Article(id=1149754263213093244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)S1-0219-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0038, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1710345600000, receivedDateStr=2024-03-14, revisedDate=1715875200000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-17, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752052377751, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752052377751, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752052377751, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752052377751, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149754257689194795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='S1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752052376434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756362003807, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830145076311009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830145076311010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=219, endPage=225, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149754264005816731, articleId=1149754263213093244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on stability of a new carbon brush device considering unit current safety, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To ensure the effective contact area between the carbon brush and the rotor and reduce the occurrence of electric sparks,a new type of carbon brush grinding and polishing device was proposed. Based on the dynamic modeling principle of the clearance mechanism,a method for characterizing the internal clearance between the rotating pairs by using the massless virtual rod method was adopted to establish the continuous contact dynamic equation of the connecting rod with clearance. MATLAB was used to solve the equation,and the influence of the clearance between the rotating pairs and the speed of the crankshaft on the dynamic stability of the connecting rod mechanism with clearance was studied. In order to reduce the influence of fitting clearance and speed on its dynamic performance,a low speed of 10 r/min was used for attitude adjustment,and the fitting clearance between the rotating pairs should be controlled within ± 0.2 mm. By adjusting the posture of the carbon brush,the dynamic stability of the carbon brush mechanism was improved. The results show that under the same speed of the crankshaft and structural parameter conditions,smaller clearance between the rotating pairs indicates better dynamic stability of the attitude adjustment mechanism. Under the condition of constant clearance,a slower speed of the crankshaft indicates better dynamic stability of the attitude adjustment mechanism.

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为保证碳刷与转子的有效接触面积,减少电火花现象的发生,提出一种新型碳刷磨抛装置。结合间隙机构的动态建模机制,采用无质量虚拟杆法的旋转副内部间隙表征方法,建立含间隙连杆连续接触动力学方程,使用Matlab进行求解,研究转动副间隙和曲柄转速对含间隙连杆机构动态稳定性的影响。采用10 r/min的低转速进行姿态调整,并且转动副内的配合间隙应控制在±0.2 mm以内,减小配合间隙与转速对其动态性能的影响,通过对碳刷姿态的调整,提高碳刷机构动态稳定性。结果表明:同样的曲柄转速及结构参数条件下,转动副间隙越小,姿态调整机构的动态稳定性越好;在间隙不变的情况下,摇杆转速越慢,姿态调整机构的动态稳定性越好。

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刘 鹏 (1992—),男,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,本科,助理工程师,主要从事煤炭开采与矿业运输方面的工作。E-mail:

魏德志,工程师;

辛昊天,工程师。

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刘 鹏 (1992—),男,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,本科,助理工程师,主要从事煤炭开采与矿业运输方面的工作。E-mail:

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Bottom surface of carbon brush after processing, figureFileSmall=JC+bwLZprdFA55e8LisMqA==, figureFileBig=1EfvhnPJfJP4KdyfTQYNQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751421945458943, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=CN, label=图1, caption=加工后碳刷的底面状态, figureFileSmall=JC+bwLZprdFA55e8LisMqA==, figureFileBig=1EfvhnPJfJP4KdyfTQYNQw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751422004179200, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=New carbon brush grinding and polishing device, figureFileSmall=D95hz0bFauaxshNt2Ok4LA==, figureFileBig=MUEB1x8UL4px9R8g9vrbJw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751422062899457, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=CN, label=图2, caption=新型碳刷研磨装置, 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tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Motion model of connecting rod mechanism with clearance, figureFileSmall=Grkb54EOmy87xb0sJqQr3w==, figureFileBig=Ng5syIETZRQG4Q2ZO7eXXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751422973063437, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=CN, label=图8, caption=含间隙连杆机构运动模型, figureFileSmall=Grkb54EOmy87xb0sJqQr3w==, figureFileBig=Ng5syIETZRQG4Q2ZO7eXXg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751423035977998, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Attitude changes of grinding and polishing device with different clearances, figureFileSmall=t79F+hQF9h/H1HLVQSjzdA==, figureFileBig=0JM7HLstaxC+o4wCYuzxvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751423098892559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=CN, label=图9, caption=间隙大小不同情况下研磨装置姿态变化, figureFileSmall=t79F+hQF9h/H1HLVQSjzdA==, figureFileBig=0JM7HLstaxC+o4wCYuzxvw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751423174390032, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Attitude changes of grinding and polishing device under different speeds of crankshaft, figureFileSmall=+lLVg/2K+wWeYz7M/g7abA==, figureFileBig=jqmtlNRB0pTSXo1g2eNlNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751423291830545, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=CN, label=图10, caption=曲柄转速不同情况下研磨装置姿态变化, figureFileSmall=+lLVg/2K+wWeYz7M/g7abA==, figureFileBig=jqmtlNRB0pTSXo1g2eNlNA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751423350550802, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Mechanism parameters

