 (1992—),女,广东广州人,博士,讲师,主要从事灾害监测预警、舆情管理、风险沟通等方面的研究。E-mail:

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** 姜文宇(1995—),男,江西南昌人,博士,讲师,主要从事防灾减灾与应急管理、计算机视觉与空间智能等方面的研究。E-mail:
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陈安滢 (1992—),女,广东广州人,博士,讲师,主要从事灾害监测预警、舆情管理、风险沟通等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Public response evaluation metrics

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维度 指标 计算方法
压力P 降雨量p' $ p^{\prime}=\frac{p-p_{\min }}{p_{\max }-p_{\min }}$
状态S 人口N' $ N^{\prime}=\frac{N-N_{\min }}{N_{\max }-N_{\min }}$
地势t' $ t^{\prime}=1-\frac{t-t_{\min }}{t_{\max }-t_{\min }}$
), ArticleFig(id=1278415578813674282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415567388390122, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

公众应对行为评价指标

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维度 指标 计算方法
压力P 降雨量p' $ p^{\prime}=\frac{p-p_{\min }}{p_{\max }-p_{\min }}$
状态S 人口N' $ N^{\prime}=\frac{N-N_{\min }}{N_{\max }-N_{\min }}$
地势t' $ t^{\prime}=1-\frac{t-t_{\min }}{t_{\max }-t_{\min }}$
), ArticleFig(id=1278415578893366059, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415567388390122, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Average value of each dimension in each administrative area during the rainstorm

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
时间 宝安区 福田区 光明区 龙岗区 龙华区 罗湖区 南山区 坪山区 盐田区
降雨量/(mm/h) 28.912 28.120 29.407 25.094 29.377 27.413 28.386 24.674 25.885
地势/m 31.598 35.714 42.931 96.746 80.151 108.239 36.823 115.512 173.283
人口/人 160.148 515.242 90.005 89.689 243.949 220.185 269.164 66.850 26.973
响应程度/(m/(人·h)) 0.009 -0.021 0.011 0.007 -0.018 -0.001 0.005 -0.016 -0.007
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暴雨期间深圳市各行政区的压力、状态和响应指标平均值

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时间 宝安区 福田区 光明区 龙岗区 龙华区 罗湖区 南山区 坪山区 盐田区
降雨量/(mm/h) 28.912 28.120 29.407 25.094 29.377 27.413 28.386 24.674 25.885
地势/m 31.598 35.714 42.931 96.746 80.151 108.239 36.823 115.512 173.283
人口/人 160.148 515.242 90.005 89.689 243.949 220.185 269.164 66.850 26.973
响应程度/(m/(人·h)) 0.009 -0.021 0.011 0.007 -0.018 -0.001 0.005 -0.016 -0.007
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Average rainfall of each administrative region in each period

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时间 宝安区 福田区 光明区 龙岗区 龙华区 罗湖区 南山区 坪山区 盐田区
暴雨前 6.698 9.697 9.022 15.195 11.715 11.487 8.102 16.962 13.494
7日晚高峰 28.320 29.710 35.162 30.504 35.462 30.050 27.362 30.382 28.895
一般时候 37.834 36.639 39.215 32.851 38.949 35.774 36.795 32.494 33.744
8日半夜 11.477 9.502 9.744 8.781 9.169 9.446 10.659 8.726 9.446
8日早高峰 34.771 34.841 30.273 26.186 31.448 32.427 36.532 24.695 29.314
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深圳市各行政区在不同时间段下的平均降雨量

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时间 宝安区 福田区 光明区 龙岗区 龙华区 罗湖区 南山区 坪山区 盐田区
暴雨前 6.698 9.697 9.022 15.195 11.715 11.487 8.102 16.962 13.494
7日晚高峰 28.320 29.710 35.162 30.504 35.462 30.050 27.362 30.382 28.895
一般时候 37.834 36.639 39.215 32.851 38.949 35.774 36.795 32.494 33.744
8日半夜 11.477 9.502 9.744 8.781 9.169 9.446 10.659 8.726 9.446
8日早高峰 34.771 34.841 30.273 26.186 31.448 32.427 36.532 24.695 29.314
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Average response index of administrative regions over time

