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In order to reduce conflicts between heterogeneous traffic flows during overtaking,a non-motorized lane width design method that considers avoidance maneuver in heterogeneous traffic was proposed. This method represents an improvement over the traditional design approach. Firstly,the conflict levels of non-motorized vehicles were analyzed through the deceleration group proportions and pedaling cadence. Secondly,a vehicle-to-vehicle force model was established to calculate the forces between different types of vehicles. The additional safety gap was determined based on the relationship between these forces and lateral width. The recommended non-motorized lane width was the sum of the traditional lane width and the additional safety gap. Then,the rationality of the proposed design method was evaluated based on the safety levels of non-motorized lanes with different widths,which was obtained from the safety evaluation model developed in this research. Finally,data from four non-motorized lanes in Xi'an city were analyzed as case studies. The research results show that the deceleration group proportion is 0.93 times,pedaling cadence increases by 0.07 revolutions per second,and the road safety value is 1.07 times compared to traditional non-motorized lanes in non-motorized lanes accommodating heterogeneous traffic. These findings demonstrate that lanes meeting the design width have lower conflicts and greater safety.

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为降低超车过程中异质交通流间的冲突,在传统非机动车道宽度设计方法基础上,提出一种考虑异质交通流避让行为的设计方法。首先,采用减速群体占比和踏频值分析车辆的受干扰程度;其次,通过建立车-车作用力模型计算不同类型车辆间的作用力,拟合作用力与避让间距的关系求解安全避让距离,可得推荐非机动车道宽度为传统车道宽度及安全避让距离之和;然后,建立安全评价模型,评价不同宽度非机动车道的安全性,以验证该设计方法的合理性;最后,实例分析西安市4个路段非机动车道的骑行样本。结果表明: 2车混行的非机动车道中,减速群体占比为传统非机动车道的0.93倍,骑行踏频值提高0.07圈/s,道路安全值是传统非机动车道的1.07倍,车道内的干扰更小,骑行者更为安全。

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李 岩 (1983—),男,河北衡水人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、驾驶行为、交通信号控制等方面的研究。E-mail:

汪帆,高级工程师

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李 岩 (1983—),男,河北衡水人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、驾驶行为、交通信号控制等方面的研究。E-mail:

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李 岩 (1983—),男,河北衡水人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、驾驶行为、交通信号控制等方面的研究。E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=a8RLBT6WEDUrWQ1QkB9EtQ==, figureFileBig=lkakzE1HLZABpdV6JYUDVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812242796982711, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=图6, caption=横向间距与作用力拟合图, figureFileSmall=a8RLBT6WEDUrWQ1QkB9EtQ==, figureFileBig=lkakzE1HLZABpdV6JYUDVw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812242868285881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Design of non-motorized lane cross-section, figureFileSmall=RMdkBaM12VSgCS4pVVfd8w==, figureFileBig=d+gvoEm+zJUqTlZtaKncRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812242947977659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=图7, caption=非机动车道断面设计, figureFileSmall=RMdkBaM12VSgCS4pVVfd8w==, figureFileBig=d+gvoEm+zJUqTlZtaKncRw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167812243040252349, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Characteristics of valid sample data set

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段名 宽度/m 机非隔离形式 流率/
(辆·h-1)
类型 采集样本
数/个
速度平均值/
(m·s-1)
加速度绝对平均
值/(m·s-2)
长安路 3.2 绿化带隔离 982 自由骑行 120 3.26 0.375
超车干扰 582 2.42 0.329
二环南路 2.8 划线隔离 942 自由骑行 120 3.23 0.371
超车干扰 512 2.35 0.325
文艺南路 2.5 绿化带隔离 771 自由骑行 120 3.22 0.368
超车干扰 455 2.31 0.322
小寨路 2.0 绿化带隔离
与护栏隔离
725 自由骑行 120 3.16 0.360
超车干扰 386 2.26 0.318
), ArticleFig(id=1167812243140915647, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

有效样本特性

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段名 宽度/m 机非隔离形式 流率/
(辆·h-1)
类型 采集样本
数/个
速度平均值/
(m·s-1)
加速度绝对平均
值/(m·s-2)
长安路 3.2 绿化带隔离 982 自由骑行 120 3.26 0.375
超车干扰 582 2.42 0.329
二环南路 2.8 划线隔离 942 自由骑行 120 3.23 0.371
超车干扰 512 2.35 0.325
文艺南路 2.5 绿化带隔离 771 自由骑行 120 3.22 0.368
超车干扰 455 2.31 0.322
小寨路 2.0 绿化带隔离
与护栏隔离
725 自由骑行 120 3.16 0.360
超车干扰 386 2.26 0.318
), ArticleFig(id=1167812243249967553, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters and calibration results of the vehicle-vehicle force model