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 长度/m 质量/kg 转动惯量/
(kg·m2)
曲柄 0.06 0.11 0.015
连杆 0.17 0.34 0.06
摇杆 0.15 0.31 0.075
机架 0.25 0.52 0
), ArticleFig(id=1167751423459602707, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754263213093244, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

机构参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
构件 长度/m 质量/kg 转动惯量/
(kg·m2)
曲柄 0.06 0.11 0.015
连杆 0.17 0.34 0.06
摇杆 0.15 0.31 0.075
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考虑机组电流安全的新型碳刷装置稳定性研究
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刘鹏 , 魏德志 , 辛昊天
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(S1): 219-225
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(S1): 219-225
考虑机组电流安全的新型碳刷装置稳定性研究
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刘鹏 , 魏德志, 辛昊天
作者信息
  • 国能集团 宝日希勒能源有限公司,内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 021000
  • 刘 鹏 (1992—),男,内蒙古呼伦贝尔人,本科,助理工程师,主要从事煤炭开采与矿业运输方面的工作。E-mail:

    魏德志,工程师;

    辛昊天,工程师。

Research on stability of a new carbon brush device considering unit current safety
Peng LIU , Dezhi WEI, Haotian XIN
Affiliations
  • Baorixile Energy Co.,Ltd.,CHE Energy,Hulunbuir Inner Mongolia 021000,China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0038
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为保证碳刷与转子的有效接触面积,减少电火花现象的发生,提出一种新型碳刷磨抛装置。结合间隙机构的动态建模机制,采用无质量虚拟杆法的旋转副内部间隙表征方法,建立含间隙连杆连续接触动力学方程,使用Matlab进行求解,研究转动副间隙和曲柄转速对含间隙连杆机构动态稳定性的影响。采用10 r/min的低转速进行姿态调整,并且转动副内的配合间隙应控制在±0.2 mm以内,减小配合间隙与转速对其动态性能的影响,通过对碳刷姿态的调整,提高碳刷机构动态稳定性。结果表明:同样的曲柄转速及结构参数条件下,转动副间隙越小,姿态调整机构的动态稳定性越好;在间隙不变的情况下,摇杆转速越慢,姿态调整机构的动态稳定性越好。

新型碳刷  /  稳定性  /  姿态调整  /  转动副间隙  /  曲柄转速

To ensure the effective contact area between the carbon brush and the rotor and reduce the occurrence of electric sparks,a new type of carbon brush grinding and polishing device was proposed. Based on the dynamic modeling principle of the clearance mechanism,a method for characterizing the internal clearance between the rotating pairs by using the massless virtual rod method was adopted to establish the continuous contact dynamic equation of the connecting rod with clearance. MATLAB was used to solve the equation,and the influence of the clearance between the rotating pairs and the speed of the crankshaft on the dynamic stability of the connecting rod mechanism with clearance was studied. In order to reduce the influence of fitting clearance and speed on its dynamic performance,a low speed of 10 r/min was used for attitude adjustment,and the fitting clearance between the rotating pairs should be controlled within ± 0.2 mm. By adjusting the posture of the carbon brush,the dynamic stability of the carbon brush mechanism was improved. The results show that under the same speed of the crankshaft and structural parameter conditions,smaller clearance between the rotating pairs indicates better dynamic stability of the attitude adjustment mechanism. Under the condition of constant clearance,a slower speed of the crankshaft indicates better dynamic stability of the attitude adjustment mechanism.

