Article(id=1278415638930632816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0159-06, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0814, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1764518400000, receivedDateStr=2025-12-01, revisedDate=1771948800000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-25, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727640134, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727640134, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727640134, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727640134, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=159, endPage=164, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415640432193649, articleId=1278415638930632816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on combustion characteristics of pool fire under different initial temperatures, columnId=1277328337617941059, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety Technology and Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To study the influence of initial temperature on the combustion behavior of pool fires, pool fire tests at different initial temperatures (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃ ) were conducted using a self-built initial temperature controlled pool fire test platform. The characteristics of variations in combustion process, mass loss rate, flame height, and plume temperature were analyzed. The results show that when the initial temperature ranges from 5 to 60 ℃, the combustion process of oil pool fire is divided into three stages: growth, steady and decay. When the initial temperature increases to 80 ℃, the combustion process is divided into five stages: growth, steady, boiling transition, boiling and decay. The mass loss rate, flame height and plume temperature are all positively correlated with the initial temperature. When the initial temperature increases from 5 ℃ to 80 ℃, the mass loss rate, flame height and plume temperature increased by 12.13 g/(s·m2), 170.4 mm, and 130 ℃, respectively. The mass loss rate decreases nonlinearly with the temperature difference between the boiling point of n-heptane and the initial temperature. The ratio of flame height to pool diameter follows a power-law function of the ratio between the initial temperature and the boiling point of n-heptane point.

, authors=Cong Li, Wenbo Xu, Liting Niu, Changpeng Song, Jiansong Wu, authorsList=Cong Li, Wenbo Xu, Liting Niu, Changpeng Song, Jiansong Wu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415644777492614, articleId=1278415638930632816, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=不同初始温度影响下油池火燃烧特性研究, columnId=1277328337940902469, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全技术与工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为研究初始温度对油池火燃烧行为的影响,基于自主搭建的初始温度可控油池火试验平台,开展不同初始温度(5、10、20、40、60和80 ℃)的油池火试验,分析油池火燃烧过程、质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度的变化特征。研究表明:当初始温度为5~60 ℃时,油池火燃烧过程分为增长、稳定和衰减3个阶段;当初始温度升高至80 ℃时,燃烧过程分为增长、稳定、沸腾过渡、沸腾和衰减5个阶段;质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度均与初始温度呈正相关;初始温度由5 ℃升高至80 ℃时,质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度分别增加12.13 g/(s·m2)、170.4 mm和130 ℃;质量损失速率随正庚烷沸点与初始温度的温差非线性递减;火焰高度与油池直径之比为正庚烷初始温度与沸点之比的幂函数。

, authors=李聪, 许文博, 牛力婷, 宋畅鹏, 吴建松, authorsList=李聪, 许文博, 牛力婷, 宋畅鹏, 吴建松, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

李 聪 (1991—),男,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授,主要从事低温边界油池燃烧、森林火灾动力学研究。E-mail:

吴建松 教授。

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李 聪 (1991—),男,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授,主要从事低温边界油池燃烧、森林火灾动力学研究。E-mail:

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李 聪 (1991—),男,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授,主要从事低温边界油池燃烧、森林火灾动力学研究。E-mail:

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吴建松 教授。

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吴建松 教授。

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不同初始温度影响下油池火燃烧特性研究
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李聪 , 许文博 , 牛力婷 , 宋畅鹏 , 吴建松
中国安全科学学报 | 安全技术与工程 2026,36(5): 159-164
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中国安全科学学报 |安全技术与工程 2026 , 36 (5) : 159 -164
不同初始温度影响下油池火燃烧特性研究
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李 聪 (1991—),男,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授,主要从事低温边界油池燃烧、森林火灾动力学研究。E-mail:

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李 聪 (1991—),男,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授,主要从事低温边界油池燃烧、森林火灾动力学研究。E-mail:

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吴建松 教授。

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李聪 , 许文博, 牛力婷, 宋畅鹏, 吴建松
作者信息
  • 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院, 北京 100083
作者简介:

李 聪 (1991—),男,安徽淮南人,博士,副教授,主要从事低温边界油池燃烧、森林火灾动力学研究。E-mail:

吴建松 教授。

Study on combustion characteristics of pool fire under different initial temperatures
Cong Li , Wenbo Xu, Liting Niu, Changpeng Song, Jiansong Wu
Affiliations
  • School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0814
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为研究初始温度对油池火燃烧行为的影响,基于自主搭建的初始温度可控油池火试验平台,开展不同初始温度(5、10、20、40、60和80 ℃)的油池火试验,分析油池火燃烧过程、质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度的变化特征。研究表明:当初始温度为5~60 ℃时,油池火燃烧过程分为增长、稳定和衰减3个阶段;当初始温度升高至80 ℃时,燃烧过程分为增长、稳定、沸腾过渡、沸腾和衰减5个阶段;质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度均与初始温度呈正相关;初始温度由5 ℃升高至80 ℃时,质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度分别增加12.13 g/(s·m2)、170.4 mm和130 ℃;质量损失速率随正庚烷沸点与初始温度的温差非线性递减;火焰高度与油池直径之比为正庚烷初始温度与沸点之比的幂函数。

初始温度  /  油池火  /  燃烧特性  /  燃烧过程  /  质量损失速率  /  火焰高度  /  火羽流温度

To study the influence of initial temperature on the combustion behavior of pool fires, pool fire tests at different initial temperatures (5, 10, 20, 40, 60 and 80 ℃ ) were conducted using a self-built initial temperature controlled pool fire test platform. The characteristics of variations in combustion process, mass loss rate, flame height, and plume temperature were analyzed. The results show that when the initial temperature ranges from 5 to 60 ℃, the combustion process of oil pool fire is divided into three stages: growth, steady and decay. When the initial temperature increases to 80 ℃, the combustion process is divided into five stages: growth, steady, boiling transition, boiling and decay. The mass loss rate, flame height and plume temperature are all positively correlated with the initial temperature. When the initial temperature increases from 5 ℃ to 80 ℃, the mass loss rate, flame height and plume temperature increased by 12.13 g/(s·m2), 170.4 mm, and 130 ℃, respectively. The mass loss rate decreases nonlinearly with the temperature difference between the boiling point of n-heptane and the initial temperature. The ratio of flame height to pool diameter follows a power-law function of the ratio between the initial temperature and the boiling point of n-heptane point.