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时间 宝安区 福田区 光明区 龙岗区 龙华区 罗湖区 南山区 坪山区 盐田区
暴雨前 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7日晚高峰 0.012 -0.008 -0.035 0.005 -0.058 -0.070 -0.001 0.015 0.097
一般时候 0.018 -0.058 0.030 0.007 0.003 0.002 -0.005 -0.053 -0.026
8日半夜 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.000 -0.016 0.016 0.019 0.024 -0.031
8日早高峰 -0.003 0.023 0.018 0.018 -0.040 0.033 0.013 -0.013 -0.021
), ArticleFig(id=1278415579392488240, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415567388390122, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

深圳市各行政区在不同时间段下的平均响应程度

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时间 宝安区 福田区 光明区 龙岗区 龙华区 罗湖区 南山区 坪山区 盐田区
暴雨前 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
7日晚高峰 0.012 -0.008 -0.035 0.005 -0.058 -0.070 -0.001 0.015 0.097
一般时候 0.018 -0.058 0.030 0.007 0.003 0.002 -0.005 -0.053 -0.026
8日半夜 0.001 0.002 0.005 0.000 -0.016 0.016 0.019 0.024 -0.031
8日早高峰 -0.003 0.023 0.018 0.018 -0.040 0.033 0.013 -0.013 -0.021
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基于PSR和LBS数据的暴雨灾害公众应对行为评价
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陈安滢 1 , 叶智濠 1 , 姜文宇 2, 3, ** , 谭晓彤 1
中国安全科学学报 | 防灾减灾技术与工程 2026,36(5): 296-303
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中国安全科学学报 |防灾减灾技术与工程 2026 , 36 (5) : 296 -303
基于PSR和LBS数据的暴雨灾害公众应对行为评价
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陈安滢1 , 叶智濠1, 姜文宇2, 3, ** , 谭晓彤1
作者信息
  • 1 暨南大学 应急管理学院, 广东 广州 510632
  • 2 深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院, 广东 深圳 518060
  • 3 自然资源部 大湾区地理环境监测重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060
通讯作者:
** 姜文宇(1995—),男,江西南昌人,博士,讲师,主要从事防灾减灾与应急管理、计算机视觉与空间智能等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

陈安滢 (1992—),女,广东广州人,博士,讲师,主要从事灾害监测预警、舆情管理、风险沟通等方面的研究。E-mail:

Evaluation of public response behaviors for rainstorm disasters based on PSR model and LBS data
Anying Chen1 , Zhihao Ye1, Wenyu Jiang2, 3, ** , Xiaotong Tan1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Public Administration and Emergency Management, Ji'nan University, Guangzhou Guangdong 510632, China
  • 2 College of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen Guangdong 518060, China
  • 3 MNR Key Laboratory for Geo-Environmental Monitoring of Great Bay Area, Shenzhen Guangdong 518060, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1636
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为解决暴雨灾害公众应对行为量化评价难、与灾害风险适配程度不明晰的问题,以深圳“9·7”暴雨为例,基于“压力-状态-响应”(PSR)模型和公众位置服务(LBS)数据,从压力、状态和响应维度综合评价公众在灾害期间的应对行为,并建立响应适配指数,以衡量公众应对行为与暴雨灾害风险的适配程度。研究结果表明:相比于日常,公众在暴雨期间的出行行为存在相似模式,但强度有所减弱。在各时间阶段中,非高峰期的白天阶段响应效果最佳;在各行政区中,福田区和龙华区市民的响应程度最高,盐田区响应较弱;在各功能区类型中,学校和娱乐区域在暴雨期间的公众出行强度减少最为显著,响应最为积极,住宅与办公区域响应较弱。

