Article(id=1278415493505728978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0243-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.08, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1768147200000, receivedDateStr=2026-01-12, revisedDate=1774281600000, revisedDateStr=2026-03-24, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727605419, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727605419, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727605419, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727605419, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=243, endPage=250, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415494722077139, articleId=1278415493505728978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Detection algorithms for unsafe behaviors of personnel in heavy industrial workshops under remote monitoring, columnId=1277328337617941059, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety Technology and Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To address the issue of insufficient small-object detection accuracy in remote monitoring of heavy industrial workshops, an unsafe behavior detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv7 was proposed. First, the traditional upsampling was replaced with a lightweight content-aware reassembly of features (CARAFE) module, which effectively preserved the semantic information of small objects through adaptive feature reassembly. Second, an improved Bi-level routing efficient layer aggregation network(Bi-ELAN) module was proposed by integrating the BiFormer dynamic sparse attention mechanism into the head network, which strengthened the multi-scale feature fusion capabilities and established target-background contextual relationships. Third, the loss function was refined by introducing the shape intersection over union(ShapeIoU)loss function, which enhanced bounding box regression accuracy through geometric shape constraints. Finally, ablation experiments and comparative experiments were conducted on the improved YOLOv7 model based on constructed remote monitoring perspective dataset. The results show that, while maintaining model lightweight characteristics, the proposed algorithm significantly improves small-object detection accuracy in remote monitoring scenarios. The improved model achieves a precision of 84.2%, a recall of 78.6%, and a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 78.8%. Compared to the original YOLOv7 algorithm, the improved algorithm increases precision, recall, and mAP@0.5 by 5%, 0.3%, and 2.6%, respectively.

, authors=Yu Zhou1, Xin Wu1, 2, Jie Chen1, **, authorsList=Yu Zhou, Xin Wu, Jie Chen, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=Jie Chen, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415507204325858, articleId=1278415493505728978, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=远距监控下重工业车间人员不安全行为检测算法, columnId=1277328337940902469, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全技术与工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决重工业车间远距监控视角下小目标检测精度不足的问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv7的不安全行为检测算法。首先,利用轻量级内容感知特征重组(CARAFE)模块替代传统上采样,通过自适应特征重组有效保留小目标的语义信息;其次,提出一种改进的双层高效层聚合网络(Bi-ELAN)模块,在头部网络中融合BiFormer动态稀疏注意力机制,强化多尺度特征融合能力,并建立目标-背景上下文关联;然后,改进损失函数,引入形状交并比(ShapeIoU)损失函数,通过几何形状约束提升边界框回归精度;最后,在构建的远距监控视角数据集上,对改进后的 YOLOv7 模型开展消融试验与对比试验。结果表明:改进YOLOv7算法在保持模型轻量化的同时,显著提升远距监控场景下小目标的检测精度,精确率为84.2%,召回率为78.6%,平均精度均值(mAP)@0.5为78.8%,相比原YOLOv7算法,改进后的算法精确率、召回率、mAP@0.5分别提高5%、0.3%、2.6%。

, authors=周宇1, 吴鑫1, 2, 陈洁1, **, authorsList=周宇, 吴鑫, 陈洁, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=陈洁, authorNote=

周 宇 (2000—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、机器视觉检测技术等。E-mail:

吴鑫 副教授。

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** 陈洁(1981—),女,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统建模、机器视觉检测、机器人协同控制等方面的研究。E-mail:
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注:卷积-批归一化-SiLU激活模块(Conv + Batch Normalization + SiLU,CBS);最大池化模块(Max Pooling,MP);高效层聚合网络模块(Efficient Layer Aggregation Network,ELAN);空间金字塔池化跨阶段部分连接模块(Spatial Pyramid Pooling Cross Stage Partial Connections,SPPCSPC)。