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 描述
m α 75 常规自行车人车质量/kg
m β 115 电动自行车人车质量/kg
kαα 0.019 8 常规-常规自行车作用力参数
kαβ 0.021 2 常规-电动自行车作用力参数
kββ 0.023 6 电动-电动自行车作用力参数
), ArticleFig(id=1167812243342242244, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

车-车作用力模型参数及标定结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 描述
m α 75 常规自行车人车质量/kg
m β 115 电动自行车人车质量/kg
kαα 0.019 8 常规-常规自行车作用力参数
kαβ 0.021 2 常规-电动自行车作用力参数
kββ 0.023 6 电动-电动自行车作用力参数
), ArticleFig(id=1167812245288399302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Statistics on reserved widths at the edges of separation facilities m

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机非隔离
类型
均值 最小值 15%位分
位数
85%位分
位数
划线隔离 0.13 0.05 0.11 0.15
护栏隔离 0.28 0.12 0.21 0.30
绿化隔离 0.32 0.14 0.23 0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1167812245397451208, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

机非隔离设施边缘预留宽度统计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
机非隔离
类型
均值 最小值 15%位分
位数
85%位分
位数
划线隔离 0.13 0.05 0.11 0.15
护栏隔离 0.28 0.12 0.21 0.30
绿化隔离 0.32 0.14 0.23 0.38
), ArticleFig(id=1167812245506503114, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of non-motorized lane widths design m

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
满足条件 常规自行车虚拟
车道宽度
电动自行车虚拟
车道宽度
划线/护栏/绿化带
隔离边缘宽度值
路缘石边缘
宽度值
安全避让
距离
总宽度
常规-常规
自行车避让
1.0×2 0.15 0.25 0.31 2.71
0.30 2.86
0.38 2.94
常规-电动
自行车避让
1.0 0.98 0.15 0.25 0.38 2.76
0.30 2.91
0.38 3.00
电动-电动
自行车避让
0.98×2 0.15 0.25 0.47 2.83
0.30 2.98
0.38 3.06
), ArticleFig(id=1167812245628137932, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

非机动车道宽度设计

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
满足条件 常规自行车虚拟
车道宽度
电动自行车虚拟
车道宽度
划线/护栏/绿化带
隔离边缘宽度值
路缘石边缘
宽度值
安全避让
距离
总宽度
常规-常规
自行车避让
1.0×2 0.15 0.25 0.31 2.71
0.30 2.86
0.38 2.94
常规-电动
自行车避让
1.0 0.98 0.15 0.25 0.38 2.76
0.30 2.91
0.38 3.00
电动-电动
自行车避让
0.98×2 0.15 0.25 0.47 2.83
0.30 2.98
0.38 3.06
), ArticleFig(id=1167812245691052494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Safety evaluation indicators of non-motorized lanes

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段名 路段宽度/m λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 P 1 P 2 P 3 道路安全值M
长安路 3.2 0.429/0.452/0.119 0.108/0.178/0.012 7.80
二环南路 2.8 0.410/0.479/0.111 0.112/0.185/0.015 7.34
文艺南路 2.5 0.374/0.516/0.110 0.119/0.192/0.021 6.85
小寨路 2.0 0.290/0.601/0.109 0.125/0.218/0.037 5.84
), ArticleFig(id=1167812245758161360, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149735937518780492, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

非机动车道安全评价模型

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段名 路段宽度/m λ 1 λ 2 λ 3 P 1 P 2 P 3 道路安全值M
长安路 3.2 0.429/0.452/0.119 0.108/0.178/0.012 7.80
二环南路 2.8 0.410/0.479/0.111 0.112/0.185/0.015 7.34
文艺南路 2.5 0.374/0.516/0.110 0.119/0.192/0.021 6.85
小寨路 2.0 0.290/0.601/0.109 0.125/0.218/0.037 5.84
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考虑异质交通流冲突的非机动车道宽度设计
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李岩 1 , 邵进 1 , 刘林建 2 , 梁淑娟 1 , 汪帆 1, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(10): 80-87
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(10): 80-87
考虑异质交通流冲突的非机动车道宽度设计
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李岩1 , 邵进1, 刘林建2, 梁淑娟1, 汪帆1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学 运输工程学院,陕西 西安 710064
  • 2 常州市规划设计院,江苏 常州 213000
  • 3 中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
  • 李 岩 (1983—),男,河北衡水人,博士,教授,主要从事交通安全、驾驶行为、交通信号控制等方面的研究。E-mail:

    汪帆,高级工程师

A methodology for non-motorized lane design considering heterogeneous traffic conflicts
Yan LI1 , Jin SHAO1, Linjian LIU2, Shujuan LIANG1, Fan WANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Transportation Engineering,Chang'an University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China
  • 2 Changzhou City Planning and Design Institute,Changzhou Jiangsu 213000,China
  • 3 First Highway Consultants Co.,Ltd.,China Communications Construction Company,Xi'an Shaanxi 710075,China
出版时间: 2024-10-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1652
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为降低超车过程中异质交通流间的冲突,在传统非机动车道宽度设计方法基础上,提出一种考虑异质交通流避让行为的设计方法。首先,采用减速群体占比和踏频值分析车辆的受干扰程度;其次,通过建立车-车作用力模型计算不同类型车辆间的作用力,拟合作用力与避让间距的关系求解安全避让距离,可得推荐非机动车道宽度为传统车道宽度及安全避让距离之和;然后,建立安全评价模型,评价不同宽度非机动车道的安全性,以验证该设计方法的合理性;最后,实例分析西安市4个路段非机动车道的骑行样本。结果表明: 2车混行的非机动车道中,减速群体占比为传统非机动车道的0.93倍,骑行踏频值提高0.07圈/s,道路安全值是传统非机动车道的1.07倍,车道内的干扰更小,骑行者更为安全。

异质交通流  /  非机动车道  /  宽度设计  /  车-车作用力  /  踏频值  /  安全避让距离

In order to reduce conflicts between heterogeneous traffic flows during overtaking,a non-motorized lane width design method that considers avoidance maneuver in heterogeneous traffic was proposed. This method represents an improvement over the traditional design approach. Firstly,the conflict levels of non-motorized vehicles were analyzed through the deceleration group proportions and pedaling cadence. Secondly,a vehicle-to-vehicle force model was established to calculate the forces between different types of vehicles. The additional safety gap was determined based on the relationship between these forces and lateral width. The recommended non-motorized lane width was the sum of the traditional lane width and the additional safety gap. Then,the rationality of the proposed design method was evaluated based on the safety levels of non-motorized lanes with different widths,which was obtained from the safety evaluation model developed in this research. Finally,data from four non-motorized lanes in Xi'an city were analyzed as case studies. The research results show that the deceleration group proportion is 0.93 times,pedaling cadence increases by 0.07 revolutions per second,and the road safety value is 1.07 times compared to traditional non-motorized lanes in non-motorized lanes accommodating heterogeneous traffic. These findings demonstrate that lanes meeting the design width have lower conflicts and greater safety.

