Article(id=1149754260394525479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)S1-0115-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0008, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1707062400000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-05, revisedDate=1715356800000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752052377078, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1719676800000, pubDateStr=2024-06-30, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752052377078, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752052377078, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752052377078, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149754257689194795, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='S1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='284', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752052376434, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756362003807, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167830145076311009, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167830145076311010, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149754257689194795, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=115, endPage=121, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149754260595852072, articleId=1149754260394525479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Structure of overlying strata on isolated island working faces with different mining degrees and anti-impact application, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to ensure the safe mining of isolated island working face with impact ground pressure,the isolated island working face mining under the condition of a thick and hard rock layer in a mine was taken as the background. Based on the key layer theory of rock layer control and the viewpoint of the spatial structure of overlying strata,the basic characteristics of the spatial structure of overlying strata formed in the isolated island working face were studied through case study,theoretical analysis,and on-site monitoring,as well as the monitoring and identification method and its anti-impact mining design. The formation process and distribution characteristics of the spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata were identified,and a mechanical model of reasonable width of the isolated island working face under the spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata and with the abutment pressure as the main assessment index was established and applied for verification. The results show that the isolated island working face under the condition of one side being fully mined and the other side not being fully mined can form a spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata with the overlying thick key layer,and the implementation scheme proposed in the paper meets the requirements of the field engineering and can ensure normal mining.

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为保证有冲击地压孤岛工作面的安全开采,以某矿巨厚坚硬岩层条件下孤岛工作面开采为背景,基于岩层控制的关键层理论和覆岩空间结构观点,通过案例调研、理论分析、现场监测等方法,研究孤岛工作面形成覆岩空间结构的基本特征、监测辨识方法及其防冲开采设计,辨识得到Γ型覆岩空间结构的形成过程和分布特征,建立以支承应力为主要评估指标的Γ型覆岩空间结构下孤岛工作面合理宽度力学模型,并以实践验证。结果表明:一侧充分采动、一侧非充分采动条件下的孤岛工作面,能够与上覆巨厚关键层形成Γ型覆岩空间结构。所提实施方案满足现场工程要求,能够保证正常回采。