new type of carbon brush  /  stability  /  attitude adjustment  /  clearance between rotating pairs  /  speed of crankshaft
刘鹏, 魏德志, 辛昊天. 考虑机组电流安全的新型碳刷装置稳定性研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (S1) : 219 -225 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0038
Peng LIU, Dezhi WEI, Haotian XIN. Research on stability of a new carbon brush device considering unit current safety[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (S1) : 219 -225 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0038
碳刷作为电机机组中电能传递的枢纽,其状态的好坏直接影响电机机组的正常工作[1-3],进而影响整个电机系统的可靠等级,一旦碳刷出现磨损过度、断裂等现象,需要立即更换。若更换后的碳刷与转子的接触面积过小,会导致局部电流过大,温升异常,严重时会发生火灾。因此,对碳刷姿态调整稳定性有着较高的要求[4]
新型碳刷研磨装置和研磨装置稳定性的研究一直备受关注,吴德庆[5]为保证碳刷与转向器有更好的接触,研制了一种新型碳刷研磨装置,解决了碳刷研磨耗时长的问题;陈传音等[6]针对传统碳刷打磨方法难以控制精度,且打磨效率低、操作困难等问题,提出一种智能碳刷研磨装置,降低加工难度,提高碳刷研磨质量;柳彬等[7]为提高碳刷研磨稳定性和成功率,提出一种便携式船用碳刷曲面研磨装置,进而提高船用变流机组维护保养效率;韩佳欣[8]提出一种基于图像识别的机械臂电刷研磨方法,提高电刷的研磨效率及研磨精度;周东宁等[9]提出一种直流电机电刷研磨装置,解决了直流电机更换电刷时,需要在换向器上研磨新直流电机电刷造成的电机停机、碳粉污染问题,大大节约电刷更换时间,提高了电刷研磨效率;李宁瑞等[10]研究了电刷与砂轮接触过程模型,分析电刷研磨精度影响因素;WANG Tingzhang等[11]建立电参数与轮廓精度之间的关系,揭示不同因素对轮廓精度的影响程度,提出一种低能量研磨和高能研磨相结合的研磨策略;JOURANI等[12]根据赫兹接触理论建立三维数学模型,研究砂带磨削表面的接触关系,探究磨削工作界面的材料去除方式,通过试验得出砂带磨削改善加工件表面的纹理,并分析磨削过程中法向压力的残余应力;ZHANG Xiang等[13]提出一种支持向量回归的模型,并探究因压力分布不均导致的磨削加工面局部存在不平度的现象,通过仿真模拟获得加工件与砂带接触区域的压力分布;REN等[14]提出研磨过程中材料去除率的局部工艺模型,通过结合加工件的局部几何特征与材料参数计算出磨削过程中的作用力,该模型不采用特定的切削深度参数进行全局的研磨模拟仿真。
综上所述,已有很多学者在磨削领域取得颇多成果,推动磨削技术的发展,但上述理论大多没有针对碳刷曲面研磨的低速低硬度工况下进行分析。鉴于此,笔者拟提出一种新型碳刷磨抛装置,基于无质量虚拟杆法的旋转副内部间隙表征方法,通过控制碳刷机构间隙和摇杆转速,提高碳刷姿态调整稳定性,以期进一步提高碳刷研磨成形质量,保证电机机组稳定安全运行。
实际加工研磨过程,由于连杆机构的累积误差、加工误差、配合误差等因素,也因为行程过长导致转动轴产生径向圆跳动与轴向圆跳动现象,导致装置所加工的碳刷面产生波纹与凹凸沟壑,如图1所示。