, figureFileSmall=+PkOHBWidduV6oK4k5sWXg==, figureFileBig=2vI3klM7XoNDbx0XMD3SDw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415518059184646, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=CARAFE structure, figureFileSmall=yO1MQVPX8drUHzI2IfVW6Q==, figureFileBig=lhxWLei+co+Ty4/EtdC4iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415519741100551, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=图2, caption=CARAFE结构, figureFileSmall=yO1MQVPX8drUHzI2IfVW6Q==, figureFileBig=lhxWLei+co+Ty4/EtdC4iQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415519858541064, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Bi-ELAN structure, figureFileSmall=xZIZel4I0+3JgR1GrV1nyw==, figureFileBig=sWVcAFRV3ArcCkX93B/w3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415520001147401, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=图3, caption=Bi-ELAN结构, figureFileSmall=xZIZel4I0+3JgR1GrV1nyw==, figureFileBig=sWVcAFRV3ArcCkX93B/w3A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415520164725258, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=BRA workflow, figureFileSmall=tvQTqG0ty/qalqI+EIypkQ==, figureFileBig=2sQ/3tLCzRz6xxmFcRki8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415520563184139, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=图4, caption=BRA工作流程, figureFileSmall=tvQTqG0ty/qalqI+EIypkQ==, figureFileBig=2sQ/3tLCzRz6xxmFcRki8A==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415520726761996, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=ShapeIoU loss structure, figureFileSmall=ktN4PJsLfkHhE5ZU+uKbBQ==, figureFileBig=TCq985e1g25ts7j5BVTUhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415520995197453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=图5, caption=ShapeIoU损失结构, figureFileSmall=ktN4PJsLfkHhE5ZU+uKbBQ==, figureFileBig=TCq985e1g25ts7j5BVTUhw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415521070694926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Detection results of different models, figureFileSmall=u/nypiDpGQRl+TWn9RFfKw==, figureFileBig=3tz9bL3KFWlL81+ie5TNug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415521150386703, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=图6, caption=不同模型检测结果, figureFileSmall=u/nypiDpGQRl+TWn9RFfKw==, figureFileBig=3tz9bL3KFWlL81+ie5TNug==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415521431405072, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Impact of different scales on model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 P/
%
R/
%
mAP@0.5/%
YOLOv7(CIoU) 79.2 78.3 76.2
YOLOv7+ShapeloU(s=0.8) 80.7 75.2 74.7
YOLOv7+ShapeloU(s=1.2) 81.7 74.5 74.9
YOLOv7+ShapeloU(s=1.5) 80.2 78.8 77.3
), ArticleFig(id=1278415521586594321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同scale对模型的影响

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模型 P/
%
R/
%
mAP@0.5/%
YOLOv7(CIoU) 79.2 78.3 76.2
YOLOv7+ShapeloU(s=0.8) 80.7 75.2 74.7
YOLOv7+ShapeloU(s=1.2) 81.7 74.5 74.9
YOLOv7+ShapeloU(s=1.5) 80.2 78.8 77.3
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Comparison of test performance of different models

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模型 P/% R/% mAP@0.5/%
总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套
YOLOv7 79.2 86.7 71.8 78.3 97.4 59.1 76.2 92.9 59.5
YOLOv7-Tiny 72.9 85.1 60.6 56.0 90.2 21.8 56.0 89.3 22.6
YOLOv8 74.6 89.7 59.6 61.3 91.3 31.3 63.7 90.7 36.6
本文模型 84.2 89.5 78.8 78.6 97.4 59.9 78.8 94.3 63.2
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不同模型测试性能对比

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模型 P/% R/% mAP@0.5/%
总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套
YOLOv7 79.2 86.7 71.8 78.3 97.4 59.1 76.2 92.9 59.5
YOLOv7-Tiny 72.9 85.1 60.6 56.0 90.2 21.8 56.0 89.3 22.6
YOLOv8 74.6 89.7 59.6 61.3 91.3 31.3 63.7 90.7 36.6
本文模型 84.2 89.5 78.8 78.6 97.4 59.9 78.8 94.3 63.2
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Average IoU between heatmaps and ground truth boxes for different models

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模型 平均IoU/%
YOLOv7 78
YOLOv7-Tiny 72
YOLOv8 75
文中模型 86
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不同模型热力图与真实框的平均IoU

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模型 平均IoU/%
YOLOv7 78
YOLOv7-Tiny 72
YOLOv8 75
文中模型 86
), ArticleFig(id=1278415524551967254, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Ablation experiment results

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模型 shapeIoU CARAFE Biformer P/% R/% mAP@0.5/%
总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套
YOLOv7 79.2 86.7 71.8 78.3 97.4 59.1 76.2 92.9 59.5
YOLOv7-S 80.2 85.9 74.5 78.8 97.4 60.3 77.3 93.0 61.6
YOLOv7-SC 79.3 84.8 73.8 75.4 97.0 53.8 78.4 94.3 62.5
YOLOv7-SCB 84.2 89.5 78.8 78.6 97.4 59.9 78.8 94.3 63.2
), ArticleFig(id=1278415524925260311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415493505728978, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