initial temperature  /  pool fire  /  combustion characteristics  /  burning process  /  mass loss rate  /  flame height  /  fire plume temperature
李聪, 许文博, 牛力婷, 宋畅鹏, 吴建松. 不同初始温度影响下油池火燃烧特性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 159 -164 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0814
Cong Li, Wenbo Xu, Liting Niu, Changpeng Song, Jiansong Wu. Study on combustion characteristics of pool fire under different initial temperatures[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 159 -164 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0814
随着工业化的不断发展,液体燃料的需求与日俱增[1]。液体燃料在生产、运输和储存过程中,一旦接触火源极易发生火灾事故,造成巨大的人员伤亡和财产损失[2-3]。液体燃料火灾事故可能发生在不同地区,如温度较低的极地或温度较高的赤道。因此,有必要开展初始温度影响下的油池火燃烧特性研究。
近年来,国内外学者逐渐关注温度条件对油池火的影响。张佳庆[4]研究了初始油温对变压器油燃烧特性的影响,分析了变压器油沸溢池火温度特征及传热模型,发现随着初始油温升高,热释放速率和CO生成速率增大。Bellino[5]和Farahani[6]等研究了冰腔内原油池火的燃烧行为,得出冰腔的冷边界对燃烧速率起抑制作用,冰腔池火燃烧存在2种对流驱动模式。Kong Depeng等[7-8]针对冰腔、热表面等特殊温度边界开展了大量研究,探究了冰腔形状、碎冰含量以及燃料温度对油池火燃烧行为的影响,分析了不同液体燃料在热表面的燃烧特性,发现碎冰和初始温度显著影响油池火的燃烧速率。Chen Bin等[9]研究了初始燃料温度对油池火燃烧速率的影响,发现油池火燃烧速率呈现5个典型阶段,沸腾阶段的燃烧速率随着初始温度的增加而升高。Hu Longhua等[10]以汽油和酒精为燃料开展了不同直径的油池火试验,发现油池壁面温度在一定程度上影响了油池火燃烧速率,壁面温度越高对应的油池火燃烧速率越大。White等[11]开展了不同燃料初始温度的油池火焰蔓延试验,发现当燃料温度高于沸点时,火焰蔓延速度明显增加。赵金龙等[12]开展了不同初始温度的变压器油燃烧行为研究,结果表明初始温度越高,对应的质量损失速率越大,这一趋势在稳定燃烧阶段更为明显。张纪元等[13]开展了低温低压条件下油池火试验,发现当环境压力相同时,边界温度越低对应的油池火燃烧速率越小,火焰热辐射能力也越低。综上所述,现有研究大多通过冰腔、热表面等边界研究冰腔内池火燃烧行为或燃料着火特性,对于不同初始温度影响下油池火燃烧行为及模型研究相对较少。
为此,笔者拟自主搭建初始温度可控的油池火试验平台,开展初始温度(5、10、20、40、60和80 ℃)的油池火试验,研究不同初始温度影响下油池火燃烧特性,明确油池火质量损失速率、火焰高度和火羽流温度的定量关系式,以期为油池火灾防控提供理论参考。
初始温度可控的油池火试验平台主要由恒温循环仪、双层燃烧油池以及数据采集系统组成,如图1所示。恒温循环仪可实现恒温液体外循环,温度范围为-30~200 ℃。双层燃烧油池由304不锈钢材料制成,直径D为300 mm,壁厚为40 mm。油池内层为燃烧区,外层为恒温液循环区。双层燃烧油池设有进水口和出水口,用于连接恒温循环仪实现恒温液体在油池的外循环,进而改变初始温度。数据采集系统主要包括高精度电子天平、K型热电偶(Thermal Couple,TC)以及高清摄像机。高精度电子天平位于油池下方,记录油池火燃烧过程中的质量数据,最大量程为60 kg,数据采样频率为10 Hz。油池正上方以100 mm为间距设置一组TC,编号分别为TC1—TC10,用于测量火羽流温度数据。油池正前方放置高清摄像机记录油池燃烧全过程,高清摄像机分辨率为2 560×1 440像素,帧率为60帧/s。
选用纯度98%的正庚烷作为试验燃料。试验开始前,首先称取适量的正庚烷加入双层燃烧油池。其次,通过恒温液体外循环调节正庚烷初始温度。当正庚烷温度达到设定值后,关闭恒温循环仪。然后,依次打开高清摄像机、电子天平以及温度采集系统,并点燃正庚烷。最后,燃烧结束后,保存油池火燃烧试验数据。通过改变初始温度t0与正庚烷厚度hf开展24组试验,t0分别为5、10、20、40、60和80 ℃,hf分别为5、10、15和20 mm。
