Article(id=1278415623705310203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, articleNumber=1003-3033(2026)05-0182-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0033, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=research-article, receivedDate=1762704000000, receivedDateStr=2025-11-10, revisedDate=1770393600000, revisedDateStr=2026-02-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1782727636505, onlineDateStr=2026-06-29, pubDate=1779897600000, pubDateStr=2026-05-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1782727636505, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-06-29, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1782727636505, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1782727636505, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1277328335906669390, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2026', volume='36', issue='5', pageStart='1', pageEnd='318', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='1779897600000', pubDateStr='2026-05-28', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1782468406892, creator='13701087609', updateTime=1782867658151, updator='13701087609', preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, articleTotal=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286724, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1279002917143286725, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1277328335906669390, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null, downloadFileDto=null}, startPage=182, endPage=189, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1278415624095380476, articleId=1278415623705310203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Dual-Wavelength photodetection with amorphous gallium oxide for simulated fire smoke discrimination, columnId=1277328337617941059, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety Technology and Engineering, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

A dual-wavelength photoelectric smoke detection simulation system based on amorphous gallium oxide broadband photodetectors was proposed to resolve the limitations of traditional light-scattering smoke detectors. These traditional detectors were susceptible to interference from dust and moisture, exhibit high false alarm rates, and feature prolonged response times. Based on Mie scattering theory, dual wavelengths (980 and 405 nm) were employed by the system to measure smoke particle volume surface area concentration. And SMD was derived for effective differentiation between fire-related and non-fire-related smoke. Measurement bias was minimized by optimization of detection angle parameters (980 nm: 60°, 405 nm: 120°) through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments. The system's effectiveness was validated by simulation tests. Results indicate that the system maintains low false alarm rates for test smoke (fire tests ≤3.3%, non-fire smoke ≤6.7%), demonstrating high sensitivity and low false alarm rates.

, authors=Junling Yu1, 2, Hao Deng3, Xianpei Ren2, Hui Xiang2, Qiang Li2, Qiwei Hu2, authorsList=Junling Yu, Hao Deng, Xianpei Ren, Hui Xiang, Qiang Li, Qiwei Hu, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, fund=null), CN=ArticleExt(id=1278415628948189204, articleId=1278415623705310203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=基于非晶氧化镓双波长光电探测的火灾烟雾判别模拟, columnId=1277328337940902469, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全技术与工程, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为解决烟雾传感器的传统光散射探测器易受灰尘和水汽干扰、误报率高、且响应时间较长的问题,提出一种基于非晶氧化镓宽谱光电探测器的双波长光电烟雾探测模拟系统。基于Mie散射理论,采用980 和405 nm等2种波长分别测量烟雾颗粒的体积占比和表面积占比,获得Sauter平均粒径(SMD),以有效区分火灾与非火灾烟雾;根据理论分析和仿真试验,优化探测角参数(980 nm:60°,405 nm:120°),降低测量偏差,并通过模拟试验验证该系统的有效性。结果表明:系统能够将烟雾误报率控制在较低水平(火灾试验火≤3.3%,非火灾烟雾≤6.7%),显示出较高的灵敏度和低的误报率。

, authors=于俊玲1, 2, 邓浩3, 任先培2, 向晖2, 李强2, 胡启威2, authorsList=于俊玲, 邓浩, 任先培, 向晖, 李强, 胡启威, authorCompany=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=

于俊玲 (1989—),女,河南周口人,博士,讲师,主要从事光功能材料及其应用研究。E-mail:

任先培 副教授。

向晖 副教授。

胡启威 副教授。

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胡启威 副教授。

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figureFileBig=9KR3OLTUCvAfxTyv/JhoVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415636766371932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415623705310203, language=CN, label=图11, caption=随机模拟测试烟雾颗粒的d32, figureFileSmall=t/HKhQ6AGUWgdGJpSlGe8g==, figureFileBig=9KR3OLTUCvAfxTyv/JhoVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1278415636829286493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415623705310203, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison of different fire smoke detection technology