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董华东 (1988—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山压力与矿井开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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董华东 (1988—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山压力与矿井开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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董华东 (1988—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山压力与矿井开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

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Rock and Soil Mechanics, 2018, 39(2): 705-714., articleTitle=Stability of coal pillar on the basis of the co-deformation of thick rock strata and coal pillar, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167751393935893338, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, xref=null, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167751393944281947, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, companyId=1167751393935893338, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=Jinjie Energy Group of China Energy Investment Corporation,Yulin Shaanxi 719000,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167751393948476252, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, companyId=1167751393935893338, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=国能锦界能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林 719000)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1167751395181601644, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Γ-type overlying strata structure of isolated island working face and ″O-X″ fracturing mode, figureFileSmall=Hkpy5fV2goMGRc+RB7loPA==, figureFileBig=6PZZHKiuwvqhICgNwNRRHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395248710509, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图1, caption=孤岛工作面“Γ”型覆岩结构与“O-X”破断模式

注: H为实际采深,m;L为孤岛工作面的宽度,m;L1为一侧非充分采空区的宽度,m;h1为未破断岩层底部距煤层的厚度,m;α为覆岩断裂点连线与水平方向夹角,即覆岩移动角,(°);β为覆岩触矸点连线与水平方向夹角,即覆岩触矸角,(°)。

, figureFileSmall=Hkpy5fV2goMGRc+RB7loPA==, figureFileBig=6PZZHKiuwvqhICgNwNRRHg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395324207982, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Mining condition and ground settlement observation arrangement, figureFileSmall=jG56u7bZffFJF00HUPfDSQ==, figureFileBig=coaK2vIS3PU7XXJ1Rkf9oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395387122543, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图2, caption=开采情况与地表沉降观测布置, figureFileSmall=jG56u7bZffFJF00HUPfDSQ==, figureFileBig=coaK2vIS3PU7XXJ1Rkf9oQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395454231408, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Measured ground settlement curves, figureFileSmall=+Nu6QSpYFpmnx6BqkI5dSw==, figureFileBig=u2nqmdgKpvcee+3h0BzZXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395517145969, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图3, caption=地表沉降实测曲线, figureFileSmall=+Nu6QSpYFpmnx6BqkI5dSw==, figureFileBig=u2nqmdgKpvcee+3h0BzZXw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395580060530, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Micro-seismic