Article(id=1148106712046891212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, articleNumber=1003-3033(2025)04-0076-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1577, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=1, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1733241600000, receivedDateStr=2024-12-04, revisedDate=1739203200000, revisedDateStr=2025-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1751659570942, onlineDateStr=2025-07-05, pubDate=1745769600000, pubDateStr=2025-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1751659570942, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-05, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1751659570942, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1769158458347, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1148106709542892487, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2025', volume='35', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='264', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1751659570346, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757560692417, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730113, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1172857809499730114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1148106709542892487, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=76, endPage=84, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149757846503470014, articleId=1148106712046891212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Diffusion characteristics of blasting fumes in downward drift stope and determination of ventilation parameters, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To definite the diffusion characteristics of blasting fumes in downward drift filling mining stopes,taking the downhole filling mining method of Longshou Mine in Jinchuan as an example,numerical simulations and field tests were conducted. The spatial distribution of airflow in drifts and layered roads was studied,and the diffusion patterns of CO and NO2 in drifts were analyzed. Furthermore,the effects of ventilation shaft locations and drift lengths on CO diffusion were explored,and the ventilation parameters of the Longshou Mine were determined. The results indicated that the airflow field in drifts and layered drifts can be divided into the inflow zone,neutral zone,and return zone. The airflow velocity in the drift. shows the S-shaped distribution,with higher velocity at the bottom,lower in the middle,and moderate at the top. In the vertical cross-section of the drift,the CO volume fraction continuously increases with height. While horizontally,it exhibits a "decrease-then-increase" pattern from the inner to outer side. At the drift waistline,the CO diffusion velocity shows a logarithmic decreasing trend with ventilation time.NO2 is primarily concentrated below the midline of the drift,and its diffusion velocity is significantly faster than that of CO. The CO diffusion rate is negatively correlated with both the distance from the ventilation shaft to the drift entrance and drift length. When the distance between the ventilation shaft and the drift entrance is ≤40 m,and the drift length is ≤55 m,the CO and NO2 concentrations in the natural ventilation blasting fumes are below the standard limits below after 30 minutes.

, correspAuthors=Xiao ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xilong XUE, Jiale LI, Shuanjun WU, Xiao ZHANG, Bin LIU, Qinli ZHANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1148106723774165373, articleId=1148106712046891212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=下向进路采场内炮烟的扩散特征及通风参数确定, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为明确下向进路充填采矿法采场炮烟的扩散特征,以金川龙首矿下向进路充填采矿法为例,开展数值模拟和现场试验,研究进路和分层道内风流的空间分布,分析进路内CO和NO2的扩散特征,探讨通风井位置、进路长度对CO扩散的影响,并确定采场的通风参数。结果表明:分层道和进路内的风流场可划分为进风带、中性带和回流带,进路内风速呈底部高、中部低、顶部缓的S型分布;进路垂面上CO体积分数随高度增加而不断升高,进路水平方向上CO体积分数由里向外先降低后升高;进路腰线处CO扩散速度随通风时间呈现对数递减的趋势;NO2主要分布在进路腰线以下,其扩散速度快于CO;CO扩散速率与通风井距进路口的距离、进路的长度呈负相关;当通风井与进路口的距离≤40 m、进路长度≤55 m时,自然通风30 min炮烟中CO和NO2低于安全规程限值。

, correspAuthors=张晓 讲师, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**张 晓(1988—),女,湖南省益阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿山安全与固废处置方面的研究。E-mail:
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薛希龙 (1985—),男,甘肃金昌人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿技术、矿山充填与固废处置等方面研究。E-mail:

, authorsList=薛希龙 副教授, 李佳乐, 武拴军 教授级高级工程师, 张晓 讲师, 刘斌, 张钦礼 教授), CHT=ArticleExt(id=1221502365593682209, articleId=1148106712046891212, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CHT, title=null, columnId=null, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=null, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=null)}, authors=[Author(id=1165198422551310375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106712046891212, orderNo=0, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, nameCn=null, orcid=null, stid=null, country=null, authorPic=null, dead=0, email=xxl3305@126.com, emailSecond=null, emailThird=null, correspondingAuthor=0, authorType=1, ext={EN=AuthorExt(id=1165198422631002155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106712046891212, authorId=1165198422551310375, language=EN, stringName=Xilong XUE, firstName=Xilong, middleName=null, lastName=XUE, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 Schoole of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering,University of South China,Hengyang Hunan 421200,China
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3 Central South University,School of Resources and Safety Engineering,Changsha Hunan 410083,China, bio=null, bioImg=null, bioContent=null, aboutCorrespAuthor=null), CN=AuthorExt(id=1165198422698111020, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106712046891212, authorId=1165198422551310375, language=CN, stringName=薛希龙 副教授, firstName=null, middleName=null, lastName=null, prefix=null, suffix=null, authorComment=null, nameInitials=null, affiliation=null, department=null, xref=1, 2, 3, address=1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421200
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3 中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083, bio={"img":"llsKk0Dx8uSpIiTstyv8yg==","content":"

薛希龙 (1985—),男,甘肃金昌人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿技术、矿山充填与固废处置等方面研究。E-mail:

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薛希龙 (1985—),男,甘肃金昌人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿技术、矿山充填与固废处置等方面研究。E-mail:

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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106712046891212, language=CN, label=图15, caption=数值模拟与现场实测对比, figureFileSmall=+aH8nwwelU7KJJCwvLIxWQ==, figureFileBig=DFBhQ1tBJNcpAtskFW/6aw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1165198426259075185, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1148106712046891212, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Scheme of numerical simulationm

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通风井与进路口的位置 进路长度
-15 0 15 30 45 50
-15 0 15 30 45 70
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数值模拟方案

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通风井与进路口的位置 进路长度
-15 0 15 30 45 50
-15 0 15 30 45 70
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Boundary condition parameter setting

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参数类型 参数 设定值
速度入口 速度大小/(m·s-1) 0.7
水力直径/m 4.74
湍流强度/% 3.35
CO 初始体积分数/10-6 1 340
密度 不可压缩理想气体
黏度/(Pa·s) 1.72×10-5
NO2 初始体积分数/10-6 15
密度 不可压缩理想气体
黏度/(Pa·s) 1.72×10-5
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边界条件参数设置

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参数类型 参数 设定值
速度入口 速度大小/(m·s-1) 0.7
水力直径/m 4.74
湍流强度/% 3.35
CO 初始体积分数/10-6 1 340
密度 不可压缩理想气体
黏度/(Pa·s) 1.72×10-5
NO2 初始体积分数/10-6 15
密度 不可压缩理想气体
黏度/(Pa·s) 1.72×10-5
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下向进路采场内炮烟的扩散特征及通风参数确定
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薛希龙 副教授 1, 2, 3 , 李佳乐 1 , 武拴军 教授级高级工程师 2, 4 , 张晓 讲师 1, ** , 刘斌 2 , 张钦礼 教授 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025,35(4): 76-84
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2025, 35(4): 76-84
下向进路采场内炮烟的扩散特征及通风参数确定
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薛希龙 副教授1, 2, 3 , 李佳乐1, 武拴军 教授级高级工程师2, 4, 张晓 讲师1, ** , 刘斌2, 张钦礼 教授3
作者信息
  • 1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421200
  • 2 金川集团股份有限公司,甘肃 金昌 737100
  • 3 中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
  • 4 金诚信矿业管理股份有限公司,北京 101500
  • 薛希龙 (1985—),男,甘肃金昌人,博士,副教授,主要从事采矿技术、矿山充填与固废处置等方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**张 晓(1988—),女,湖南省益阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿山安全与固废处置方面的研究。E-mail:
Diffusion characteristics of blasting fumes in downward drift stope and determination of ventilation parameters
Xilong XUE1, 2, 3 , Jiale LI1, Shuanjun WU2, 4, Xiao ZHANG1, ** , Bin LIU2, Qinli ZHANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Schoole of Resources Environment and Safety Engineering,University of South China,Hengyang Hunan 421200,China
  • 2 Jinchuan Group Co.,Ltd.,Jinchang Gansu 737100,China
  • 3 Central South University,School of Resources and Safety Engineering,Changsha Hunan 410083,China
  • 4 JCHX Mining Management Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 101500,China
出版时间: 2025-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1577
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为明确下向进路充填采矿法采场炮烟的扩散特征,以金川龙首矿下向进路充填采矿法为例,开展数值模拟和现场试验,研究进路和分层道内风流的空间分布,分析进路内CO和NO2的扩散特征,探讨通风井位置、进路长度对CO扩散的影响,并确定采场的通风参数。结果表明:分层道和进路内的风流场可划分为进风带、中性带和回流带,进路内风速呈底部高、中部低、顶部缓的S型分布;进路垂面上CO体积分数随高度增加而不断升高,进路水平方向上CO体积分数由里向外先降低后升高;进路腰线处CO扩散速度随通风时间呈现对数递减的趋势;NO2主要分布在进路腰线以下,其扩散速度快于CO;CO扩散速率与通风井距进路口的距离、进路的长度呈负相关;当通风井与进路口的距离≤40 m、进路长度≤55 m时,自然通风30 min炮烟中CO和NO2低于安全规程限值。