压力-状态-响应(PSR)  /  位置服务(LBS)  /  暴雨灾害  /  公众应对行为  /  行为评价  /  出行强度

In order to address the challenges of quantitatively evaluating public behavioral responses to rainstorm disasters and clarifying the degree of their alignment with disaster risks, this study took the Shenzhen "9·7" rainstorm as a case study. Employing the PSR model and public LBS data, public response behaviors during the disaster were comprehensively evaluated from three dimensions: pressure, state, and response. A response adaptation index was established to measure the alignment between public behavior and rainstorm disaster risks. The findings indicate that, compared to normal conditions, the public's travel patterns during rainstorms exhibit similar spatial characteristics but with reduced intensity. Across all time phases, the response effectiveness is highest during non-peak daytime hours. Among different administrative districts, residents in Futian and Longhua District demonstrate the highest level of responsiveness, while those in Yantian District exhibit a relatively weaker response. Among various functional area types, schools and recreational areas show the most significant reduction in travel intensity, indicating the most positive public response, whereas residential and office areas showed a comparatively weaker response.

pressure-state-response (PSR)  /  location-based service (LBS)  /  rainstorm disasters  /  public behavioral responses  /  behavior evaluation  /  travel intensity
陈安滢, 叶智濠, 姜文宇, 谭晓彤. 基于PSR和LBS数据的暴雨灾害公众应对行为评价. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 296 -303 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1636
Anying Chen, Zhihao Ye, Wenyu Jiang, Xiaotong Tan. Evaluation of public response behaviors for rainstorm disasters based on PSR model and LBS data[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 296 -303 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1636