monitoring results of working face, figureFileSmall=CWacaZ171J1cJtX0Ni8CNw==, figureFileBig=CVh69kyBa10XWXtEycRExw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395634586483, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图4, caption=工作面微震观测结果, figureFileSmall=CWacaZ171J1cJtX0Ni8CNw==, figureFileBig=CVh69kyBa10XWXtEycRExw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395693306740, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Model of static average abutment pressure on isolated island working face, figureFileSmall=SbmR+19vkKxoEeoNOEqJPQ==, figureFileBig=/iA9NPIq3nA8yVt1z/rThw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395752026997, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图5, caption=孤岛工作面平均静态支承压力估算模型, figureFileSmall=SbmR+19vkKxoEeoNOEqJPQ==, figureFileBig=/iA9NPIq3nA8yVt1z/rThw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395819135862, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Influence of working face width on abutment pressure and impact risk, figureFileSmall=Eh5wJz701qF1SsBpRbydIw==, figureFileBig=Dcifl5KhtXdqM9gPJNiTDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395915604855, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图6, caption=工作面宽度对工作面支承压力与冲击危险性影响, figureFileSmall=Eh5wJz701qF1SsBpRbydIw==, figureFileBig=Dcifl5KhtXdqM9gPJNiTDg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751395986908024, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Impact warning and danger relieving in No.1105 isolated island working face of No. 3 coal seam, figureFileSmall=wl/CToVH1NszbfnubWu3lQ==, figureFileBig=86vK/djkbgJw8f26a9Ojkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751396058211193, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图7, caption=3上1105孤岛工作面冲击预警与解危, figureFileSmall=wl/CToVH1NszbfnubWu3lQ==, figureFileBig=86vK/djkbgJw8f26a9Ojkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751396129514362, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Micro-seismic events distribution in No.1105 island working face of No.33 coal seam, figureFileSmall=bnCvntzdF5ZOBTxYWN52KA==, figureFileBig=Kzo0FC/ChrGy4WaGI8Qy5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751396192428923, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图8, caption=3上1105孤岛工作面近断层微震事件分布, figureFileSmall=bnCvntzdF5ZOBTxYWN52KA==, figureFileBig=Kzo0FC/ChrGy4WaGI8Qy5g==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751396276315004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Advanced supporting and monitoring arrangement in No.1105 island working face of No.3 coal seam, figureFileSmall=lXq/W1Sq2odRbawGPcXuhw==, figureFileBig=34ex55byDlOaqGffVOdFFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751396356006781, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=图9, caption=3上1105孤岛工作面超前支护与监测布置, figureFileSmall=lXq/W1Sq2odRbawGPcXuhw==, figureFileBig=34ex55byDlOaqGffVOdFFw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167751396460864382, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Comparison results of three mining schemes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 接续顺序 工作面宽度/
m
冲击危险性 防冲
工程量