下向进路采场  /  采场炮烟  /  数值模拟  /  扩散特征  /  通风井位置  /  进路长度

To definite the diffusion characteristics of blasting fumes in downward drift filling mining stopes,taking the downhole filling mining method of Longshou Mine in Jinchuan as an example,numerical simulations and field tests were conducted. The spatial distribution of airflow in drifts and layered roads was studied,and the diffusion patterns of CO and NO2 in drifts were analyzed. Furthermore,the effects of ventilation shaft locations and drift lengths on CO diffusion were explored,and the ventilation parameters of the Longshou Mine were determined. The results indicated that the airflow field in drifts and layered drifts can be divided into the inflow zone,neutral zone,and return zone. The airflow velocity in the drift. shows the S-shaped distribution,with higher velocity at the bottom,lower in the middle,and moderate at the top. In the vertical cross-section of the drift,the CO volume fraction continuously increases with height. While horizontally,it exhibits a "decrease-then-increase" pattern from the inner to outer side. At the drift waistline,the CO diffusion velocity shows a logarithmic decreasing trend with ventilation time.NO2 is primarily concentrated below the midline of the drift,and its diffusion velocity is significantly faster than that of CO. The CO diffusion rate is negatively correlated with both the distance from the ventilation shaft to the drift entrance and drift length. When the distance between the ventilation shaft and the drift entrance is ≤40 m,and the drift length is ≤55 m,the CO and NO2 concentrations in the natural ventilation blasting fumes are below the standard limits below after 30 minutes.