消融试验结果

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模型 shapeIoU CARAFE Biformer P/% R/% mAP@0.5/%
总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套 总体 安全帽 手套
YOLOv7 79.2 86.7 71.8 78.3 97.4 59.1 76.2 92.9 59.5
YOLOv7-S 80.2 85.9 74.5 78.8 97.4 60.3 77.3 93.0 61.6
YOLOv7-SC 79.3 84.8 73.8 75.4 97.0 53.8 78.4 94.3 62.5
YOLOv7-SCB 84.2 89.5 78.8 78.6 97.4 59.9 78.8 94.3 63.2
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远距监控下重工业车间人员不安全行为检测算法
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周宇 1 , 吴鑫 1, 2 , 陈洁 1, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全技术与工程 2026,36(5): 243-250
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中国安全科学学报 |安全技术与工程 2026 , 36 (5) : 243 -250
远距监控下重工业车间人员不安全行为检测算法
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周 宇 (2000—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、机器视觉检测技术等。E-mail:

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周 宇 (2000—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、机器视觉检测技术等。E-mail:

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吴鑫 副教授。

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吴鑫 副教授。

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周宇1 , 吴鑫1, 2, 陈洁1, **
作者信息
  • 1 湖南工商大学 计算机学院, 湖南 长沙 410205
  • 2 湘江实验室, 湖南 长沙 410205
通讯作者:
** 陈洁(1981—),女,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统建模、机器视觉检测、机器人协同控制等方面的研究。E-mail:
作者简介:

周 宇 (2000—),男,湖南怀化人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为计算机视觉、机器视觉检测技术等。E-mail:

吴鑫 副教授。

Detection algorithms for unsafe behaviors of personnel in heavy industrial workshops under remote monitoring
Yu Zhou1 , Xin Wu1, 2, Jie Chen1, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Computer Science, Hunan University of Technology and Business, Changsha Hunan 410205, China
  • 2 Xiangjiang Laboratory, Changsha Hunan 410205, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.08
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为解决重工业车间远距监控视角下小目标检测精度不足的问题,提出一种基于改进YOLOv7的不安全行为检测算法。首先,利用轻量级内容感知特征重组(CARAFE)模块替代传统上采样,通过自适应特征重组有效保留小目标的语义信息;其次,提出一种改进的双层高效层聚合网络(Bi-ELAN)模块,在头部网络中融合BiFormer动态稀疏注意力机制,强化多尺度特征融合能力,并建立目标-背景上下文关联;然后,改进损失函数,引入形状交并比(ShapeIoU)损失函数,通过几何形状约束提升边界框回归精度;最后,在构建的远距监控视角数据集上,对改进后的 YOLOv7 模型开展消融试验与对比试验。结果表明:改进YOLOv7算法在保持模型轻量化的同时,显著提升远距监控场景下小目标的检测精度,精确率为84.2%,召回率为78.6%,平均精度均值(mAP)@0.5为78.8%,相比原YOLOv7算法,改进后的算法精确率、召回率、mAP@0.5分别提高5%、0.3%、2.6%。

远距监控  /  重工业车间  /  不安全行为  /  目标检测  /  YOLOv7

To address the issue of insufficient small-object detection accuracy in remote monitoring of heavy industrial workshops, an unsafe behavior detection algorithm based on improved YOLOv7 was proposed. First, the traditional upsampling was replaced with a lightweight content-aware reassembly of features (CARAFE) module, which effectively preserved the semantic information of small objects through adaptive feature reassembly. Second, an improved Bi-level routing efficient layer aggregation network(Bi-ELAN) module was proposed by integrating the BiFormer dynamic sparse attention mechanism into the head network, which strengthened the multi-scale feature fusion capabilities and established target-background contextual relationships. Third, the loss function was refined by introducing the shape intersection over union(ShapeIoU)loss function, which enhanced bounding box regression accuracy through geometric shape constraints. Finally, ablation experiments and comparative experiments were conducted on the improved YOLOv7 model based on constructed remote monitoring perspective dataset. The results show that, while maintaining model lightweight characteristics, the proposed algorithm significantly improves small-object detection accuracy in remote monitoring scenarios. The improved model achieves a precision of 84.2%, a recall of 78.6%, and a mean average precision (mAP@0.5) of 78.8%. Compared to the original YOLOv7 algorithm, the improved algorithm increases precision, recall, and mAP@0.5 by 5%, 0.3%, and 2.6%, respectively.