现阶段的碳刷曲面研磨装置由于结构因素导致系统误差,不能高效高质量达到作业要求,设计一种新型全自动碳刷磨抛装置,如图2所示。该机械系统主要由外壳主架体、研磨部件、控制系统、移位部件组成,可实现对碳刷原弧度测量、刷握自由移动、全方位成型抛光等,提高研磨效率和稳定性,减少碳刷研磨过程中的损坏。
新型全自动碳刷磨抛装置采用砂带磨削。砂带磨削柔性好,磨削速度平稳,曲面加工的贴合度高等优点。装置机械系统组成如图3所示。装置由半片式半圆斜齿轮与前后两端的斜齿轮相啮合并完成交替传动,传动机构带动磨抛部件对碳刷样品自动进行磨削与抛光工作。机械系统与电控系统相结合,替代传动的机械研磨结构,同时,设计加入光学传感器,实时监控碳刷的研磨状态并作出及时调整,最大限度地提高研磨质量与精度,伺服电动机驱动曲柄摇杆使碳刷夹可自动实现不同摆动角度,缩短姿态调整机构的连杆行程,减少调整研磨角度过程中的运动误差。
碳刷清洗至表面杂质去除后固定于碳刷夹中,同时将研磨与抛光砂带安装在移动皮带上,按下启动开关后,碳刷表面首先与研磨砂带表面贴合,随皮带反复对碳刷表面研磨;电控系统控制激光信号发射器发射激光信号,激光穿过对位槽口确认碳刷表面的研磨弧度,将信号传递给激光信号接收器,接收器又将结果传送至控制器,控制器收到信号并处理信号,向第3伺服电机发送指令,这时曲柄连杆带动遥杆推动碳刷夹调整角度,由调姿部件全程监测;当碳刷达到要求的研磨角度时,第1伺服电机运行,半片式半圆斜齿轮带动两端斜齿轮交替往返运动,主动轮带动砂带开始研磨,达到预期往返次数后,由第2伺服电机带动丝杠工作,碳刷夹跟随丝杠上的滑台水平移动,直到碳刷表面与抛光砂带接触,检测并纠正刷握姿态位置;第1伺服电机再次启动,抛光处理碳刷表面,实现碳刷自动研磨、抛光功能。
1) 碰撞铰法。碰撞铰模型如图4所示。将转动副中的可移动部分(如轴和轴承)视为2个冲击体,用于描述转动副间隙[15]。该方法把原有几何限制转换成力的限制,采用接触碰撞力的概念来表征机构的动态性能,适合于含间隙铰内动态性能的研究。
2) 弹簧-阻尼法。弹簧-阻尼关节模型如图5所示。使用弹簧-阻尼的描述方式代替运动副的间隙,但在实际运动中运动副间的接触-碰撞过程非常短暂、非常复杂,无法精确地刻画其中的能量转化和损耗,而且在计算中,弹簧、阻尼等参数的选取也比较困难[16]。所以,弹性阻尼法的适用范围非常有限。
3) 无质量杆法。无质量杆模型如图6所示。把旋转副内部的间隙看作一根虚拟的无质量杆,所有杆件均视为刚体,忽略运动过程中产生的弹性形变,用无质量虚拟杆的运动替代因运动间隙而引起的转动副额外自由度[17]
轴与套的相对运动分为脱离、接触及碰撞3种,如图7所示。但在真实的运动条件下,销-轴间的脱开与冲击只是一个很短的过程。在1个运动循环中,销轴与轴套的大部分时间是相互接触的。由于不能准确地判断出2个部件之间的接触时刻,所以假定2个部件之间是持续的接触。为方便建模,在连续接触条件下,可不考虑销轴与轴套间的接触时所引起的微小变形及摩擦。在此基础上,提出一种新的结构形式,即将轴、轴间的间隙等效为一根“零质量”的钢杆,将包含配合间隙的回转运动通过增加自由度的方式转变为没有配合间隙的理想回转运动。
在采用连续接触理论的基础上,假定各相对运动单元总是处于接触状态,其相对运动状态不变,因此,该方法可极大地简化系统的建模与求解。但目前基于连续接触理论的接触力学模型未考虑接触刚度、阻尼、摩擦因数、恢复系数等物理量。这种方法并未准确反应各部件之间的碰撞特征,但该方法可很方便地研究间隙对连杆机构动态稳定性的影响。
在上述研究基础上,结合带间隙机构的动态建模原理,采用一种基于无质量虚拟杆法的旋转副内部间隙表征方法,并利用连续接触模型对其建模。
在间隙机构的运动学分析中,对具有活动副间隙的机构,假设其受力相等。再求解带有间隙零件的惯性力以及惯性力矩。此法虽较简便,但对低速机构的运动状态描述非常有效。由于接触状态、碰撞状态和弹性变形等多个因素的作用,使得该问题的求解变得非常困难。由于撞击过程很短暂,因此,假定都是瞬间发生的。在此基础上,将销轴与轴套看作是连续接触,假定销轴与轴套的弹性变形无关,使轴与轴的中心间距(也就是环隙半径)保持恒定。据此,把间隙看成是一个长r、没有质量的虚拟杆件,该杆件的运动方向随轴、轴衬接触点的不同而发生变化,并由机械系统的动力学分析确定。