随着全球变暖的加剧,极端天气事件的发生愈加频繁,对社会造成的损失越发严重。特别是极具破坏性和突发性的极端暴雨事件,对城市环境的影响范围广泛,往往诱发城市内涝、触电、建筑物倒塌、交通中断、河流泛滥等一系列次生事件,造成重大损失。应急管理部发布的官方数据显示,2025年,全年洪涝和地质灾害共造成2785.55万人次不同程度受灾,死亡或失踪568人,直接经济损失1665.76亿元[1]。面对暴雨及其次生灾害的严峻挑战,公众及时采取适当的应对措施,如减少不必要的外出,可有效减少灾害损失。然而,目前仍然会出现公众响应行为不足导致严重暴雨后果的现象。
现有研究从不同视角探讨了公众灾害应对行为。在微观层面,以保护行动决策模型[2]、保护动机理论[3]为代表的经典理论系统揭示了个体从风险信息接收到最终采取行动之间的心理过程和决策机制,提出了理解个体灾害应对行为的一般性框架。以上理论验证了风险特征、信息环境、个体特征、社会经济环境等因素对个体避险行动的关键影响[4-7]。在宏观层面,基于大规模时空轨迹数据的研究显示,暴雨、洪水等灾害期间城市总体人流量显著下降,灾后呈现较快的恢复趋势[8],且受日期与时段差异、城市功能区类型、人口群体差异等因素的显著调节[9-10]。然而,现有研究未能对公众暴雨灾害中的应对行为提出科学、可操作的评价方法。既有文献将公众应对行为纳入社会韧性评估体系,采用间接、回溯性的代理指标进行宏观测度,如社区参与应急培训或演练的人数、居民自报的过往防灾经验等[11-12]。这难以刻画公众活动随风险演变的实时变化。也有研究则侧重于对公众在灾害期间特定行为的统计分析,如开放空间到访率的变化、实际疏散率或预警信息的接收覆盖率等指标[13],但未能将客观灾害压力与公众行为响应纳入统一的分析框架中,以评估公众整体应对策略与风险环境在时空维度上的适配程度。此外,多数评价研究依赖于灾后回溯性调查数据[4],在实时性、样本量与空间精细度上存在明显局限[14]。相较之下,以位置服务(Location-Based Service,LBS)数据为代表的大规模时空轨迹数据具有覆盖广、时效强、连续动态等特征,能客观、实时地反映灾害期间公众在空间上的移动与聚集状态,为在宏观尺度上精准评价群体行为响应提供了重要的数据基础。然而,现有研究多将此类数据用于现象描述,尚未能将其与系统性的分析框架深度结合,以构建行为响应与灾害风险之间动态匹配的评价体系[15]
鉴于此,笔者拟构建融合多源数据与系统视角的公众应对行为评价框架,采用LBS大数据作为核心数据源,捕捉公众在暴雨期间的时空行为轨迹,并分析深圳“9·7”暴雨期间市民出行的时空特征;同时,选取“压力-状态-响应”(Pressure-State-Response,PSR)模型作为理论框架,将灾害压力、公众活动状态与行为响应纳入统一的逻辑链条,提出暴雨公众响应行为的系统性评价方法,运用定位服务数据评价灾害公众应对行为,拓宽定位服务数据的应用场景,以期为灾害公众应对行为的评价提供新思路。
首先,基于LBS、降水、兴趣点(Point of Interest,POI)及地形等多源数据,通过空间标准化与关联匹配处理数据,构建公众出行强度等关键指标。然后,运用PSR模型,从灾害风险、环境状态与公众行为 3个维度建立综合评价体系,并引入风险适配指数量化行为与风险的匹配程度。最后,通过时间、空间与功能区类型3个维度解析公众应对行为的分异特征。图1为分析框架。
暴雨期间,减少出行是公众应对灾害的重要手段,因此,选取公众出行距离强度作为暴雨公众应对行为的指标。受数据形态与隐私保护机制的限制,采用网格中心点之间的欧氏距离作为网格空间距离的替代指标。将用户从该网格内流向其他网格的加权总和作为该网格的出行距离强度,具体计算见下式:
$ I_{i}=\sum_{j}^{n} N_{i j} L_{i j}$
式中:Ii为网格i的出行强度,人·m;Nij 为从网格i到网格j的用户数量,人;Lij为网格i和网格j之间的欧氏距离,m。
PSR模型通过分析压力、状态、响应3类指标,反映系统与外部影响间的相互作用。引入PSR模型作为分析框架,系统刻画暴雨灾害下风险环境与公众行为间的互动过程。该框架的3个维度的内涵如下:
1) 压力维度。延续PSR模型中压力作为系统外部驱动力的核心内涵,借鉴灾害风险研究中“致灾因子”的核心定位[16],将压力维度具体化为自然灾害对人类社会系统的压力[17]。作为关键致灾因子,暴雨强度、历时与空间范围直接构成对社会系统的风险环境。