图2hf=5、20 mm时不同t0下的燃烧过程和质量损失速率$\dot{m}$。正庚烷点燃后产生微弱火焰。随后火焰迅速蔓延至整个油池,在此过程中,火焰高度和火焰面积显著增加。最终,随着正庚烷不断消耗,火焰逐渐衰弱直至熄灭。t0越高对应的点火高度越大,这是由于较高的t0促使正庚烷挥发。t0与油池燃烧持续时间呈负相关。当hf=20 mm、t0由5升高至80 ℃时,燃烧持续时间减少210 s。t0$\dot{m}$呈正相关。当hf=20 mm、t0由5升高至80 ℃时,$\dot{m}$增加12.13 g/(s·m2)。当t0为5~60 ℃时,油池火燃烧过程分为增长、稳定和衰减3个阶段;当t0升高至80 ℃时,燃烧过程分为增长、稳定、沸腾过渡、沸腾和衰减5个阶段。
在油池火燃烧过程中,正庚烷除去向外界释放的热量,其余热量用于燃烧。油池火主要传热方式为热辐射,$\dot{m}$可表示为[14-17]:
$ \dot{m}^{\prime \prime}=\left(\dot{q}_{\mathrm{r}}-\dot{q}_{\mathrm{f}}-\dot{q}_{\mathrm{l}}\right) / \Delta H_{\mathrm{g}}$
$ \dot{q}_{\mathrm{r}}=\sigma\left(t_{\mathrm{h}}^{4}-t_{\mathrm{f}}^{4}\right)[1-\exp (\kappa \beta D)]$
$ \dot{q}_{\mathrm{f}}=\rho_{\mathrm{f}} c_{\mathrm{f}} \int_{0}^{h_{\mathrm{f}}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} t}{\mathrm{~d} \theta} \mathrm{~d} h$
$ \dot{q}_{1}=\left(t_{\mathrm{f}}-t_{0}\right)^{4 / 3}\left[\left(k_{\mathrm{f}}^{3} g \alpha_{\mathrm{V}} \operatorname{Pr}\right) / v^{2}\right]^{1 / 3}$
式中:${\stackrel{·}{q}}_{r}$为火焰的热辐射通量,kW/m2;${\stackrel{·}{q}}_{f}$为正庚烷蒸发所需的热量,kW/m2;${\stackrel{·}{q}}_{l}$为热损失,kW/m2Hg为气化潜热,kJ/kg;σ为斯特藩-玻尔兹曼常数,W/(m2·K4);th为火焰温度,℃;tf为正庚烷沸点,℃;κ为发射系数,m-1;β为平均光束校正系数;ρf为正庚烷密度,kg/m3;cf为正庚烷比热容,kJ/(kg·K);θ为时间,s;kf为正庚烷导热系数,W/(m·K);g为重力加速度,m/s2;αV为膨胀系数,℃-1;v为运动黏度,m2/s;Pr为普朗特数。
不同t0$\dot{m}$可表示为:
$ \dot{m}^{\prime \prime} \sim\left[\begin{array}{l}\sigma\left(t_{\mathrm{h}}^{4}-t_{\mathrm{f}}^{4}\right)[1-\exp (\kappa \beta D)]-\rho_{\mathrm{f}} c_{\mathrm{f}} \int_{0}^{h_{\mathrm{f}}} \frac{\mathrm{~d} t}{\mathrm{~d} \theta} \mathrm{~d} h \\-\left(t_{\mathrm{f}}-t_{0}\right)^{4 / 3}\left(k_{\mathrm{f}}^{3} \frac{g \alpha_{\mathrm{V}}}{v^{2}} P r\right)^{1 / 3}\end{array}\right]$
考虑到hf较薄,正庚烷内部温度均匀。式(5)可简化为:
$ \dot{m}^{\prime \prime} \sim\left[C_{1}+C_{2} \exp (-\kappa \beta D)+C_{3}\left(t_{\mathrm{f}}-t_{0}\right) h_{\mathrm{f}}+\right.C_{4}\left(t_{\mathrm{f}}-t_{0}\right)^{4 / 3}]$
式中C1C2C3C4为拟合系数。
图3为由式(6)得到的$\dot{m}$随(tf-t0)变化曲线。可以看出,试验数据拟合结果较好,R2均大于0.98。$\dot{m}$与(tf-t0)和(tf-t0)4/3呈非线性递减关系。