remote monitoring  /  heavy industrial workshop  /  unsafe behavior  /  object detection  /  YOLOv7
周宇, 吴鑫, 陈洁. 远距监控下重工业车间人员不安全行为检测算法. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 243 -250 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.08
Yu Zhou, Xin Wu, Jie Chen. Detection algorithms for unsafe behaviors of personnel in heavy industrial workshops under remote monitoring[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 243 -250 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.08
随着《“十四五”国家安全生产规划》的深入推进,重工业安全智能监控已成为工业数字化转型的关键方向。据统计,我国制造业安全事故中约32%源于人员不安全行为,传统人工巡查方法效率低且易受主观因素影响[1],难以满足工业安全管理需求。尽管基于深度学习的目标检测技术为安全监控提供了新思路,但在占地面积超过5 000 m2的大型重工业车间中,高空广角监控摄像机因拍摄距离远(通常15~30 m)、目标成像尺寸小(平均像素占比<0.1%),给现有算法带来显著挑战。因此,开展精准稳定的远距监控视角下的重工业车间不安全行为检测算法研究具有重要的理论与实践意义[2-3]
现有基于深度学习的目标检测算法主要分为双阶段网络和单阶段网络2类。双阶段网络以快区域卷积神经网络(Faster Region-based Convolutional Network,Faster R-CNN) [4]为代表,通过区域生成与分类2个步骤实现检测,精度较高但计算复杂度大,难以满足实时及边缘部署需求。单阶段网络则以YOLO[5]和单发多框检测器(Single Shot MultiBox Detector,SSD)[6]为代表,直接在单一网络中完成目标的定位和分类,具有更快的检测速度,更适合工业检测、安全监控[7]等实时应用场景[8]。冯勇等[9]设计了YOLOv8-s-LE算法,有效减少了模型参数。张磊等[10]使用深度可分离卷积(Depthwise Separable Convolution,DW Conv)、改进的路径聚合网络 (Path Aggregation Network,PANet)与高效交并比(Efficient Intersection over Union,EIoU)损失函数优化YOLOv5s,从而在提高检测精度的同时,降低参数量和计算量。徐壮等[11]提出一种基于YOLOv8n的改进安全帽佩戴检测算法,通过引入分组空间特征融合、通道与空间注意力机制及动态交并比(Intersection over Union,IoU)优化,提升了目标检测精度。高立鹏等[12]提出基于YOLOv10n的检测算法,通过优化多尺度特征提取,提高了检测性能。郑海洋等[13]通过数据增广、特征金字塔改进和初始候选框优化等方式提升小目标识别精度。Tang Chaoli等[14]通过将YOLOX骨干网络替换为Swin Transformer V2,有效提高了小目标检测性能,但同时也增加了计算开销和模型复杂度。Wang Shanshan等[15]使用K-means算法对先验框进行聚类优化以提升先验框与真实框之间的匹配度;并提出针对性方法增强小目标识别能力,从而提高了检测精度。但是在复杂场景下,K-means可能无法完美地聚类出最优的先验框[16]。综上所述,现有目标检测方法虽然不同程度改进了单阶段算法,但仍存在不足,尤其在远距监控下的重工业车间小目标检测中,易受复杂背景及目标尺度差异等因素影响,导致检测精度偏低,难以及时预警不安全行为。
鉴于此,笔者拟提出一种基于改进YOLOv7[17]的远距监控视角下的重工业车间不安全行为检测算法,通过安全帽与手套小目标检测验证其在复杂工业环境中的有效性,以期提升不安全行为检测的精度与可靠性。
以YOLOv7为主干网络,首先,引入轻量级内容感知特征重组(Content-Aware ReAssembly of Features,CARAFE)模块保留更多语义信息以减少远距监控视角下小目标检测中的信息损失;然后,构建改进的双层高效层聚合网络(Bi-Level Routing Efficient Layer Aggregation Network,Bi-ELAN)模块,即在头部网络中融合BiFormer注意力模块提升多尺度特征提取能力,在复杂重工业车间背景下可以更精准地捕捉小目标细节;最后,引入形状IoU(Shape IoU,ShapeIoU)损失函数增强预测框精度,提高目标检测的准确率。算法网络结构如图1所示。
上采样操作用于恢复特征图分辨率以进行多尺度特征融合。YOLOv7使用的最近邻插值法虽然计算高效,但在远距离工业监控场景下,该方法对安全帽、手套等小目标的边缘平滑和细节恢复能力不足,易产生锯齿现象和特征信息丢失。