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技术方案 原理 优势 不足
本文双波长光学模型 双波长散射光强比推粒子粒径 成本较低、抗干扰提升、易于集成 精度低于直接粒子分析
复合探测器 烟雾、温度或CO等多物理融合判断 判别逻辑全面,对典型火灾综合误报率低 硬件成本较高;对仅冒烟而无明显温升或CO的早期火情响应可能滞后
烟雾分析仪 激光粒子计数分析 灵敏度极高,可极早期预警,提供精确粒径分布数据 系统昂贵,安装复杂(需布设采样管网),维护要求高
视觉图像烟雾探测 计算视觉分析烟雾图像特征 可视复核、大范围监视、火源定位 受环境光照、遮挡、雾气影响大;隐私顾虑;算法易受动态光影干扰
), ArticleFig(id=1278415636908978270, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1278415623705310203, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

不同火灾烟雾探测技术方案对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
技术方案 原理 优势 不足
本文双波长光学模型 双波长散射光强比推粒子粒径 成本较低、抗干扰提升、易于集成 精度低于直接粒子分析
复合探测器 烟雾、温度或CO等多物理融合判断 判别逻辑全面,对典型火灾综合误报率低 硬件成本较高;对仅冒烟而无明显温升或CO的早期火情响应可能滞后
烟雾分析仪 激光粒子计数分析 灵敏度极高,可极早期预警,提供精确粒径分布数据 系统昂贵,安装复杂(需布设采样管网),维护要求高
视觉图像烟雾探测 计算视觉分析烟雾图像特征 可视复核、大范围监视、火源定位 受环境光照、遮挡、雾气影响大;隐私顾虑;算法易受动态光影干扰
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基于非晶氧化镓双波长光电探测的火灾烟雾判别模拟
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于俊玲 1, 2 , 邓浩 3 , 任先培 2 , 向晖 2 , 李强 2 , 胡启威 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全技术与工程 2026,36(5): 182-189
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中国安全科学学报 |安全技术与工程 2026 , 36 (5) : 182 -189
基于非晶氧化镓双波长光电探测的火灾烟雾判别模拟
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于俊玲1, 2 , 邓浩3, 任先培2, 向晖2, 李强2, 胡启威2
作者信息
  • 1 四川轻化工大学 射线检测学科与技术中心, 四川 宜宾 644000
  • 2 四川轻化工大学 物理系, 四川 宜宾 644000
  • 3 四川轻化工大学 人事处, 四川 自贡 643000
作者简介:

于俊玲 (1989—),女,河南周口人,博士,讲师,主要从事光功能材料及其应用研究。E-mail:

任先培 副教授。

向晖 副教授。

胡启威 副教授。

Dual-Wavelength photodetection with amorphous gallium oxide for simulated fire smoke discrimination
Junling Yu1, 2 , Hao Deng3, Xianpei Ren2, Hui Xiang2, Qiang Li2, Qiwei Hu2
Affiliations
  • 1 Research Center for Ray Detection Discipline and Technology, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin Sichuan 644000, China
  • 2 School of Physics and Electronic Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Yibin Sichuan 644000, China
  • 3 Human Resources Department, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Zigong Sichuan 643000, China
出版时间: 2026-05-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0033
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为解决烟雾传感器的传统光散射探测器易受灰尘和水汽干扰、误报率高、且响应时间较长的问题,提出一种基于非晶氧化镓宽谱光电探测器的双波长光电烟雾探测模拟系统。基于Mie散射理论,采用980 和405 nm等2种波长分别测量烟雾颗粒的体积占比和表面积占比,获得Sauter平均粒径(SMD),以有效区分火灾与非火灾烟雾;根据理论分析和仿真试验,优化探测角参数(980 nm:60°,405 nm:120°),降低测量偏差,并通过模拟试验验证该系统的有效性。结果表明:系统能够将烟雾误报率控制在较低水平(火灾试验火≤3.3%,非火灾烟雾≤6.7%),显示出较高的灵敏度和低的误报率。