图4hf=5、20 mm时火焰高度H随时间的变化。油池点燃后,H在短时间内迅速增加;当燃烧进入稳定阶段,H基本保持稳定;正庚烷不断消耗,H降低。当t0=5 ℃、hf由5增加至20 mm时,H升高90.8 mm。这是因为随着hf增加,正庚烷内部聚集更多热量促进燃烧,H随之增加。
图5为不同t0下的HHt0呈正相关,当hf=20 mm、t0由5升高至80 ℃时,H增加170.4 mm。随着t0的升高,底部正庚烷更容易达到沸点,可燃气体向上运动加剧,导致H增加。
火焰高度经验关系式为[18]:
$ H / D=3.7 Q^{* 2 / 5}-1.02$
式中:H/D为无量纲火焰高度;Q*为无量纲热释放速率。将无量纲初始温度(t0/tf)代入式(7):
$ H / D \sim Q^{* 2 / 5}\left(t_{0} / t_{\mathrm{f}}\right)^{C_{\mathrm{h}}}$
式中Ch为拟合系数。
图6为由式(8)得到的H/DQ*2/5(t0/tf)0.018定量关系。H/DQ*2/5(t0/tf)0.018呈线性关系,R2=0.965。
图7hf=5 mm、t0=5、80 ℃下的火羽流温度tp随时间的变化。tp呈迅速升高-趋于稳定-缓慢下降的趋势。t0=5和80 ℃时,tp稳定阶段持续时间分别为166和95 s。t0升高,燃烧速率加快,tp稳定阶段持续时间减少。
图8为不同测点高度下的tptp随着测点高度增加,呈现先升高后降低趋势。tpt0呈正相关。当测点高度为200 mm,t0由5 ℃升高至80 ℃时,tp增加130 ℃。t0越高对应的火羽流连续火焰区增加,因此tp升高。
高度z处的火羽流温度tz表达式为[19]:
$ \left[\left(t_{\mathrm{z}}-t_{\infty}\right) / t_{\infty}\right] / Q^{* 2 / 3} \sim\left[\left(z-z_{0}\right) / D\right]^{-5 / 3}$
式中:t为环境温度,℃;z为火羽流高度,m;z0为虚拟火源高度,m。
定义无量纲火羽流温度tz*=[Q*2/3t/(tz-t)]3/5,同时引入(t0/tf),式(9)写为:
$ t_{\mathrm{z}}^{*}\left(t_{0} / t_{\mathrm{f}}\right)^{C \mathrm{p}} \sim z-z_{0}$
式中Cp为拟合系数。
图9为由式(10)得到的tz*(t0/tf)0.46随(z-z0)的变化。可以看出,二者呈明显的线性关系,R2=0.927。
1) 初始温度为5~60 ℃时,油池火燃烧过程分为增长、稳定和衰减3个阶段;初始温度升高至80 ℃时,燃烧过程分为增长、稳定、沸腾过渡、沸腾和衰减5个阶段。质量损失速率与初始温度呈正相关。初始温度由5 ℃升高至80 ℃时,质量损失速率增加12.13 g/(s·m2)。质量损失速率随正庚烷沸点与初始温度的温差非线性递减。
2) 随着初始温度升高,火焰高度和火羽流温度显著增加。初始温度由5 ℃升高至80 ℃时,火焰高度和火羽流温度分别增加170.4 mm和130 ℃。火羽流温度呈迅速升高-趋于稳定-缓慢下降的趋势。火焰高度与油池直径之比为正庚烷初始温度与沸点之比的幂函数。
  • 国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3014601)
  • 贵州省科技支撑项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般121)
  • 民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室开放基金资助(MZ2023KF01)
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52304274)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0814
  • 接收时间:2025-12-01
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-12-01
  • 修回日期:2026-02-25
基金
国家重点研发计划项目(2024YFC3014601)
贵州省科技支撑项目(黔科合支撑[2023]一般121)
民机火灾科学与安全工程四川省重点实验室开放基金资助(MZ2023KF01)
国家自然科学基金资助(52304274)
作者信息
    中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院, 北京 100083
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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