针对上述问题,引入一种高效上采样算子CARAFE[18]进行改进,CARAFE能够依据输入特征图内容动态生成卷积核权重,实现自适应的特征图重组与上采样。与传统的插值方法相比,CARAFE能够更好地保留细节和边界信息,使得它在处理复杂场景和小目标时具有更好的表现。
CARAFE结构如图2所示,CARAFE算子由核预测模块和特征重组模块2个模块组成。
假设上采样倍率为σ,输入形状为H×W×C的特征图X,CARAFE先通过核预测模块预测上采样核,再利用特征重组模块完成上采样,得到形状为σH×σW×σC的输出特征图X'。特征图X'的任意目标位置l'=(i',j')都与输入特征图X的初始位置l=(i, j)对应,其中,$ i=\left\lfloor i^{\prime} / \sigma\right\rfloor, j=\left\lfloor j^{\prime} / \sigma\right\rfloor$。将N(Xl,k)定义为X以位置l为中心的k×k子区域。核预测模块$\vartheta $利用Xl的子区域预测每个目标位置l'的上采样核W l',再结合特征重组模块$\vartheta $通过对Xl的邻域和内核W l'进行加权组合得到位置l'的上采样特征,其公式如下:
$\boldsymbol{W}_{i}=\varphi\left(N\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{l}, k_{\mathrm{e}}\right)\right)$
$\boldsymbol{X}_{l^{\prime}}^{\prime}=\vartheta\left(N\left(\boldsymbol{X}_{l}, k_{\mathrm{u}}\right), \boldsymbol{W}_{l^{\prime}}\right)$
式中ke为核预测模块中的卷积核尺寸。在核预测模块$\varphi $中为减小后续步骤的计算量,对形状为H×W×C的输入特征图先使用1×1的卷积进行通道压缩。将压缩后为H×W×Cm的特征图进行内容编码,使用一个ke×ke的卷积层来预测上采样核,输入的通道数为Cm,输出的通道数为σ2k2u,再通过空间维度展开得到σH×σW×k2u的上采样核,通过Softmax函数归一化处理上采样核。
在特征重组模块$\vartheta $中,对于输出特征图的每个位置,先在输入特征图中找到对应的映射区域。再将这一区域的特征与该位置预测得到的上采样核W l'进行点积运算,得到形状为σH×σW×C的输出特征图,对于目标位置为l'和以l=(i, j)为中心的相对应的方形区域$N({\mathit{X}}_{l},{k}_{u})$重组公式如下:
$\boldsymbol{X}_{\boldsymbol{l}^{\prime}}^{\prime}=\sum_{\mathrm{n}=-\mathrm{zm}=-\mathrm{z}}^{\mathrm{z}} \sum_{\boldsymbol{l}^{\prime}(\mathrm{n}, \mathrm{~m})}^{\mathrm{z}} \cdot \boldsymbol{X}_{(\mathrm{i}+\mathrm{n}, \mathrm{j}+\mathrm{m})}$
式中:z为采样核感受野半径,$ z=\left\lfloor k_{\mathrm{u}} / 2\right\rfloor ; \boldsymbol X_{l^{\prime}}^{\prime} $为重组后的输出。
注意力机制通过模拟人类视觉的聚焦行为,能够动态调整对输入不同区域的关注强度,从而提升深度学习模型的信息处理能力。在远距监控下的重工业车间环境中,安全帽、手套等目标成像尺寸小,背景包含大量设备和动态干扰,常规注意力机制易受噪声影响且计算成本较高,难以有效提取小目标特征。因此,在ELAN-W模块中引入动态稀疏注意力机制BiFormer[19],构建改进的Bi-ELAN模块,该结构通过自适应特征筛选与高效注意力分配,在复杂背景下强化小目标的特征表达,实现轻量化计算与高效特征提取的平衡。Bi-ELAN模块结构如图3所示。
在Transformer 模型中通常采用多头注意力机制(Multi-Head Self-Attention,MHSA),将通道划分为多个子空间并行计算注意力,能有效建模长距离依赖,然而,其全连接的计算结构会带来巨大的计算开销。BiFormer在Transformer的基础上引入双层路由注意力(Bi-level Routing Attention, BRA)机制,其结构如图4所示。
将输入的特征图$\mathit{X}\in {R}^{H\times W\times C}$划分为S×S个不重叠区域,其分割大小为$\frac{H}{S}\times \frac{W}{S}$,每一个划分区域都包括$\frac{HW}{{S}^{2}}$个特征向量,并通过线性映射生成查询向量Q、键向量K和值向量V,其表达式如下:
$\boldsymbol{Q}=\boldsymbol{X}^{\mathrm{r}} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{q}}, \boldsymbol{K}=\boldsymbol{X}^{\mathrm{r}} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{k}}, \boldsymbol{V}=\boldsymbol{X}^{\mathrm{r}} \boldsymbol{W}^{\mathrm{v}}$
式中${\mathit{W}}^{q},{\mathit{W}}^{k},{\mathit{W}}^{v}$分别为查询向量Q、键向量K和值向量V的投影权值。
通过计算每个划分区域的查询向量Q和键向量K的平均值$\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{r}}, \boldsymbol{K}^{\mathrm{r}} \in R^{S^{2} \times C}$,获得区域间的邻接矩阵$\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{r}} \in R^{S^{2} \times S^{2}}$,其表达式如下:
$\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{r}}=\boldsymbol{Q}^{\mathrm{r}}\left(\boldsymbol{K}^{\mathrm{r}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}$
通过对每个区域进行topkIndex(·)运算,获取每个区域与其他区域之间的前k个连接,形成稀疏连接路由索引矩阵$\boldsymbol{I}^{\mathrm{r}} \in N^{S^{2} \times k}$,其表达式如下:
$\boldsymbol{I}^{\mathrm{r}}=\operatorname{topk} \operatorname{Index}\left(\boldsymbol{A}^{\mathrm{r}}\right)$
式中$\boldsymbol{I}^{\mathrm{r}} $的第i行参数$ \left\{\boldsymbol{I}_{(i, 1)}^{\mathrm{r}}, \boldsymbol{I}_{(i, 2)}^{\mathrm{r}}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{I}_{(i, k)}^{\mathrm{r}}\right\}$为第i个区域和其最具有相关性的k个路由区域的索引值。利用路由索引矩阵Ir来执行细粒度的令牌到令牌注意力计算。对于每个区域i中的查询令牌,其仅关注由$\left\{\boldsymbol{I}_{(i, 1)}^{\mathrm{r}}, \boldsymbol{I}_{(i, 2)}^{\mathrm{r}}, \cdots, \boldsymbol{I}_{(i, k)}^{\mathrm{r}}\right\}$所索引的k个目标路由区域中的所有KV。对所关注的键值对进行聚合操作,其计算式如下:
$\boldsymbol{K}^{\mathrm{g}}=\operatorname{gather}\left(\boldsymbol{K}, \boldsymbol{I}^{\mathrm{r}}\right)$
$\boldsymbol{V}^{\mathrm{g}}=\operatorname{gather}\left(\boldsymbol{V}, \boldsymbol{I}^{\mathrm{r}}\right)$
式中$\boldsymbol{K}^{\mathbf{g}}, \boldsymbol{V}^{\mathbf{g}} \in R^{S^{2} \times\left(k H W / S^{2}\right) \times C}$,由下式计算得到双层路由注意力:
$\boldsymbol{O}=\operatorname{softmax}\left(\frac{\boldsymbol{Q}\left(\boldsymbol{K}^{\mathrm{g}}\right)^{\mathrm{T}}}{\sqrt{C}}\right) \boldsymbol{V}^{\mathrm{g}}+L(\boldsymbol{V})$
式中:L为局部上下文增强模块,通过对特征施加5×5深度可分离卷积操作实现进一步增强局部上下文表达能力。
YOLOv7的损失函数采用完全IoU(Complete IoU,CIoU)损失,传统的CIoU损失函数通过同时优化目标框的重叠程度、中心点偏移以及长宽比差异,来提升预测框与真实框之间的匹配度。CIoU的公式如下:
$L_{\mathrm{IoU}}=\frac{\left|\boldsymbol{b} \cap \boldsymbol{b}^{\mathrm{gt}}\right|}{\left|\boldsymbol{b} \cup \boldsymbol{b}^{\mathrm{gt}}\right|}$
$\nu=\frac{4}{\pi^{2}}\left(\arctan \frac{w^{\mathrm{gt}}}{h^{\mathrm{gt}}}-\arctan \frac{w}{h}\right)^{2}$