非晶氧化镓  /  双波长  /  光电探测器  /  火灾烟雾  /  Sauter平均粒径(SMD)

A dual-wavelength photoelectric smoke detection simulation system based on amorphous gallium oxide broadband photodetectors was proposed to resolve the limitations of traditional light-scattering smoke detectors. These traditional detectors were susceptible to interference from dust and moisture, exhibit high false alarm rates, and feature prolonged response times. Based on Mie scattering theory, dual wavelengths (980 and 405 nm) were employed by the system to measure smoke particle volume surface area concentration. And SMD was derived for effective differentiation between fire-related and non-fire-related smoke. Measurement bias was minimized by optimization of detection angle parameters (980 nm: 60°, 405 nm: 120°) through theoretical analysis and simulation experiments. The system's effectiveness was validated by simulation tests. Results indicate that the system maintains low false alarm rates for test smoke (fire tests ≤3.3%, non-fire smoke ≤6.7%), demonstrating high sensitivity and low false alarm rates.

amorphous gallium oxide  /  dual-wavelength  /  photodetector  /  fire smoke  /  sauter mean diameter (SMD)
于俊玲, 邓浩, 任先培, 向晖, 李强, 胡启威. 基于非晶氧化镓双波长光电探测的火灾烟雾判别模拟. 中国安全科学学报, 2026 , 36 (5) : 182 -189 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0033
Junling Yu, Hao Deng, Xianpei Ren, Hui Xiang, Qiang Li, Qiwei Hu. Dual-Wavelength photodetection with amorphous gallium oxide for simulated fire smoke discrimination[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2026 , 36 (5) : 182 -189 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0033
高灵敏度传感器已广泛应用于火灾探测与报警系统,是火灾早期识别与预警的重要技术手段,对保障人员生命安全和降低火灾财产损失具有重要意义。烟雾作为火灾早期最显著的特征,其探测成为火灾探测与报警系统的核心技术[1-2]。目前,烟雾探测主要依赖于火灾烟雾颗粒对光线的散射效应,利用光电感烟探测器检测散射光强信号以实现烟雾感知[3]。然而,在实际应用中,非火灾粒子(非失控燃烧行为产生的气溶胶态物质,如灰尘、水汽和合规工业排放物等)常对散射光信号产生干扰,导致误报现象发生[4-6]。此外,探测器的灵敏度对于火灾探测系统的性能至关重要,但现有商用烟雾探测器(如热电偶或光学探测器)通常存在较长的光响应时间,限制其在高风险情境下提供快速、可靠警报的能力[7]。因此,亟需开发一种高灵敏度烟雾探测器,能够在低质量浓度烟雾条件下有效识别火灾烟雾与非火灾烟雾的散射信号,降低误报率。