downward drift stope  /  stope fumes  /  numerical simulation  /  diffusion characteristics  /  ventilation shaft locations  /  drift lengths
薛希龙 副教授, 李佳乐, 武拴军 教授级高级工程师, 张晓 讲师, 刘斌, 张钦礼 教授. 下向进路采场内炮烟的扩散特征及通风参数确定. 中国安全科学学报, 2025 , 35 (4) : 76 -84 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1577
Xilong XUE, Jiale LI, Shuanjun WU, Xiao ZHANG, Bin LIU, Qinli ZHANG. Diffusion characteristics of blasting fumes in downward drift stope and determination of ventilation parameters[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2025 , 35 (4) : 76 -84 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1577
下向进路胶结充填法是目前开采厚大、破碎、高品位矿体的主要采矿方法[1],其采场属于典型独头巷道型工作面。回采过程中,采场爆破会产生大量含CO、NOx的炮烟[2],如不及时排出,将对作业人员健康和生命造成威胁[3]。因此,研究下向进路采场中炮烟的扩散特征,优化采场通风参数,对保障采场安全高效回采具有重要意义。
近年来,学者们围绕独头巷道和采场的通风及炮烟扩散特征开展了大量研究。谭香[4]采用数值模拟和相似模拟,研究了巷道型采场炮烟体积分数的动态演化,分析了时间、风速、CO初始体积分数等因素对排烟效果的影响;WU Bo[5]、CHANG Xiaoke[6]等探讨了长距离隧道中CO初始体积分数、通风时间与其扩散速度的关系;LIU Qiang[7]、HUA Yun[8]等模拟不同通风方式下巷道内风流场及工作面附近CO体积分数的演化,发现涡旋气流场会抑制CO的扩散;曹杨[9]研究了采场中CO运移特征及其体积分数的时空分布特征,探明了通风时间与通风距离、风筒口位置的关系,并建立了采场通风时间预测模型;陶发玉等[10]模拟了下向进路采场内CO的扩散特征,发现高分层道有利于加快炮烟的扩散。以上研究大多聚焦于辅助通风条件下巷道或采场炮烟的扩散特征,然而,下向进路采场中进路长度小、回采周期短,且进路距通风井较近,其回采工艺、通风系统与长距离独头巷道和无底柱分段崩落法采场的生产工艺存在本质区别,因而下向进路采场采用自然通风具有可行性,但目前相关研究较少。生产实践证明:短距离进路采场在自然通风一定时间后,炮烟中毒害气体的体积分数可降至安全限值以下,但现行安全规程将下向进路采场通风纳入长距离独头巷道和无底柱分段崩落法采场通风的管理范畴,给生产和管理带来诸多不便,存在局限性。
为此,笔者拟以甘肃金川龙首矿下向进路采场为例,通过数值模拟、现场测试和理论分析,研究采场炮烟中CO、NO2的动态演化,分析通风井位置、进路长度对炮烟扩散的影响,并确定采场通风参数,以期为优化下向进路充填法采准工程布置和进一步提升回采作业本质安全水平提供理论依据。
甘肃金川龙首矿采用盘区机械化下向六角形进路充填法。采场进路沿矿体走向布置,进路长度为50m,其断面尺寸为4m(顶底)×5m(高)×6m(腰宽);分层道垂直进路布置,其断面尺寸为4.8m(宽)×5m(高);分层道上方预留2~5条通风井,其直径为1.6~2m。采场风流路线为:分段运输大巷→分层联络道→分层道→进路(污风)→充填回风井→充填回风道→主回风井,如图1所示。
为方便模拟计算,在建立数值模型之前作以下假设:① CO、NO2在爆破瞬间集中产生,气体间不发生反应;② 忽略环境条件的变化[11];③ CO、NO2和空气介质视为理想流体[12];④ 新鲜风流中CO、NO2的体积分数为0。根据矿山实际情况,建立采场三维模型,如图2所示,其中,分层道上方通风井直径为1.6m,进路和分层道断面尺寸与实际一致,风流入口为自然风流。