$\mu=\frac{\nu}{\nu+\left(1-L_{\mathrm{IoU}}\right)}$
$L_{\mathrm{CIoU}}=1-L_{\mathrm{IoU}}+\frac{\rho^{2}\left(\boldsymbol{b}, \boldsymbol{b}^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)}{c^{2}}+\mu \nu$
式中:LIoU为预测框和真实框的IoU;LCIoU为CIoU损失;$ \rho^{2}\left(\boldsymbol{b}, \boldsymbol{b}^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)$为预测框和真实框的中心点欧氏距离;b为预测框的中心点;bgt为真实框的中心点;c为包含预测框和真实框的最小闭包矩形对角线距离;μ为一个权重平衡因子;v用于衡量预测框和真实框的长宽比一致性;wgthgt分别为真实框的宽度与高度;wh分别为预测框的宽度和高度。但CIoU 并未充分考虑目标框的形状特征和尺度信息。为此,改进损失函数,利用ShapeIoU[20]损失函数替换掉YOLOv7的损失函数CIoU,如图5所示,旨在进一步提升目标框与真实框之间的形状匹配精度,ShapeIoU的相关表达公式如下:
$\alpha=\frac{2 \times\left(w^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{s}}{\left(w^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{s}+\left(h^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{s}}$
$\beta=\frac{2 \times\left(h^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{s}}{\left(w^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{s}+\left(h^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{s}}$
$D=\beta \times \frac{\left(x_{c}-x_{c}^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{2}}{c^{2}}+\alpha \times \frac{\left(y_{c}-y_{c}^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)^{2}}{c^{2}}$
$\Omega=\sum_{t=w, h}\left(1-\exp \left(-w_{t}\right)\right)^{\theta}$
$L_{\text {Shape }}=1-L_{\mathrm{IOU}}+D+0.5 \Omega$
$\left\{\begin{array}{l}\omega_{\mathrm{w}}=\beta \times \frac{\left|w-w^{\mathrm{gt}}\right|}{\max \left(w, w^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)} \\\omega_{\mathrm{h}}=\alpha \times \frac{\left|h-h^{\mathrm{gt}}\right|}{\max \left(h, h^{\mathrm{gt}}\right)}\end{array}\right.$
式中:xcyc分别为预测框中心点的横坐标与纵坐标;xgtcygtc分别为真实框中心点的横坐标与纵坐标;LShape为ShapeIoU 损失;αβ分别为水平方向和垂直方向上的权重系数;s为用来调节宽高的重要性权重;θΩ的归一化因子,主要控制形状损失对最终优化目标的影响权重;D为用于衡量预测边界框与真实边界框之间中心位置偏移的加权距离度量;ωw为宽度方向的差异权重;ωh为高度方向的差异权重。
基于自制数据集对s的取值进行对比试验,探究不同s值型性能的影响。试验采用精确率(Precision,P)、召回率(Recall,R)和平均精度均值 (mean Average Precision,mAP) 作为评估模型性能的指标,其中,mAP@0.5表示在IoU阈值为0.5时的均值。
试验结果见表1,当s值为 1.5 时,模型整体性能上最为均衡。因此,最终选择1.5作为ShapeIoU的最佳s值。
基于远距监控实拍视频构建重工业车间专用数据集,共计1 013 张图像,涵盖不同时段、光照条件、设备布局及人员密度等典型工业场景特征。数据集中安全帽与手套2类目标分别标注2 742个和2 809个实例,并按8∶1∶1比例划分为训练集、验证集与测试集。在模型训练过程中采用Mosaic拼图数据增强方法,通过随机拼接4张训练图像生成复合样本,有效提升模型对小目标的检测能力与场景鲁棒性,同时缓解过拟合风险。