与非火灾烟雾相比,火灾烟雾颗粒在相同体积浓度(体积浓度是指单位体积内烟雾颗粒体积占比,下称体积占比)下通常具有更大的比表面积浓度(比表面积浓度为单位体积内烟雾颗粒表面积占比,下称表面积占比)[8]。王殊等[9]提出使用Sauter平均粒径(Sauter Mean Diameter, SMD)代替传统烟雾质量浓度作为火灾探测的指标,以有效区分火灾与非火灾烟雾颗粒,并表明火灾与非火灾烟雾颗粒之间的SMD界限约为1 μm,而相关传感方案因引入校正通道增加了系统复杂性。文献[10]表明:非晶氧化镓光电探测器对紫外-近红外波段的光具有较高的探测率和较快的响应时间,为发展紧凑、高效的烟雾探测系统提供可能。
因此,笔者拟基于Mie散射理论,利用非晶氧化镓宽谱光电探测器设计一双波长光电烟雾探测模拟系统,来测量烟雾颗粒的SMD,从而有效区分火灾与非火灾烟雾;通过火灾烟雾及非火灾烟雾颗粒粒径分布差异,研究2种入射光波时颗粒体积占比和表面积占比对散射光强的影响,通过该探测系统测量不同入射波长的电信号,以期有效区分火灾烟雾与非火灾烟雾,减少非火灾烟雾的误报率。
三区定律描述了在烟雾颗粒的统计测量中散射强度qs随粒子尺寸变化的关系。Baron等[11]认为,在烟雾颗粒的统计测量中,散射强度与粒径的关系可近似为粒径的简单函数。散射强度q(x, m, λ, θ)定义为单个粒子散射到接收器中的单色光强度,单位体积颗粒的散射光强qv表示为:
$ q_{\mathrm{v}}=\frac{q(x, m, \lambda, \theta)}{\frac{\pi}{6} x^{3}}$
式中:x为粒子直径,nm;m为折射率;λ为入射光波长,nm;θ为发射器到接收器之间的探测角度,(°)。
图1描述了单位体积颗粒的散射光强qv与粒子直径x和入射光波长λ的关系。根据入射光波长与颗粒尺寸的关系,分为3个区域:①I区。当x<λ时,qvAI·x3, q(x, m, λ, θ) ≈TI·x6;②II区。当xλ时,qvAII·x0, q(x, m, λ, θ) ≈TII·x3,散射光强与粒子的体积成正比关系;③III区。当x>λ时,qvAIII·x-1, q(x, m, λ, θ) ≈TIII·x2,散射光强与粒子的表面积成正比关系。
AIAIIAIII为每个区域中颗粒粒径x和单位体积颗粒的散射光强qv的转换因子。TITIITIII为分别为I、II、III区域颗粒粒径x与散射光强qv的转换系数。因此,TI=π·AI/6,TII=π·AII/6,TIII=π·AIII/6。根据曲线的连续性,由边界条件可得:AI·${b}_{I-II}^{3}$=AII·${b}_{I-II}^{0}$AII·${b}_{II-III}^{0}$=AIII·${b}_{II-III}^{-1}$。进而得到bI-II=(AII/AI)1/3,bII-III=AIII/AII
由于火灾粒子及非火灾烟雾包含不同粒径的颗粒,将其定义为粒径分布函数f(x),则散射光强可统计为所有粒子散射光之和:
$ q=C_{\mathrm{N}} \int f(x) q(x, m, \lambda, \theta) \mathrm{d} x$
式中CN为指散射粒子个数。
当散射颗粒粒径分布位于区域II时,q(x, m, λ, θ)≈TII·x3,此时,散射强度正比散射颗粒的体积。因此,散射强度式(2)可转化为体积占比散射强度qv的函数表达式:
$ q_{\mathrm{V}}=\frac{6}{\pi} T_{\mathrm{II}} \cdot C_{\mathrm{N}} \int f(x)\left(\frac{\pi}{6} x^{3}\right) \mathrm{d} x=T_{\mathrm{V}} \cdot C_{\mathrm{V}}$
式中:Cv为散射颗粒的体积占比;Tv=π·TII/6为散射颗粒体积占比转换系数。
同样地,当颗粒粒径分布位于区域III时,q(x, m, λ, θ)≈TIII·x2,此时,散射强度正比散射颗粒的表面积。因此,散射强度式(2)可转化为表面积浓度散射光强qS的函数表达式:
$ q_{\mathrm{S}}=\frac{1}{\pi} T_{\mathrm{III}} \cdot C_{\mathrm{N}} \int f(x)\left(\pi x^{2}\right) \mathrm{d} x=T_{\mathrm{S}} \cdot C_{\mathrm{S}}$
式中:CS为散射颗粒的表面积占比;TS=TIII/π为散射颗粒表面积占比转换系数。
通常非火灾烟雾的粒径比火灾烟雾的粒径大得多,如果采用质量浓度作为火灾探测器警报阈值,无法有效区分火灾与非火灾干扰颗粒。火灾烟雾颗粒具有比非火灾烟雾更高的比表面积。将颗粒体积占比CV与表面积CS的比值定义为SMD,即d32=6CV/CS。SMD能够反映出颗粒比表面积信息,识别非火灾干扰颗粒。结合式(3)和式(4)得出d32CvCS的散射光强之间的函数关系:
$ d_{32}=6 C_{\mathrm{V}} / C_{\mathrm{S}}=T_{\mathrm{SMD}}^{\prime} q_{\mathrm{V}} / q_{\mathrm{S}}$
式中T'SMD为散射颗粒SMD的转换系数。
设计一种基于双波长散射光强检测的光电烟感探测器。通过同步测量烟雾粒子的体积浓度和表面积浓度的散射信号,构建SMD估算模型。该模型通过粒径特征参数可有效区分火灾烟雾和非火灾烟雾颗粒,相较于传统单一质量浓度阈值检测方法,降低了系统误报率。
基于前期关于非晶氧化镓宽谱光电探测器的研究,结果表明:光电探测器的光电流与光功率呈幂指数关系,指数为0.81。因此,光电探测器的光电流可较为准确地反映出烟雾颗粒体积占比散射光强和表面积占比散射光强,式(5)中d32可写为光电流的函数:
$ d_{32}=T_{\mathrm{SMD}}\left(\frac{I_{\mathrm{V}}}{I_{\mathrm{S}}}\right)^{1.23}$
式中TSMD为散射颗粒电信号与SMD的转换系数。
由“三区”定律可知:II区和III区的散射强度分别与颗粒体积浓度CV和表面积浓度CS成正比。图1每个区域的边界由粒子直径x和入射光波长λ决定。因此,测量CVCS应选择合适的入射波长,使烟雾颗粒粒径分别落在II或III区。在测量CV时,选择与烟雾粒径相当的λ1=980 nm的入射波长,使得烟雾粒径主要分布在区域II,如图2实线所示。在测量CS时,选择小于xλ2=405 nm的波长,使得烟雾粒径分布在区域III,如图2虚线所示。
已知散射强度q(x, m, λ, θ)与粒子直径x,折射率m,入射光波长λ,以及发射器到接收器之间的探测角度θ相关,其中折射率为常数。因此,为使获得烟雾颗粒体积浓度和表面积浓度的探测器电信号反映的烟雾颗粒的散射光强与基于Mie“三段式”的散射理论更加吻合,在选定入射光波长(λ1=980 nm,λ2=405 nm)使得颗粒粒径分布分别落在II区和III区后,应分别模拟测试不同探测角度时的电信号,确定出最优探测角,以减少火灾烟雾颗粒和非火灾烟雾SMD的测量偏差。根据式(6),散射颗粒的电信号与SMD的转换系数TSMD与探测角相关。分别将2种入射光的探测角划分为Y个,以使λ1λ2分别有Y个入射通道。因此,λ1在第i个通道,λ2在第j个通道时的转换系数为TijSMD,其中,i,j均取1, 2, …, Y,(Y=1,θ=40°;Y=2,θ=60°;Y=3,θ=80°;Y=4,θ=100°;Y=5,θ=120°;Y=6,θ=140°),此时,定义转换系数为:
$ T_{\mathrm{SMD}}^{i j}=\frac{1}{4}\left(T_{\mathrm{SMD}-\mathrm{M}}^{i j}+T_{\mathrm{SMD}-\mathrm{J}}^{i j}+T_{\mathrm{SMD}-\mathrm{JA}}^{i j}+T_{\mathrm{SMD}-\mathrm{Z}}^{i j}\right)$
式中$ T_{\mathrm{SMD-M}}^{i j}$,$ T_{\text {SMD-J }}^{i j}$,$ T_{\mathrm{SMD}-\mathrm{JA}}^{i j}$,$ T_{\mathrm{SMD}-\mathrm{Z}}^{i j}$分别表示棉绳、榉木、聚氨酯与正庚烷在λ1为第i个通道,λ2为第j个通道时的转换系数。定义所有通道下的平均转换系数为:
$ T_{\mathrm{SMD}}=\frac{1}{Y^{2}} \sum T_{\mathrm{SMD}}^{i j}$
为评估平均转换系数TSMD与不同探测角时转换系数TijSMD之间的误差,将该误差描述为转换系数标准偏差(Relative Standard Deviation, RSD),表示为RSD(ij):
$ \operatorname{RSD}(i j)=\sqrt{\frac{1}{Y} \sum_{i=1}^{Y} \sum_{j=1}^{Y} \frac{\left(T_{\mathrm{SMD}}-T_{\mathrm{SMD}}^{i j}\right)^{2}}{T_{\mathrm{SMD}}{ }^{2}}}$
当探测角使标准偏差较大时,可能导致部分烟雾颗粒的SMD落在探测范围外,导致测量准确度降低。因此,确定最佳探测角以最小化RSD(ij),提高烟感探测器的测量准确度。定义RSD(ij)取得最小时的探测角为最佳探测角:
$ \theta_{i j}=\{\theta \mid \min (\operatorname{RSD}(i j))\}$
为模拟并验证基于非晶氧化镓的双波长光电烟感探测器区分火灾烟雾与非火灾烟雾颗粒的有效性,搭建光电烟感探测器模拟试验平台,如图3所示,主要由3部分组成:模拟烟雾发生系统、烟雾探测系统和光电显示系统。模拟烟雾发生系统介绍如下:燃料被放置在一个直径约20 cm、边缘高3 cm的不锈钢容器中,试验火的阴燃及明火在一个长30 cm的立方室内进行。非火灾干扰烟雾包括水汽与水泥灰,分别由雾化器和鼓风机产生。烟雾探测系统包括入射光激光发生器与非晶氧化镓光电探测接收器,并通过半导体参数分析仪将器件探测到的散射光信号转化为电信号,在光电显示系统上显示。烟雾探测系统的光学设计结构如图4所示,由于非晶氧化镓光电探测器具有探测254~1 064 nm宽谱的能力,因此,采用该探测器件可实现双波长光响应。激光发生器由波长为980和405 nm的2个激光器组成,2个激光器相继发出脉冲信号,通过颗粒散射由探测器接收。光电探测接收器固定在器壁上,并设计有防干扰设计。2个激光器可在圆周器壁上移动以检测不同散射角下的散射光强,从而确定区分火灾烟雾颗粒与非火灾烟雾最佳探测角。
基于双波长光电烟感设计原理及探测系统设计模型,获得探测器在选定波长下的最佳探测角。仿真试验中,分别测试2种波长在6个通道下的4种试验火及干扰烟雾颗粒散射光光电流信号。由于非晶氧化镓光电探测器具有较高的探测率和低的暗电流,所以其表现出良好的探测弱光的能力,能有效区分噪声。统计这6种模拟烟雾不同探测角时的平均IVIS图5图6所示,结果表明:不同的探测角度下的散射颗粒显示出不同强度的光电流信号。
以1 μm作为区分烟雾颗粒与干扰颗粒的界限,根据2种入射波长不同探测角下所测的烟雾颗粒体积浓度及表面积浓度的散射光电流信号IVIS,通过式(6)计算,分别得出4种试验火在双波长的不同探测角时的转换系数(TijSMD-M,TijSMD-J,TijSMD-JA,TijSMD-Z)。2种入射波长不同探测角下的不同试验火的转换系数如图7所示。由图7可知:4种试验火在相同的探测角具有不同的转换系数,因此,通过式(7)计算出每个通道4种试验火的平均转换系数TijSMD,其随探测角的变化如图8所示。通过式(8)计算得出该光电烟感探测器的平均转换系数TSMD约为330。
基于4种火灾试验火不同探测角的平均转换系数TijSMD(图8)与计算所确定的光电烟感探测器的平均转换系数TSMD,由式(9)计算得出2种波长不同探测角时的转换系数标准偏差RSD(ij),如图9所示,横轴表示980 nm的观察角度,纵轴为405 nm的观察角度,RSD(ij)值由颜色条表示。由图9可知:当980 nm入射光的探测角θV≈60°,405 nm入射光的探测角θS≈120°时,转换系数标准偏差RSD(ij)取得最小值21%。因此,最终确定将入射光λ1=980 nm,探测角θ1=60°与λ2=405 nm,探测角θ2=120°作为光电烟感探测器的最佳设计参数。
设计的光电烟感探测器采用双波长散射探测原理,通过分析烟雾颗粒在980和405 nm波长下的散射光电信号特征,建立基于d32的火灾识别模型。具体而言,当烟雾颗粒进入探测区域时,系统采集双波长散射光电信号,依据式(6)计算d32值。若d32<1 μm,则判定为火灾烟雾,其流程如图10所示。