为提升数值计算的效率与精度,将风速设为网格独立性检验的主要参数[13],划分粗、中、细3种多面体网格,并进行独立性检验。结果表明:中网格和细网格计算结果误差较小,数值计算时选用中等网格可满足计算精度要求。
为研究通风井位置、进路长度对采场炮烟中CO、NO2扩散的影响,设计14组数值模拟方案,见表1。方案中通风井距进路口-15m表示图2中通风井1在回采进路内侧的15m处。
矿山采用2号岩石乳化炸药,根据炸药爆炸理论,炮烟抛掷长度和CO、NO2初始体积分数分别为[14]
L = 15 + G 5
C = 1   000 G q V
式中:L为爆破瞬间炮烟抛掷长度,m;G为工作面一次爆破药量,kg;C为炮烟中毒害气体体积分数,10-6q为单位质量炸药爆炸产生的CO或NO2,根据实际CO取21L/kg,NO2取0.19L/kg;V为炮烟抛掷区体积,m3
经计算,炮烟抛掷长度为22m,CO和NO2的初始体积分数分别为1 340×10-6和15×10-6,其他参数通过矿山实测获取,边界条件设定见表2
以进路长50m、通风井距进路口45m的采场为例,采场风速流场矢量图如图3所示。由图3可知:新鲜风流自分层道进入采场,在通风井附近出现分流,顶部大部分风流进入通风井,其余风流沿分层道持续涌入进路里端。在进路内,新鲜风流在工作面附近受阻涌向顶部,并与顶部聚集的炮烟混合形成反向回流。污风依次沿进路顶板、分层道顶板不断向外流动,最终进入通风井。由于通风井面积明显小于分层道和进路,通风井上方负压使分层道、进路顶部炮烟持续涌入井筒,新鲜风流自底部不断进入进路,在进路内形成持续对流风流。
为分析进路内风速的空间分布特征,按距工作面10m的步距获取各剖面上风速,如图4a所示,绘制剖面的风速分布曲线如图4b所示。由图4可知:剖面上风速呈底部高、中部低、顶部缓的S型分布,由此可划分为底部进风带、中性带和顶部回流带。进风带位于距底板0~1.3m处,其中,0~0.5m处风速为0.221~0.305m/s,当高度由0.5m增加至1.3m,风速缓慢下降;中性带位于1.3~1.7m处,该处风速小于0.05m/s,在距底板1.55m附近风速降至0,该平面两侧风速微弱、大小相近、方向相反;回流带位于1.7~5m处,平均风速为0.12~0.27m/s,风速随高度增加先增大后减小,在2.5~3.5m处达最大,风速较进风带明显减小,分布范围变宽,其变化与文献[15]基本吻合。在x=40m处,风速分布曲线凸起更明显,其中进风带、回风带最大风速分别为0.305、0.26m/s。随着剖面与工作面距离的减小,进风带、回风带风速分布曲线逐渐变平缓,最大风速分别降至0.22、0.12m/s。
图5a图5b分别为分层道各剖面的风速云图和风速分布曲线。由图5可知:剖面z=0、20、40m的风速云图和风速分布曲线与进路类似,但与进路相比,其进风带风速分布范围变宽、回流带分布范围变窄。负压作用下,分层道前端中性带的位置较进路明显升高,进风带、回流带风速显著增大;随着进路口与通风井之间距离减小(z=40m → z=0m),中性带高度逐渐下降,进风带、回流带峰值风速分别由0.52、0.36m/s降至0.39、0.27m/s。在z=0m处,进路口出现紊流,分层道底部隅角处形成高风速,在距底板0.8~1.4m处出现了亚中性带风速区。由于z=60m位于通风井外侧,顶部部分风流直接进入井筒,腰线以上出现均匀分布的高风速(0.52 m/s),下部风流沿底板进入分层道里端,剖面上风速随高度下降而逐渐减小。
爆破后进路内CO体积分数随时间的变化如图6所示。由图6可知:爆破瞬间抛掷区CO体积分数为1 340×10-6;100s时,各剖面上CO体积分数随高度下降逐渐减小,x=10m、x=20m处中性带以下CO体积分数急剧降至722×10-6,此时CO已扩散至进路口并充满回流带,回流带体积分数云沿进路口方向逐渐缩小;200s时,x=10m、x=20m处CO体积分数云较100s时明显缩小,x=30m、x=40m处体积分数云不断增大;500s时,CO体积分数已低于508×10-6,高体积分数云由回流带缓慢移动至中性带;900s时,CO体积分数已低于206×10-6x=10m → x=40 m处CO体积分数依次增大,表明对流风流作用下CO持续外排;在1 800~2 400s,CO体积分数进一步下降,大部分区域体积分数降至24×10-6以下,随着通风时间增加,CO体积分数的差异变小,扩散趋于稳定。