2) 状态维度。PSR模型中指系统在压力作用下的即时表现与条件。基于灾害脆弱性相关理论,将状态具体化为灾害压力下社会系统暴露水平和自身敏感性[18],通过融合2类关键信息来构建此状态:①人口分布,表征承灾体在灾害情景下的实际暴露情况;②以地形地貌为代表的地理环境背景数据,表征不同空间单元固有的暴雨灾害敏感性程度。
3) 响应维度。公众行为调整被视为关键的适应性反馈机制。公众通过出行调整等行动直接回应灾害压力,并试图改变其所处的不利状态。
采用该模型分析深圳“9·7”暴雨事件,具体指标见表1。其中,基准强度Id及基准人口Nd为暴雨事件发生前一日相同时段的公众出行强度及人口数量。
为反映公众响应行为应与灾害环境的适配程度,提出公众响应适配指数,其计算公式为:
$ \text { RAI }=P \cdot S / R=p^{\prime} N^{\prime} t^{\prime} / R^{\prime}$
式中RAI(Response Adaption Index)为公众响应适配指数。RAI越高,表示公众响应行为不足以承受风险强度,即反应不足;RAI越低,表示公众响应行为程度与所受风险强度越匹配。
深圳“9·7”暴雨事件发生于2023年9月7日晚—9月8日早晨,具有强度超强、持续时间超长、强降雨范围超广的特征。从7日17:00—次日6:00,深圳平均雨量达到202.8mm,全市最大累计雨量达到469.0mm,打破深圳市1952年有气象记录以来的多项历史极值。
1) LBS数据。从中国联通智慧足迹平台采集2023年9月6日—2023年9月8日深圳市联通用户每小时的手机信令数据,网格精度为250m×250m,包含起点网格和终点网格的ID及经纬度坐标、日期、时段、流动人数等字段,共计5 211 432条数据。采用的数据由数据提供商进行严格的匿名与聚合处理,并依据深圳市各空间网格内联通用户市场占有率完成标准化扩样。
2) 降水数据。降水数据来源于 the ERA5-Land hourly data from 1950 to present 数据集下的Total precipitation条目,选取2023年9月6日—9日的每小时总降水量数据,分辨率为0.1度。在后续处理中,将源数据限制在深圳市区域,并将空间分辨率重采样至250 m,以匹配LBS数据的网格精度。
3) POI数据。从高德开放平台采集深圳市内各行政区的POI数据,包括名称、详细地址、经纬度坐标、行业类别4个关键属性。参考城市研究领域对场所功能的常见分类方式[9],将采集到的POI类别合并为6个功能大类:办公(34.9%)、机构(11.0%)、交通(7.5%)、娱乐购物(42.6%)、住宿(3.5%)、学校(0.5%)。考虑到住宿、学校在功能上的特殊性与灾害响应中的典型意义,虽然占比较低,仍将其作为独立类别分析。
4) 地形数据。地形数据来源于先进陆地观测卫星搭载的相控阵型L波段合成孔径雷达卫星图像。选取4张卫星图像在ArcMap中镶嵌在一起并裁剪到深圳市区域。该图像的原分辨率为12.5m,处理后为250m,主要呈现深圳的地形以及高程数据。
表2为暴雨期间深圳市各行政区的压力、状态和响应指标平均值,表3为各行政区在不同时间段的平均降雨量。在时间维度上,暴雨前深圳市中部降雨量较大,东部和西部降雨量较少。7日晚高峰时期,降雨强度显著增加且主要集中在深圳市北部,与暴雨前相比呈现上移趋势。在9月8日早高峰时期,降雨强度相比于7日傍晚略微减小,主要分布于深圳市中南部和西南部,呈现往西南方向移动的趋势。在9月8日12:00—13:00,降雨强度相比于上午有所增强,范围略微往西北方扩大,覆盖除龙岗区北部、坪山区及大鹏新区之外的所有区域。整体来看,福田区、龙华区、龙岗区、光明区和罗湖区暴雨时间较长。
深圳市地形主要以丘陵、台地和平原为主。东南部为丘陵地形,主要分布在大鹏新区和盐田区,一些行政区的交界处也分布着少量丘陵;中西部和北部地区为台地地形,海拔略高但较为平坦;而沿海地区为平原,海拔较低且平坦。由人口数据分析可得,人口密度呈现西部密集,东部较少的趋势。具体来看,人口密集区域分布在西部沿海、南部及中部,即宝安区、南山区、福田区、罗湖区以及龙华区,其中福田区和罗湖区是人口最密集的区域。结合地形数据发现,深圳市人口大多分布在地势平坦的地方。