1 3上1103→
3上1105
3上1103:175
3上1105:175
强整体冲击
强局部冲击
大/复杂
2 两面合并 350 无整体冲击
弱局部冲击
3 3上1103→
3上1105
3上1103:165
3上1105:185
弱/无整体冲击
中度局部冲击
中等
), ArticleFig(id=1167751396540556159, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149754260394525479, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

3种开采方案的对比结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
方案 接续顺序 工作面宽度/
m
冲击危险性 防冲
工程量
1 3上1103→
3上1105
3上1103:175
3上1105:175
强整体冲击
强局部冲击
大/复杂
2 两面合并 350 无整体冲击
弱局部冲击
3 3上1103→
3上1105
3上1103:165
3上1105:185
弱/无整体冲击
中度局部冲击
中等
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不同采动孤岛工作面覆岩结构研究与防冲应用
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董华东
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(S1): 115-121
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(S1): 115-121
不同采动孤岛工作面覆岩结构研究与防冲应用
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董华东
作者信息
  • 国能锦界能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林 719000
  • 董华东 (1988—),男,山西忻州人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事矿山压力与矿井开采技术方面的研究。E-mail:

Structure of overlying strata on isolated island working faces with different mining degrees and anti-impact application
Huadong DONG
Affiliations
  • Jinjie Energy Group of China Energy Investment Corporation,Yulin Shaanxi 719000,China
出版时间: 2024-06-30 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0008
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为保证有冲击地压孤岛工作面的安全开采,以某矿巨厚坚硬岩层条件下孤岛工作面开采为背景,基于岩层控制的关键层理论和覆岩空间结构观点,通过案例调研、理论分析、现场监测等方法,研究孤岛工作面形成覆岩空间结构的基本特征、监测辨识方法及其防冲开采设计,辨识得到Γ型覆岩空间结构的形成过程和分布特征,建立以支承应力为主要评估指标的Γ型覆岩空间结构下孤岛工作面合理宽度力学模型,并以实践验证。结果表明:一侧充分采动、一侧非充分采动条件下的孤岛工作面,能够与上覆巨厚关键层形成Γ型覆岩空间结构。所提实施方案满足现场工程要求,能够保证正常回采。

孤岛工作面  /  巨厚关键层  /  岩层运动  /  冲击地压  /  Γ型覆岩空间结构

In order to ensure the safe mining of isolated island working face with impact ground pressure,the isolated island working face mining under the condition of a thick and hard rock layer in a mine was taken as the background. Based on the key layer theory of rock layer control and the viewpoint of the spatial structure of overlying strata,the basic characteristics of the spatial structure of overlying strata formed in the isolated island working face were studied through case study,theoretical analysis,and on-site monitoring,as well as the monitoring and identification method and its anti-impact mining design. The formation process and distribution characteristics of the spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata were identified,and a mechanical model of reasonable width of the isolated island working face under the spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata and with the abutment pressure as the main assessment index was established and applied for verification. The results show that the isolated island working face under the condition of one side being fully mined and the other side not being fully mined can form a spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata with the overlying thick key layer,and the implementation scheme proposed in the paper meets the requirements of the field engineering and can ensure normal mining.

isolated island working face  /  thick key layer  /  strata movement  /  impact ground pressure  /  spatial structure of Γ-type overlying strata