heterogeneous traffic-flow  /  non-motorized lane  /  width design  /  vehicle-vehicle force  /  pedaling cadence  /  additional safety gap
李岩, 邵进, 刘林建, 梁淑娟, 汪帆. 考虑异质交通流冲突的非机动车道宽度设计. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (10) : 80 -87 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1652
Yan LI, Jin SHAO, Linjian LIU, Shujuan LIANG, Fan WANG. A methodology for non-motorized lane design considering heterogeneous traffic conflicts[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (10) : 80 -87 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1652
随着低碳交通和共享交通的兴起,非机动车的出行需求持续增加。同时,由于电动车行业的飞速崛起,电动车使用者越来越多。因此,非机动车道常呈现出自行车、电动车混合行驶的情况,形成异质交通流[1]。电动车的骑行速度接近自行车的2倍[2],车辆混行时,常出现电动车快速超越自行车的情况,给自行车骑行者带来干扰[3]。此时,骑行者会产生避让行为,若避让空间不够,则诱发事故的概率很高。因此,非机动车道宽度的设计应考虑到超车冲突时车辆所需的避让宽度[4]。而传统的非机动车道宽度是由基于自行车在无干扰状态下所需的必要行驶空间[5]确定的,不能满足异质交通流避让的需要。所以亟需提出考虑异质交通流避让行为的非机动车道设计方法,以保证骑行者安全。
存在异质交通流的非机动车道可从流量和安全2个角度进行优化设计。基于流量的方法通过车辆换算系数将混合车流换算成单一车流[6],并依据自行车流量反推车道宽度[7];基于安全的方法探究冲突时车辆间的相互作用机制,评估车辆在避让过程中受到的干扰程度,得到干扰最低时的道路宽度值[8]。研究非机动车相互作用的理论模型主要包括元胞自动机模型[9]和社会力模型[10]。元胞自动机模型离散车辆的纵横向运动,计算效率高[11];社会力模型通过分析排斥力和吸引力,描述车辆间的相互作用[12-13]。基于安全的方法相比于基于流量的方法能更清晰地反映车辆间相互作用过程,但对异质交通流关注不足。因此,需考虑异质交通流的特性,从安全角度设计非机动车道。由于元胞尺寸和仿真步长的限制,元胞自动机模型在捕捉不同类型骑车者行为差异时存在局限性[14];社会力模型能更全面地描述异质交通流间的相互作用[15-16],但传统的社会力模型主要针对行人群体,应建立更能反映非机动车特性的作用力模型。骑行者的受干扰程度主要通过骑行者的横向位移、速度、加速度等时域指标评估[17]。但避让过程中,骑行轨迹持续变化且时域指标变化不明显,而频域分析可将时域数据转化成频域信号,从而更好地从微观层面体现车道内的干扰严重程度。
鉴于此,笔者拟在传统车道设计基础上增加考虑冲突时异质交通流所需的安全避让距离,从而优化非机动车道宽度,提高骑行安全性。通过建立车-车作用力模型,求解不同车辆类型间安全避让距离,并通过频域数据评估骑行者的受干扰程度,以期验证该方法的合理性。
非机动车的骑行状态可分为自由骑行、并列骑行、超车骑行。当车辆超车时,车辆间会发生避让,避让行为如图1所示,这将导致超车骑行比其他骑行状态需要更多的横向空间以满足避让需求。同时,由于车辆超车时的轨迹持续变化,在超越瞬间,即2车并排时,所需的宽度最大,为最不利情景,如果该时刻车辆间的横向距离足够,车辆可安全超车,在其他骑行状态下也可安全行驶。由于城市中非机动车道宽度有限,多数车道宽度仅满足2车通行,且拥堵通常发生在交叉口处,非机动车道路段中拥堵情况较少,多是2车之间的避让。因此,主要针对2车超车时的最不利情景优化设计非机动车道,满足非机动车避让需求且避免过多占用道路资源。
传统非机动车道设计方法中满足2辆自行车并行时的宽度设计为2.5m[5]。通过分析车辆超车时的避让特性,判断出传统非机动车道是否满足车辆避让的需要。频域分析法可对自行车动力学参数进行频域分解,根据其自行车齿轮转动变化频率获取骑行者踏频值。对比骑行者在避让骑行与自由骑行时的踏频值,反映骑行者的受干扰严重程度,若骑行者受到严重干扰,则需要对其进行优化设计。