碳刷姿态调整机构是一个曲柄连杆机构,由一个带有缝隙的旋转副连接在一起。当采用连续接触模式的时,采用高次低代的方法,即用一个有自由度但没有质量的虚拟杆件来代替间隙。假设接触面是刚性光滑的,就使含隙构件和2次构件的接触面受力方向保持一致。根据连杆机构,如图8所示,在连杆机构的C转动副设置间隙。图中,li为各连杆,i=1,2,3;α为连杆2与水平方向的夹角,(°);θ1为连杆1转动的弧度,rad;θ2为连杆2转动的弧度,rad;θ3为摇杆3转动的弧度,rad;θ4为连杆3转动弧度,rad;Si为各连杆的中心点,i=1,2,3;lsi为各连杆首端到中心点的距离,i=1,2,3。
为使计算简单,假定副元在初始移动时没有空隙,而这个状态会持续到首次分离,下面对各运动副元件的间隙进行建模。
将每根杆和缝隙视为向量,从向量闭合的几何方程中求得:
i = 1 4 l i + r 3 = 0
在C副中,销轴相与轴套的相对位移e2α2为:
e 2 = l 4 - l 3 c o s θ 3 - l 1 c o s θ 1 - l 2 c o s θ 2 α 2 = l 3 s i n θ 3 - l 1 s i n θ 1 - l 2 s i n θ 2
式中:e2为轴与轴套水平方向相对位移,m;α2为轴与轴套水平方向相对位移,m。摇杆形心的位置也可以用一个广义坐标来表达,即:
x s 3 y s 3 = l 1 c o s φ 1 s i n φ 1 + l 2 c o s φ 2 s i n φ 2 + l s 3 c o s φ 3 s i n φ 3 + r c o s α s i n α
式中:xs3为摇杆形心横坐标值,m;ys3为摇杆形心纵坐标值,m;φi为摇杆形心可偏转角度,(°)。对该方程进行时间t导数运算,连杆和摇杆位置角度记为θ2θ3、角速度记为 θ · 2 θ · 3和角加速度 θ · · 2 θ · · 3,即:
θ i = θ i ( θ 1 α )
θ · i = θ · i ( θ 1 θ · 1 α α · )
θ · · i = θ · · i ( θ 1 θ · 1 θ · · 1 α α · α · · )
在连续接触模式下,将带隙运动副(C副)所受的接触反力定义为F,若摩擦力较小,则F为副元中的法向接触力。在假定连杆和摇臂的情况下,点B和点D的转矩平衡方程式为:
J B 2 θ · · 2 = F l 2 s i n ( α - θ 2 ) + m 2 l 1 l s 2 2 θ 1 2 s i n ( θ 1 - θ 2 ) - m 2 g l s 2 c o s θ 2
转动副反力F为:
F = J B 2 θ · · 2 + J D 3 θ · · 3 - m 2 l 1 l s 2 2 θ 1 2 s i n ( θ 1 - θ 2 ) l 2 s i n ( α - θ 2 ) + l 3 s i n ( α - θ 3 ) + m 2 g l s 2 c o s θ 2 - m 3 g l s 3 c o s θ 3 l 2 s i n ( α - θ 2 ) + l 3 s i n ( α - θ 3 )
式中:F为转动副反力,N;JB2为连杆在B点的转动惯量,kg·m2;JD3为摇杆在D点的转动惯量,kg·m2;mi为第i杆的质量,kg;θi为第i杆的位置角度,(°); θ · i为对t的一阶导数; θ · · i为二阶导数;g为重力加速度,m/s2
碳刷姿态调整的连杆机构参数见表1。在采用连续接触模型时,将原4杆机构简化成5杆机构,构件采用铝合金材质。
基于动力学方程,推导出曲轴为10 r/min,无间隙时曲轴的动力性能,通过Matlab软件计算得出结果。当没有间隙时,销轴、轴套间不会发生相对运动,是一种比较理想的运动方式,因此,销轴、轴套间的接触碰撞力呈周期变化,因为没有间隙,所以在运动中不会发生碰撞,销轴与轴套相对位置也不会发生变化。