董华东. 不同采动孤岛工作面覆岩结构研究与防冲应用. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (S1) : 115 -121 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0008
Huadong DONG. Structure of overlying strata on isolated island working faces with different mining degrees and anti-impact application[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (S1) : 115 -121 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0008
孤岛工作面一般存在两侧甚至多侧采空区,工作面采掘空间附近的应力集中程度高且分布复杂,推采过程受覆岩剧烈的运动影响,在采深、地质构造等多因素耦合作用,矿震和冲击地压等动力灾害频繁发生。强冲击不仅能够造成采掘空间的严重破坏,甚至可能酿成人员重大伤亡。冲击地压发生机理、监测结果和开采实践等综合表明[1-3]:矿震和冲击地压等强动力灾害的发生,与采场上覆厚硬关键层的破断以及覆岩结构失稳运动密切相关。国内学者在采场覆岩结构形成、演化和运动规律,以及应力分布与冲击地压发生关系方面开展了研究,如钱鸣高等[4]提出关键层理论,为研究采场覆岩结构形成和失稳提供了理论依据;姜福兴[5]基于采场的不同边界条件,提出O、S、C和θ型4类覆岩空间结构,拓展了传统矿压研究的范围;贺虎等[6]根据现场微震监测研究,提出覆岩空间结构的OX-F-T演化模型,为空间结构失稳型冲击地压防控提供了参考;张俊飞等[7]提出孤岛工作面有源和无源2类支承应力模型,得到孤岛工作面整体冲击失稳率及其冲击地压可能性判别方法,为孤岛工作面冲击地压预测防治提供了新方法。
基于此,笔者拟基于岩层控制的关键层理论和覆岩空间结构观点,以巨厚岩层条件下孤岛工作面设计与开采实践为研究背景,有针对性地探讨孤岛工作Γ型覆岩空间结构识别及其冲击防控方法。
孤岛工作面的一侧采空区宽度远大于开采深度,各级关键层充分破断、覆岩充分移动,形成充分采动区,另一侧厚硬主关键层仍受孤岛工作面“隔离”作用而未发生破断,处于非充分采动状态。孤岛工作面“Γ”型覆岩结构与“O-X”破断模式如图1所示。
在竖直方向上,由孤岛工作面、厚硬主关键层及其控制的覆岩组成两侧不对称的Γ型覆岩空间结构。非充分采动区一侧,地层在进入充分采动阶段之前,工作面最大破裂高度与采空区短边(工作面斜长或推采距离)长度有关,最大破裂高度约为采空区短边一半[58](图1a),工作面小范围(单工作面)开采后,采空区覆岩垂直最大破裂高度h1(h1≤0.5L1,)小于主关键层与煤层之间的层间距,或覆岩破裂高度发展到主关键层底部,但主关键层底部悬露尺寸小于其极限破断步距,尚不能引起主关键层破断运动;充分采动区一侧,根据矿山压力理论,破断后的厚硬主关键层岩块之间相互挤压、铰接,能够形成横跨一个甚至多工作面,且具有一定承载能力的挤压平衡结构,即关键层岩块铰接结构。岩梁断裂点连线与水平方向夹角称为移动角α,岩梁触矸点连线与水平方向夹角称为触矸角β,覆岩移动线(角)和触矸线(角)大小及位置需要根据岩层力学性状、工程类比、微震监测等综合确定。
在水平层面上,采空区上方低位亚关键层“O-X”结构的“X”破断线已相互贯通,不再形成完整的“O-X”断裂线,高位厚硬主关键层一侧已发生破断,因此随着孤岛工作面推采,主关键层只与非充分采动一侧的厚硬主关键层产生联动破断效应(图1b)。但是通过监测研究,孤岛工作面回采期间相邻的充分采动区上覆各级关键层仍可能发生失稳,即低位亚关键层回转滑移失稳,高位亚关键层剪切滑移失稳,厚硬主关键层极限破断失稳共3类失稳特征[9],因此,仍具有诱发矿震和冲击地压的可能性,开采过程需要监测和防控。
国内学者主要采用简化厚板理论[10]、弹性薄板理论[11-12]及模型,对厚硬关键层运动开展力学分析,但多数矿井的高位厚硬关键层赋存条件和采场实际支承边界复杂、多变,理论计算一般只作参考,而采用微震系统等[5-6]对采场覆岩运动进行“时—空—强”的监测定位与演化分析,是预(监)测厚硬关键层运动状态及其覆岩结构空间演化最有效的手段。
以某矿典型厚硬关键层下孤岛工作面覆岩空间结构监测研究为例,采用地表沉降观测、覆岩破断运动的微地震监测两种方法系统性阐述孤岛工作面覆岩空间结构的形成过程和Γ型分布特征。
某国有大型矿井主采煤层为太原群中部3煤层(3上、3下),当前主采的西十一采区东翼平均开采深度接近500 m,3上煤层平均厚度5.4 m,煤层具有强冲击倾向性,煤层的单轴抗压强度平均为18.5 MPa,倾角10°,结构简单、产状较稳定。距3上煤顶板约230 m处存在巨厚砾岩(主关键层),平均厚约110 m,多个钻孔显示砾岩在采区分布范围广泛,厚度变化相对较大。总体上砾岩具有厚度大、完整性好、强度高等特点。当前开采情况与工作面布置如图2所示。
地面沉降观测线大致沿南—北走向,测点布置在采空区的中部沿工作面倾向方向位置。在工作面开采完毕,地表经过成分充分沉降后,得到地面实测沉降实测曲线,如图3所示。3上510采空区的中部地面观测点最大下沉达到了3 450 mm,3上1107、3上1109之间采空区的地面观测点最大沉降值仅为1 050 mm。采用采空尺寸与开采深度比值D/H表示采动程度[15]D/H越大说明采动程度越高。当前3上1107、3上1109采空区的宽度之和D0=350 m,平均采深H0=500 m,相应的采动程度:D0/H0=350/500= 0.7,参考本矿的相邻采区及相似矿井充分采动下沉系数经验值0.75~0.95,推算该区域充分采动地面下沉量经验值为5.4×(0.75~0.95)×0.7=2.84~3.59 m,与3上510采空区最大下沉量3 450 mm较为接近,但明显大于3上1107、3上1109采空区对应的地面实际最大沉降值1 050 mm,表明该区域地面仍处于非充分沉降状态。
同时,微地震监测系统也进一步反映了工作面上覆岩层破裂规律,工作面微震观测结果如图4所示。3上1109工作面覆岩最大破裂高度约为80 m,紧邻接续的3上1107工作面开采后覆岩破裂高度进一步增加,最大破裂高度达到120 m,但整体岩层破裂高度并没有达到砾岩的赋存高度,微震监测表明巨厚砾岩未发生破断并处于相对稳定状态。
综合实测结果,3上1107、3上1109之间采空区上覆巨厚砾岩未破断并形成高位悬顶结构,3上1101、3上510属充分采动区,上覆关键层破断后地面充分沉降。因此,得到3上1103、3上1105工作面两侧关键层不同状态,孤岛工作面及其周边覆岩结构分布近似呈Γ型。
孤岛工作面平均静态支承压力估算模型如图5所示。
以Γ型覆岩空间结构为例,煤体正上方及其相邻非充分采动区悬顶岩层(不规则阴影区域S2)全部重量直接作用煤柱上;煤柱一侧覆岩移动线与触矸线之间岩层(倒三角阴影区域S1)重量只有一半传递至煤体上。得到Γ型覆岩空间结构的孤岛煤体静态支承压力:
p = S 1 2 + S 2 γ / L = ( 4 L + 2 L 1 - H c o t α + H c o t β ) γ H 4 L - ( L 1 - h 1 c o t α ) γ h 1 2 L