为验证所设计光电烟感探测系统在火灾识别准确性和抗干扰性能方面的有效性,对4种标准试验火及2类典型干扰烟雾(水蒸气、粉尘)各进行30次随机重复测试。试验数据显示,干扰烟雾的散射光强比值(IV/IS)显著高于试验火。这一现象源于火灾烟雾颗粒具有更小的比表面积,导致980 nm波长下的体积散射光强IV与405 nm波长下的表面积散射光强IS比值降低。
根据设计程序第3步,由式(6)估算相应d32,已设定的该光电烟感探测器的平均转换系数TSMD=330。为比较随机测试d32与响应阈值1 μm的大小,测试得出的4种试验火及2种干扰烟雾的d32与1 μm的关系(图11)。定义所测火灾烟雾d32大于1 μm以及非火灾烟雾粒径小于1 μm为误报,图11中用红心符号标记。统计模拟结果表明:大部分试验烟雾的误报率可控制在4.4%内,火灾试验火的误报率控制在3.3%内,非火灾烟雾的误报率可控制在6.7%内,低于文献中报道的误报率的统计结果[13-14]。与当前火灾与非火灾烟雾识别的主流技术对比(表1),该模型在无需融合其他物理量的条件下有效识别烟雾,为降低误报率提供了一种差异化的技术路径。
为评估基于非晶氧化镓的光电烟感探测器的灵敏度,根据《点型感烟火灾探测器》(GB 4715—2005)测试器件响应阈值。光电探测器的响应阈值为探测器判别为火灾烟雾时的烟雾质量浓度,用减光系数表示。
$ m=\left(\frac{10}{d}\right) \lg \left(\frac{P_{0}}{P}\right)$
式中:m为减光系数,dB/m;d为试验火距离光电探测器的距离,m;P0为无烟雾时入射光功率,W;P为有烟雾时器件判别为火灾烟雾时散射光功率,W。多次试验结果显示,mmin≈0.14 dB/m,mmax/mmin≈1.32,满足《点型感烟火灾探测器》中对光电探测器灵敏度的要求。
1) 建立一种基于双波长散射与Suater平均粒径识别的光电烟感模型,该模型通过同步获取颗粒体积与表面积浓度信息,能够有效区分火灾烟雾与非火灾烟雾。
2) 文中所建模型误报率较低,对火灾烟雾的误报率为3.3%,对典型非火灾烟雾为6.7%,相较于单一浓度探测方法,可显著提升探测可靠性。
3) 后续将研究新型复合烟雾的区分验证、系统集成优化与环境适应性。
特别感谢四川轻化工大学物理与电子工程学院飞秒激光实验室的支持。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(42574242)
  • 自贡市重点科技计划项目(2024GNYZ-12)
  • 四川轻化工大学人才引进项目(2024RC030)
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2026年第36卷第5期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2026.05.0033
  • 接收时间:2025-11-10
  • 首发时间:2026-06-29
  • 出版时间:2026-05-28
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  • 收稿日期:2025-11-10
  • 修回日期:2026-02-07
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(42574242)
自贡市重点科技计划项目(2024GNYZ-12)
四川轻化工大学人才引进项目(2024RC030)
作者信息
    1 四川轻化工大学 射线检测学科与技术中心, 四川 宜宾 644000
    2 四川轻化工大学 物理系, 四川 宜宾 644000
    3 四川轻化工大学 人事处, 四川 自贡 643000
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
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多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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