车道内部发生严重冲突时,则说明车辆间的横向间距不足,应考虑车辆间的安全避让距离。避让距离的产生主要由车辆间的作用力引起,建立车-车作用力模型可分析力与避让距离的关系,求解安全避让距离。传统设计中通常选用0.75m作为机动车与非机动车隔离设施(简称机非隔离设施)边缘预留宽度的实际应用值,该宽度可通过统计分析不同隔离设施下的骑行样本数据改进。85%分位值相较于平均数更能反映出大多数样本的骑行状况。因此,可将其作为不同隔离设施下的机非隔离设施边缘预留宽度值。
为验证宽度设计方法的合理性,构建冲突环境下非机动车道安全评价模型,判断优化后车道的安全性。骑行者受到的干扰程度越大,安全性越低。可根据不同避让状态下的踏频值精确量化非机动车道的安全系数,以评估不同宽度车道的安全性。
综上所述,非机动车道宽度设计思路如图2所示。
频域分析法将时域信号通过傅里叶变换分解成频域信号,观察信号在不同频率上的表现,可揭示时域分析中难以察觉的新特征。对相应特征变量进行物理解释,能更全面地揭示事物的运行规律。
当信号的功率频谱密度和一个系数相乘会得到每单位频率对应的能量值,为该信号的功率谱密度(Power Spectral Density,PSD),即单位频带内的信号功率值。信号功率一般用离散傅里叶变换得到的幅值平方度量。在分析避让影响时段内的加速度频谱过程中,加速度信号f(t)在时间段t∈(-T/2,T/2)内(T为时间窗长度)用fT(t)表示,则fT(t)的傅里叶变换为FT(ω),此时,加速度信号的功率为|FT(ω)|2,其功率谱密度函数P(ω)见下式:
P (ω) = l i m T | F T ( ω ) | 2 2 π T
加速度功率谱密度函数反映了功率与频率的关系,最大功率对应的频率值即为自行车骑行者加速度的最频繁变换频率值 η m a x。假设自行车前、后齿轮的齿数分别为 a b,自行车的加速由后轮驱动,所以后齿轮单位时间内加速次数与自行车的单位时间的加速次数相同,即 η m a x,对应前齿轮单位时间内加速次数可由下式计算。假设正常情况下脚踏板转动一圈,即前齿轮转动一圈平均需要加速 δ次,则单位时间内脚踏板转动的圈数,即踏频值,可由下式计算:
s = η m a x · b a
Q = s δ
式中: s为自行车前齿轮单位时间内加速的次数;Q为踏频值,r/s。
识别出避让过程的踏频值后,对比自由骑行群体的踏频变化,可分析骑行者在冲突时的避让行为,判断骑行者的受干扰程度。
非机动车道设计时需考虑最不利情形,即超车时的并行瞬间。因此,计算获得车辆并行瞬间所需的道路宽度,将其作为非机车道的设计宽度。为便于计算车道断面宽度,引入虚拟车道概念[4]。假设非机动车道中有x条常规自行车道,y条电动自行车道(x+y=2),冲突环境下非机动车道断面的设计可转化为确定如图3所示的虚拟车道宽度、安全避让距离以及隔离设施边缘预留宽度值。
非机动车道总宽度由下式计算:
w = d 1 × x + d 2 × y + g i × ( x + y - 1 ) + h j + z
式中: w为冲突环境下的非机动车道设计宽度,m; d 1 d 2分别为常规自行车和电动自行车的车体宽度与摆动范围,m; g i为车辆之间的安全避让宽度,m, i = 1,2 3,分别表示常规-常规自行车、常规-电动自行车、电动-电动自行车; h j为机非隔离设施边缘预留宽度值,m, j = 1,2 3,分别表示划线、护栏和绿化带隔离;z为路缘石边缘预留宽度,m。
车体宽度和摆动范围的取值参照文献[5],常规自行车的车体宽度为0.6m,摆动范围左右两侧取0.2m,电动自行车车体宽度为0.68m,摆动范围比传统自行车偏小,在0.15m以内,因此, d 1 d 2分别取1.0和0.98m;z通常取0.25m[18]
建立车-车作用力模型计算安全避让宽度。车辆间的作用力包括心理力和物理力,由于不涉及车辆间的碰撞,仅考虑心理力的作用。传统社会力模型主要针对行人群体,与非机动车属性并不一致,基于万有引力模型的思想对骑行者的心理力建模,当骑行者距离越远时,作用力越小;心理感知越危险时,作用力越大。但由于人的感知复杂多变,较难直接量化,因此,采用排斥力作用参数修正人车质量表征心理感知。不同类型车辆间的车-车作用力 V α α V α β V β β计算见下式:
V α α = k α α m α · m α D α α 2 n α α
V α β = k α β m α · m β D α β 2 n α β
V β β = k β β m β · m β D β β 2 n β β
式中: α为常规自行车;β为电动自行车;kααkαβkββ为不同类型车辆间的排斥作用力参数;mαmβ为人车质量,kg;DααDαβDββ为不同类型车辆间的距离,m;nααnαβnββ为单位方向向量,表示作用力的方向。