实际生产中,作业工人操作设备时所处的工作空间高度一般小于2m。假设腰线所处平面为作业空间的顶面,则腰线平面上CO峰值体积分数的变化如图7所示。由图7可知:腰线平面上x=10m、x=20m处CO体积分数在180~500s急剧下降,780~1 800s已低于24×10-6,1 800s后缓慢下降最终趋于0;x=30m、x=40m处CO体积分数在120~300s急剧上升,240~540s快速下降,600~900s上下波动,960s后缓慢下降至24×10-6以下。由此可见:进路工作空间内CO体积分数可在1 800s内降至安全规程限值以下。
图8展示了爆破后进路内NO2体积分数随时间的变化,由图8可知:NO2的扩散特征与CO存在明显差异,由于NO2密度大于空气,进路内NO2总体向下扩散。
100s时,NO2充满进风带和中性带,最高体积分数降至3.5×10-6,NO2云沿进路口方向小幅增大;300s时,NO2云移至进风带,云面积较100s时明显缩小,回流带体积分数已低于3×10-6;500s时,NO2被进一步冲淡,进风带和回流带体积分数分别降至6.5×10-6和2.5×10-4;900~1 200s,进风带NO2体积分数和分布范围持续减小,扩散趋于稳定,x=10m → x=40上体积分数依次减小,最高体积分数降至4.2×10-6;随着通风时间延长,NO2体积分数不断下降,在1 200~1 800s降至2.5×10-6以下。由此可见:NO2扩散速度明显快于CO,因此,后文主要分析CO。
以长50m的进路采场为例,不同通风井位置腰线平面上CO体积分数变化如图9所示,由图9可知:通风井位置对腰线平面上CO峰值体积分数的较为敏感。1 200 s时,CO体积分数较爆破初期大幅下降,通风井位于-15、0、15、30、45 m处的腰线平面上CO峰值体积分数分别降至68×10-6、29×10-6、145×10-6、182×10-6、213×10-6,这表明:此时采场内大部分CO已排出;1 800s时,通风井位于-15~30 m处腰线平面上CO体积分数已降至6.1×10-6~24×10-6,位于45m处时大部分区域CO体积分数已低于24×10-6,但极个别区域CO体积分数仍维持在35×10-6左右;2 400 s时,腰线平面上CO均已低于20×10-6
x=40m的剖面为例,各采场进路剖面x=40m处腰线上CO峰值体积分数随时间的变化如图10所示,由图10可知:随着通风井与进路口之间距离的增加,CO扩散明显减慢,但通风井位于-15m处时CO扩散速度明显快于15m处的采场。当通风井与进路口距离小于40m时,腰线上CO体积分数可在1 800s内降至24×10-6以下。因此实际生产中,将通风井与进路口之间的距离控制在40m以内。
以通风井距进路口30m的采场为例,不同长度的进路腰线处CO体积分数变化如图11所示,由图11可知:腰线处CO体积分数由里向外依次升高,其扩散速度随进路长度增加而逐渐减慢。1 200s时,进路腰线处CO峰值体积分数降至77×10-6~155×10-6,分层道边壁上CO紊流微区不断变小;1 800s时,30~50m长进路腰线处CO体积分数均低于24×10-6,60~70m长进路腰线处CO体积分数仍维持在29×10-6~44×10-6;2 400s时,70m长进路大部分区域CO体积分数均低于24×10-6
不同长度进路x=10m处剖面腰线上CO峰值体积分数的变化如图12所示,由图12可知:进路腰线处CO峰值体积分数与通风时间符合对数函数的特征,随着进路长度减小,CO扩散明显加快,当进路长度<55m时,CO峰值体积分数可在1 800s内降至24×10-6以下。因此,实际生产中应将进路的长度控制在55m以内。
为验证进路采场炮烟扩散数值模拟结果,以龙首矿中采区24行W01进路(长度为50m,进尺为36m)为例,采用气体监测仪对进路爆破后不同时刻炮烟中CO、NO2和O2的体积分数进行测试。监测时,在气体监测仪采样泵出口连接橡胶软管,软管末端安装过滤嘴并固定在伸缩杆顶端。监测从爆破后第10min开始,分别在距工作面1/3、1/2、2/3处和进路口设置监测面,监测面上设置顶、腰、底3个监测点,如图13所示。数据采集时间间隔为10min,采样持续50min。