改进的YOLOv7模型基于PyTorch框架构建,训练采用输入尺寸640×640,批处理大小16,学习率0.001,学习率动量0.937,共进行100个训练轮次。
为进一步分析模型的性能,对比改进后的YOLOv7模型与YOLOv7、YOLOv7-Tiny和YOLOv8,结果见表2
表2可知:相较于YOLOv7,整体精度提高了5%,召回率提高了0.3%,mAP@0.5提高了2.6%;与YOLOv7-Tiny相比,3项指标分别提高11.3%、22.6%和22.8%;相较于YOLOv8,提高9.6%、17.3%和 15.1%。改进后的模型在各项指标上都优于其他模型,尤其在尺寸较小、纹理细节有限且易受背景复杂度干扰“手套”类别中,改进后的YOLOv7模型表现突出,精确度、召回率和mAP@0.5都显著高于其他模型。结果表明:该模型能有效提升小目标检测的准确性与召回率,显著改善整体性能,验证了其在远距监控复工业场景中具有更优的小目标识别能力。
为更好地验证改进后的YOLOv7模型对安全帽和手套的检测性能,从测试集上选取部分图片进行测试,并局部裁剪关键区域以清晰展示检测效果,裁剪后的检测结果对比如图6所示。图6中的置信度大小可评估出模型识别的准确程度,相较于YOLOv7和YOLOv7-Tiny以及YOLOv8的检测结果,改进后的YOLOv7模型的目标框具有更高的置信度,在远距监控视角下,YOLOv7和YOLOv7-Tiny以及YOLOv8对于小目标的检测均存在漏检的情况,而文中模型对于远景小目标检测并未出现漏检情况,说明该模型对小目标的检测效果相较于其他的对比模型表现更好。
利用Grad-CAM生成目标检测热力图,通过分析模型对图像关键区域的响应,评估其在安全帽与手套检测中的特征提取与目标敏感度。为增强分析的客观性,在测试集上引入响应区域与真实框的IoU作为定量指标,取所有图像中高响应区域与对应真实框IoU的平均值,以评估模型对目标区域的聚焦准确性。平均 IoU 试验结果见表3
表3可知:文中模型的平均IoU达到86%,明显高于其他对比模型。表明其响应区域更贴近真实目标,目标定位能力更强,能更有效地反映模型对关键区域的关注程度。
为评估各模块贡献,以YOLOv7 为基准模型进行消融试验,通过逐步加入ShapeIoU、CARAFE 和BiFormer模块,评估其对PR 和mAP的影响。消融试验结果见表4。YOLOv7-S表示单独加入ShapeIoU模块,YOLOv7-SC表示加入ShapeIoU模块和CARAFE模块,YOLOv7-SCB表示同时加入 3个模块。与原始YOLOv7模型相比,加入ShapeIoU模块后,通过增强模型对物体形状信息的感知,模型的精确率、召回率及mAP@0.5分别提升1%,0.5%和1.1%。在此基础上加入CARAFE模块,通过优化特征重组过程,改善了特征的细粒度表达,mAP@0.5提升了1.1%。在引入ShapeIoU和CARAFE的基础上加入BiFormer模块,通过双层路由注意力机制强化了上下文信息的捕捉能力,与原始YOLOv7模型相比,模型的精确率、召回率及mAP@0.5分别提升5%、0.3%和2.6%。试验结果表明:逐步引入ShapeIoU、CARAFE和BiFormer模块,能够提升模型在小目标检测任务中的精度和性能。
1) 通过引入轻量级CARAFE模块减少远距场景下小目标的信息损失,结合BiFormer动态稀疏注意力机制增强多尺度特征融合与背景关联,并采用ShapeIoU提升边界框匹配精度,有效提升了检测性能。
2) 改进后的YOLOv7模型有效提升了模型对小目标的识别能力。试验结果显示,改进后的模型,精确率为84.2%,召回率为78.6%,平均精度均值mAP@0.5为78.8%。
3) 后续研究可进一步扩展模型对复杂不安全行为的识别能力,包括违规吸烟、越界操作和接打电话等行为。
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助(2023JJ40238)
  • 湖南省教育厅优秀青年基金资助(23B0596)
  • 湖南省普通高等学校教学改革研究项目(HNJG-20230793)
  • 湘江实验室重大项目(24XJJCYJ01004)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.08
  • 接收时间:2026-01-12
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2026-01-12
  • 修回日期:2026-03-24
基金
湖南省自然科学基金资助(2023JJ40238)
湖南省教育厅优秀青年基金资助(23B0596)
湖南省普通高等学校教学改革研究项目(HNJG-20230793)
湘江实验室重大项目(24XJJCYJ01004)
作者信息
    1 湖南工商大学 计算机学院, 湖南 长沙 410205
    2 湘江实验室, 湖南 长沙 410205

通讯作者:

** 陈洁(1981—),女,湖南衡阳人,博士,副教授,主要从事复杂系统建模、机器视觉检测、机器人协同控制等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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