表4为深圳市各行政区在不同时间段下的平均响应程度。对比表2可知:尽管遭遇极端天气,公众出行的空间分布模式与暴雨发生前的常态出行分布具有高度一致性。总体来看,高出行强度集中在深圳市中部和西南部等人口密集地区,如宝安区、南山区、福田区、龙华区、龙岗区和罗湖区等,说明即便在恶劣天气扰动下,由城市空间结构与社会经济活动所决定的刚性出行需求仍主导着整体出行分布。从时间维度看,在9月7日早高峰前,深圳市各区的出行人数较少,整体出行距离较为分散。18:00—19:00,除东部大鹏新区和盐田区,公众出行强度基本上均匀分布,深圳市西南部如南山区、福田区、罗湖区开始出现高强度区域。9月8日早高峰时期,深圳市西南部的高强度区域有所扩大,且深圳西部和中部均出现大片高强度区域,主要集中分布于宝安区、龙华区、龙岗区、南山区、福田区、罗湖区及盐田区西部。早高峰过后,公众出行高强度地区发生转移,从中部转移到西南部,即南山区、福田区、罗湖区。
基于以上分析,根据表1确定深圳市在“9·7”暴雨前及期间不同时间段的压力、状态及响应相关变量的数值,并依据式(2)计算响应适配指数,结果如图2所示。在暴雨期间的半夜时间段,公众出行行为与日常相比变化最小,这主要由于该时段本身出行需求较低,导致行为调整不明显。
在7日晚高峰和8日早高峰,公众虽出行明显减少,但考虑到该时段降水量较大,出行强度的降幅仍低于预期,反映出公众在必要通勤时段的风险规避意愿与刚性出行需求之间存在矛盾,整体响应仍显不足。一方面,个体灾害应对行为并非完全自由的选择,而是受其工作组织环境与社会经济条件的深刻塑造。由于部分企业与机构未能及时启动极端天气弹性工作制或远程办公安排,导致从业人员面临出勤压力与安全风险的两难抉择[19]。另一方面,从风险沟通与行为引导层面分析,预警信息与具体行动指引之间的脱节也可能影响响应效能。风险信息必须转化为具体、可操作的行为建议,才能有效促成公众采取防护措施。尽管暴雨预警已广泛发布,但针对通勤时段是否应当出行、如何安全出行等情景化的行动指南相对缺乏,导致部分公众尽管感知到风险,却难以做出明确且及时的出行调整决策。
在除早晚高峰和夜间时刻,公众出行强度有一定弱化,综合压力和状态维度指标数值,出行减少与风险水平之间的匹配度较高,表明公众在非必要出行时段表现出较好的风险适应意识与主动避灾行为。由于在弹性出行需求主导的时段,个体面对的风险规避决策所受的社会经济约束较小,其行为调整更直接地响应于风险感知水平与自我保护动机[20]。同时,当出行活动具有较高的可替代性与可延迟性时,公众更易于根据外部风险信息做出适应性的行为调整[21]
图3为深圳市各行政区在“9·7”暴雨期间的压力、状态及响应情况。总体而言,各行政区在降水、地势、人口等方面存在差异,面临的风险程度不一,公众响应行为也有所不同。其中,福田区与龙华区的平均响应指数在9个行政区中最高,响应适配指数最低,表明这2个区域的公众在暴雨期间的出行强度相较于日常水平有显著降低,响应效果最为理想。这一结果可归因于以下2方面因素:一方面,这2个行政区作为城市中心区,其完善的应急管理体系和频繁的安全宣传有效提升了居民的防灾意识;另一方面,其通勤人口比例高,在暴雨预警发布后,企业、学校等机构更易执行灵活的停工停课措施,从而减少刚性出行需求。
相比之下,盐田区的平均响应指数最低,响应适配指数最高。尽管其在降水与地势条件上与福田、龙华2区大致接近,但公众在暴雨期间的出行强度并未出现明显下降。造成这一现象的原因可能在于盐田区人口结构中包括相当比例的物流、旅游服务等行业从业者,在天气影响下仍需维持必要出行;同时,该区域可能在灾害预警传播、社区应急引导等方面存在薄弱环节,导致公众风险感知不足或避险能力有限,从而影响了整体响应效果。
不同功能区压力-状态-响应情况如图4所示,由图4可知:尽管各类型区在降水分布、人口密度和地势条件方面差异不大,但其响应指数却呈现明显分化。具体来看,学校与娱乐区域的平均响应指数最高,反映出这些区域在暴雨期间的公众出行强度相较于日常下降最为显著,响应效果最好。学校场所具有明确的行政管理制度,在暴雨预警发布后通常执行统一的停课安排,形成强制的行为调整机制;同时娱乐活动属于典型的高弹性出行需求,其出行效用极易受外部风险与环境成本影响,公众在面临安全风险时会主动推迟或取消此类行程。相比之下,住宅、运输和办公区域的响应指数较低,表明其出行强度在暴雨中变化不大,响应效果相对较弱。住宅作为日常生活必需场所,其基本出入活动具有较低弹性;而交通与办公区域的从业人员往往因经济依赖与就业约束,在灾害期间仍须维持到岗,形成强制性流动。这种因社会经济结构形成的刚性出行,削弱了风险感知对行为调整的驱动效果,导致整体响应表现不显著。