各监测点O2体积分数始终维持在20×10-6~20.9×10-6;NO2体积分数在10min内大幅下降,20min时均已低于2.5×10-6,受篇幅限制,其规律不在赘述。
各监测点CO体积分数随时间的变化如图14所示,由图14可知:进路内CO体积分数随高度下降而急剧减小;10min时,顶部CO体积分数为腰线处的1.39~1.73倍,为底部的5.2~6.5倍,峰值体积分数较爆破瞬间下降92.2%~93.7%,表明自然通风10min时大部分CO已被排出;20min时,CO体积分数降至66×10-6~88×10-6,随着监测面与工作面距离的增加,CO体积分数逐渐上升,表明CO持续向外扩散;30min时,CO主要聚集在进路顶部,其体积分数仍维持在24×10-6~38×10-6,但腰线以下均低于20×10-6;30min后,CO扩散速度逐渐变缓并趋于恒定。由此可见:实测结果与数值模拟结果基本吻合。
以各监测面顶部、腰线和底部CO体积体积分数的实测值为横坐标,其对应模拟值为纵坐标,绘制的散点图如图15所示,由图15可知:各点紧密分布在直线y=x附近,表明数值模拟结果能较好预测炮烟中毒害气体的扩散特征。图15中个别点离直线y=x较远,主要由监测时间迟滞、进路断面规格不标准以及气体监测系统连接管路的阻力等因素引起。
以上研究表明:下向进路采场内存在持续对流风流,通风井与进路口之间的距离≤40 m,且进路长度≤55 m时,爆破后自然通风30 min采场空气质量可满足《金属非金属矿山安全规程》(GB 16423-2020)的要求;当进路长度为55~70 m时,通风时间应≥40 min。
1) 新鲜风流沿分层道下部持续涌入进路,进路内风流沿底板到达工作面,在工作面附近涌向顶部与顶部炮烟混合形成回流,再沿顶板向外流入通风井,形成“⊃”字型持续对流风流。
2) 对流风流作用下,CO主要沿进路和分层道顶板向外扩散;进路内CO体积分数随高度下降和通风时间延长而减小,水平方向上CO体积分数由里向外先降低后升高;NO2集中在进路的进风带和中性带,随风流主要向下、向里扩散,扩散速度明显快于CO。
3) CO扩散速度随通风井与进路口距离、进路长度的增加而逐渐减慢,通风井位于进路内侧时扩散效果优于外侧;炮烟的数值模拟结果与现场测试结果与相吻合。
4) 通风井与进路口之间的距离、进路长度分别控制在40和55m内可确保生产作业的安全;当进
路长度为55~70m时,应采取延长通风时间或辅助通风等措施保障采场通风质量。
  • 中国博士后基金资助(2021M693837)
  • 国家重点实验室开放基金资助(GZSYS-KY-2020-013)
  • 湖南省自然科学基金资助(2019JJ50516)
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2025年第35卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2025.04.1577
  • 接收时间:2024-12-04
  • 首发时间:2025-07-05
  • 出版时间:2025-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-12-04
  • 修回日期:2025-02-11
基金
中国博士后基金资助(2021M693837)
国家重点实验室开放基金资助(GZSYS-KY-2020-013)
湖南省自然科学基金资助(2019JJ50516)
作者信息
    1 南华大学 资源环境与安全工程学院,湖南 衡阳 421200
    2 金川集团股份有限公司,甘肃 金昌 737100
    3 中南大学 资源与安全工程学院,湖南 长沙 410083
    4 金诚信矿业管理股份有限公司,北京 101500

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**张 晓(1988—),女,湖南省益阳人,博士,讲师,主要从事矿山安全与固废处置方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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