在实际应用中,要达到理想的运动状态是比较困难的,所以将转动副间隙设置为一定的数值,这样就可以和有间隙的机构进行比较。采用相同的结构参数,当曲柄转动速度为10 r/min,转动副间隙分别为0、0.1、0.2以及0.5 mm时,使用Matlab对其动态特性求解,结果如图9所示。
图9可以看出,在同样的曲柄转速及结构参数条件下,转动副间隙0.1 mm时,其动力学特性明显区别于没有间隙时。在转动副间隙大小为0.2 mm时,输出轴的角速度、角加速度以及转动副内接触力产生小幅度震荡,震荡出现在运动曲线波峰与波谷处。随着转动副间隙增大至0.5 mm,销轴与轴套在运动时产生相对运动,从而产生强烈的接触-碰撞现象,不仅造成角速度曲线与角加速度曲线的大幅度震荡,而且还产生较大的冲击载荷,从而使连杆的运动状态出现显著的波动。由此可以看出,运动副的运动特性受到很大的影响。
在仿真基础上,设置曲柄转速为10、20、30、40 r/min,在不同转速下,研究曲柄转速改变情况对机构动力学特性的影响。转动副内的间隙值为0.5 mm,Matlab仿真结果如图10所示。
图10可知:在整体运动过程中,摇杆的角速度是周期性变化的。转动副间隙对连杆的运动稳定性产生影响。在转动副间隙不变的情况下,在10 r/min时,角速度波动较为平稳。然而,当转速增加到20 r/min时,角速度的波动变得更加明显,同时峰值也增加。随着转速增加到40 r/min,摇杆角速度的波动变得更加显著,特别是在转速发生变化的瞬间,曲线出现剧烈的震荡。当有同样的转动副间隙,但曲轴旋转速度不一样时,4种工况下,连杆的加速度会有很大的差别。当曲柄转速增加时,加速度的脉动幅度会变得更大,从而导致机构的稳定性下降,使碳刷姿态调整机构的动力学性能偏离理想状态,进而影响姿态调整角度的定位精度。当曲轴旋转速度增大时,其冲击载荷的振幅也随之增大,且起伏幅度较大。所以,当转动副间隙增大时,传动装置需要的传动扭矩也较大。这是由于该系统的稳定性随着转动副间隙内冲击的加剧而降低,从而需要更多的驱动扭矩来保持机械的运行。研究表明:传动系统的动力学性能受传动间隙、曲柄转速等因素的影响较大。间隙对机构动力学性能有一定影响,当转动副间隙增大、曲柄转速升高时,其动力学性能差别加大。在此基础上,系统的动态特性为角速度、角加速度、碰撞力、驱动力等都将发生较大的变化。
碳刷的姿态调整机构全权由连杆机构完成执行,为减小配合间隙与转速对其动态性能的影响,应采用10 r/min的低转速进行姿态调整,并且转动副内的配合间隙应控制在±0.2 mm以内。
1) 对新型碳刷磨抛装置进行动态稳定性仿真,得到其他参数相同情况下,曲柄转速和转动副间隙对新型碳刷磨抛装置姿态稳定性的影响,曲柄转速越低、转动副间隙越小,磨抛装置姿态调整稳定性越高。
2) 理论分析和仿真分析新型碳刷磨抛装置,得出减小转动副间隙和曲柄转速对磨抛装置稳定性的影响,应将曲柄转速控制在10 r/min,转动副配合间隙控制在±0.2 mm以内。
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2024年第34卷第S1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0038
  • 接收时间:2024-03-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-03-14
  • 修回日期:2024-05-17
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    国能集团 宝日希勒能源有限公司,内蒙古 呼伦贝尔 021000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
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