研究表明:公众应对行为在时段、空间与功能区上均呈现显著差异,凸显了实施差异化预警与响应策略的必要性。针对响应较弱的时间段,应加强持续性的风险沟通,通过逐步提升风险沟通频率或提高预警等级等方式,强化公众的持续应对行为。同时,启动企业、学校、社区的联动响应机制,鼓励企事业单位实施弹性工作制、学校采取线上教学,并为必须到岗的物流、医疗等行业从业者提供定制化的安全通勤指引与保障。
针对响应较弱的行政区,需加强预警信息的推送和宣传教育,并强化跨区域协调。鉴于文中盐田区物流、港口、旅游从业者比例较高,建议联合行业协会与企业,建立重点行业从业人员定向预警体系,开发行业专用预警信息模板,确保预警信息精准触达目标人群。
针对响应较弱的POI类型,需根据空间异质性进行差异化设计。如住宅区可建立物资前置配送体系,以减少灾害期间居民不必要的补偿性出行;交通枢纽需根据实时人流量实施动态交通管控;办公区可考虑采用经济激励政策,引导商户主动实施闭店等防护行为。同时,总结学校、娱乐场所响应较好的管理经验,提炼标准化应急操作程序并推广至其他具有类似管理条件的场所。
为进一步提升应急响应能力,建议构建集成实时气象、动态人流与基础设施状态等多源数据的综合感知体系,并建立具备实时反馈能力的智能决策支持平台。通过持续追踪不同城市区域的流动性指标,动态评估预警发布后的政策效能与公众响应效果;基于预设风险阈值与效能标准,自动调整预警发布策略与响应措施,实现应急策略的动态优化。通过持续迭代预警策略与响应方案,构建在灾害应对中不断自我完善的智能监测预警系统。
研究发现,公众在暴雨期间的总体应对能力普遍不足,表明行为引导与能力建设亟待加强。一方面,应开展基于空间分异特征的应急演练,特别是在响应程度较低的行政区与重点社区,组织实施以暴雨内涝避险、转移疏散为核心的实景化培训。另一方面,系统化普及暴雨预警信号含义、危险区域辨识、自救互救技能等关键知识,并通过典型本土案例宣传推广有效应对经验,全面提升公众的认知水平与实战应对能力。
1) 文中构建的暴雨灾害公众应对行为评价框架,揭示了暴雨公众应对行为在时空维度上的分异特征。在时间上,非高峰日间时段响应效果最优,通勤高峰时段则因刚性需求与避险意愿冲突而响应不足;在空间上,福田区与龙华区响应程度最高,盐田区响应较弱,反映出区域间应急管理水平与产业结构的差异;在功能区上,学校与娱乐区域响应积极,住宅与办公区则因刚性需求表现出较弱响应。
2) 文中还存在一定局限:首先,采用的LBS数据仅覆盖单一运营商用户群体,对老幼等群体的独立出行活动刻画不足;然后,使用欧氏距离作为出行距离强度的代理指标,未能考虑实际路网结构与交通条件对出行行为的具体影响;最后,所构建的响应适配指数主要用于案例内部的相对比较,其阈值设定与跨情景适用性仍需通过更多案例验证与校准。未来研究需通过多源数据融合、精细化建模以及多案例比较,进一步提升分析框架的全面性与普适性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(72404104)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(42501093)
  • 广东省自然科学基金面上项目资助(2025A1515010229)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.1636
  • 接收时间:2025-12-11
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-11
  • 修回日期:2026-03-10
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(72404104)
国家自然科学基金资助(42501093)
广东省自然科学基金面上项目资助(2025A1515010229)
作者信息
    1 暨南大学 应急管理学院, 广东 广州 510632
    2 深圳大学 土木与交通工程学院, 广东 深圳 518060
    3 自然资源部 大湾区地理环境监测重点实验室, 广东 深圳 518060

通讯作者:

** 姜文宇(1995—),男,江西南昌人,博士,讲师,主要从事防灾减灾与应急管理、计算机视觉与空间智能等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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