式中:p为孤岛工作面平均静态支承应力,MPa;γ为覆岩的平均容重,kN/m3,近似取γ=25 kN/m3
由此得到孤岛工作面Γ型覆岩空间结构采场条件下的当量开采深度H'为:
H ' = p γ = ( 4 L + 2 L 1 - H c o t α + H c o t β ) H 4 L - ( L 1 - h 1 c o t α ) h 1 2 L = H + H Δ H Δ = ( H - h 1 ) L 1 2 L + ( c o t β - c o t α ) H 2 4 L + h 1 2 c o t α 2 L
一般情况下,覆岩触矸角β<移动角α[16]βα取值范围分别为60°~70°、75°~85°,满足cotβ>cotα,并且存在H>h1,显然HΔ>0,表明在Γ型覆岩空间结构条件下,孤岛煤体所承受的静态支承压力将大于垂直原岩应力,即H'大于实际采深H,采用当量开采深度评估预测孤岛工作面冲击地压危险性更科学合理。
基于当量开采深度结果,分析工作面煤体发生冲击地压的可能指数IC为:
I C = K γ H ' / R C = K p / R C
式中: R C为孤岛工作面煤体的综合强度,MPa,RC 2 ρ L + 3 × L - 2 ρ L σ C [16];σC为煤体单轴抗压强度,MPa;ρ为巷道煤壁边缘塑性宽度,一般情况下ρ≈2~10 m;K为煤体应力集中系数。其中,IC反映工作面应力状态和冲击危险性程度,IC越大说明冲击失稳倾向性越高。
针对案例中孤岛工作面合理宽度设计(接续顺序3上1103→3上1105)难题,采用孤岛工作面覆岩空间结构观点,考虑工作面回采过程中煤体支承压力影响,将相关参数代入式(1)—式(3),分别以应力集中系数K=1.0(完全静态应力)、1.5和1.8倍作为孤岛工作面弱、中等和强冲击地压危险性阀值,得到孤岛工作面“平均支承应力-宽度”关系,如图6所示。由于孤岛工作面冲击地压高度安全性要求,理论得到工作面宽度不小于160 m,结合孤岛工作面回采期间工作面两侧煤体强卸压、留设区段煤柱和顺槽宽度等因素或要求,实际3上1105孤岛工作面宽度宜大于175~180 m。
鉴于多个典型孤岛工作面冲击地压事故的经验教训,结合现有研究结果和该矿开采实际经验,提出以下关键工作面的3个设计方案及其冲击危险性分析结果:
1) 方案1。强整体冲击危险、强局部冲击危险:将剩余宽度均等设计成2个工作面,接续顺序为3上1103→3上1105,则最后3上1105关键工作面的宽度为175 m,考虑2巷道附近留4 m煤柱、掘4 m巷道和施工15~20 m深的大直径卸压,关键工作面有效支撑宽度缩减为120~125 m。按照前文研究结果,此状态下最后一个孤岛工作面超过了整体冲击宽度下限。判断为强整体冲击危险、强局部冲击危险。实施兼顾整体和局部冲击灾害防治的措施工艺复杂,工程量大(包括孤岛工作面在内的4条巷道冲击防治),同时难以奏效。
2) 方案2。无整体冲击危险、弱局部冲击危险:3上1105和3上1103这2个工作面合并同采。当前西十一采区剩余的“大孤岛”宽度约350 m,设计采用一个大工作面整体布置方案,则对整体冲击地压防治最为有利,但不能排除局部冲击危险,本方案防冲工程量最小(只有大孤岛工作面的2条巷道防冲)。但是,还需要考虑地质条件(如煤层赋存、断层分布和顶板结构等)和开采技术因素(如“三机配套”水平和人员管理等)等,对维持煤炭产量稳定和技术管理要求等相对较高,实际实施的困难相对较大。
3) 方案3。弱(偏无)整体冲击危险、中等局部冲击危险:采用一小、一大2个工作面先后开采。缩小接续工作面(3上1103工作面)的宽度,3上1103工作面宽度设计为165 m,3上1105孤岛工作面宽度设计为185 m,保证最后的关键工作面(3上1105孤岛工作面)的宽度达到冲击地压防控的基本要求,整体上冲击危险性和防冲工程量中等(沿空工作面和弱(偏无)整体冲击危险的孤岛工作面在内的2条顺槽防冲,防冲工程量小于方案1,大于方案2)。
上述3种开采方案技术和效果的对比见表1
综合考虑冲击地压安全性要求及其防冲工程量大小、生产技术条件等因素,选择了上述第3种方案。现场3上1103、3上1105工作面设计宽度为165、185 m,接续顺序为3上1103→3上1105。
研究运用于开采实践,3上1105孤岛工作面回采过程中,除了局部区域出现应力预警和井下震动的现象(主要是推采速度大、煤层厚度变化及构造集中等区域),监测的工作面应力预警云图如图7a所示,监测的工作面近终采线附近微震事件平面分布如图8所示。由图8可知:绝大部分区域都处于相对稳定的状态,当工作面出现应力预警前兆或者强矿震等动力显现时,现场果断采取大直径钻孔卸压防治措施,主动降低推采速(强)度,提高工作面高超前支护距离和强度,加强测点布置与监测分析力度(图9),积极排查冲击灾害隐患,实施多手段综合防控措施后,能够有效降低巷道围岩应力在预警值以下,保持巷道围岩的低应力状态,将孤岛工作面矿震威胁程度和冲击地压危险性控制在其可控范围以内,如图7b所示。最终实现孤岛工作面有震无灾的安全回采预期目标。
1) 巨厚岩层下孤岛工作面覆岩空间特征复杂,往往是诱发灾害的关键工作面,以某矿巨厚坚硬砾岩条件下孤岛工作面为背景,理论分析了两侧不同采动形成的Γ型覆岩空间结构特征。
2) 利用地表沉降观测、覆岩运动的微震监测、
数值计算和相似材料模拟试验等方法,能够预测厚硬主关键层运动规律,从而辨识孤岛工作面采前覆岩空间结构特征。通过某矿微震监测和地面沉降观测,验证了采场Γ型覆岩空间结构特征。
3) 基于理论分析和监测结果,建立的Γ型覆岩空间结构条件下孤岛工作面冲击地压发生模型,以工作面应力作为主要评估指标,得出孤岛工作面利于整体性防冲的宽度应大于175 m,并通过3个方案的工程对比,最终确定孤岛工作面的合理开采设计方案(方案3)与宽度(3上1105孤岛工作面实际宽度为185 m)参数。
4) 理论上,虽然采用方案3能够保证工作面的正常安全回采,但是考虑煤层赋存、断层分布和顶板结构等地质条件,以及“三机配套”水平和人员管理、技术管理要求复杂等因素,孤岛工作面整体布置方案实际实施的困难相对较大,实践中尚未能实施方案3。
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2024年第34卷第S1期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.S1.0008
  • 接收时间:2024-02-05
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-06-30
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-05
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    国能锦界能源有限责任公司,陕西 榆林 719000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
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species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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