需要标定的参数为mαmβkααkαβkββ,通过规范以及实地测量数据标定mαmβ,利用遗传算法标定排斥作用力参数[19]
拟合车-车作用力和避让距离,得到避让距离与作用力的表达式,将所有骑行者间的平均作用力带入表达式,得到的避让距离即为安全避让距离。
冲突环境下的非机动车道安全评价指标可通过骑行者在该车道内避让时的受干扰程度表征。骑行者的踏频变化幅度反映了避让过程中的受干扰程度,其值越大表示骑行者作出的加速或减速避让反应越明显,采取的避让行为越紧急,骑行状态越不稳定,骑行安全性越低。不同避让行为的特性存在差异,采取加速、减速、匀速避让的3类群体,踏频变化幅度不同,故需要在避让行为分类基础上进行非机动车道的安全评价。
踏频的变化幅度与骑行安全性成反比关系,车道中所有骑行者的踏频变化幅度总和越小,说明该车道的安全性越高。因此,以3类避让群体踏频变化幅度之和的倒数为指标,构建安全评价模型。踏频的变化幅度 q r可由下式计算,由此建立安全评价模型。
q r = Q 85 r - Q 15 r
M = 1 r = 1 3 ( λ r · q r )
式中: Q 85 r Q 15 r分别为避让群体踏频值的85%分位数和15%分位数,即有效数据的上限与下限; r = 1,2 3,分别为加速、减速、匀速避让群体; M为道路安全值; λ r q r分别为3类避让群体的占比和踏频变化幅度。
调查地点的设置应遵循如下规则:非机动车道宽度应覆盖常见的设计,便于研究不同宽度下非机动车运行特性;隔离设施应包括标线、护栏、绿化带等;以基本路段的非机动车道为主,远离交叉口、建筑出入口和公交站;道路整平,没有坡度。结合上述原则,选取西安市的4个路段如图4所示。
调查人员记录非机动车道的宽度及周边静态设施情况,并在非机动车道上方架设摄像拍摄设备,连续记录非机动车自由骑行以及超车或并行事件的发生过程。调查时间选择通勤早高峰7:00—9:00。
采用运动分析软件Simi Motion逐个分析骑行全过程的速度、位移变化、避让对象的车型、避让发生时间点、避让持续时间等。视频导入Simi Motion软件后,同时追踪电动自行车和常规自行车,从冲突开始至冲突完全结束为止。追踪完成后进行轨迹导出和数据获取,导出目标自行车的骑行数据包括位移、横纵向的行驶速度、横纵向的行驶加速度等。最终采集到的有效样本共计2 415个,其中,480组为自由骑行样本,1 935组为干扰骑行样本。不同道路的有效样本数据见表1
不同道路中骑行者的踏频变化如图5所示。冲突时加速群体的踏频变化范围为0.90~1.20 r/s,减速群体为0.40~0.86 r/s,减速避让行为的踏频最大变化率比加速高23.7%。因此,相对于加速避让群体,冲突干扰对减速避让群体的影响更大。
长安路中选择减速避让的骑行者占比最少,为45.2%,减速群体的平均踏频相对于自由踏频下降14.6%。随着非机动车道宽度的降低,其他道路的减速避让群体占比相对于长安路分别增加2.7%、6.4%和14.9%,平均踏频值下降程度相对于长安路分别增加3.3%、6.6%和18.0%。非机动车道宽度小于2.5m时,选择减速避让的群体个数激增,同时减速幅度明显变大,证明存在较为严重的冲突,需要优化设计传统非机动车道的宽度。
首先,标定车-车作用力参数。对于 m α m β,测量各类自行车的平均质量约为15kg;新国标规定电动自行车标准质量为55kg;观测样本里不同群体的平均质量为60kg,因此, m α m β分别取75与115kg。对于kααkαβkββ,先确定参数的取值范围为[0.01,1],然后进行遗传算法迭代。采用基于轨迹的校核指标,取测定坐标与实际坐标的绝对位置之差作为目标函数,设最大迭代数为200,交叉概率为0.9,变异概率为0.01。多次迭代均得到相邻2次迭代的目标函数差值小于0.01,且无跌宕现象,说明群体已趋于稳定。相关参数标定结果见表2
拟合2车间作用力值 V α α V α β V β β和避让距离gi的结果如图6所示。
图6可知:避让距离与作用力呈指数分布,拟合度分别为0.892 6、0.850 7和0.874 2,均大于0.85,拟合效果较好,表达式见下式。计算可得,常规-常规自行车的安全避让距离为0.31m;常规-电动自行车的安全避让距离为0.38m;电动-电动自行车的安全避让距离为0.47m。
g i = 6.701 e x p ( - 0.436 V α α ) i = 1 26.713 e x p ( - 0.447 V α β ) i = 2 11.298 e x p ( - 0.280 V β β ) i = 3
不同机非隔离设施的边缘预留宽度值计算结果见表3;取85%分位数作为隔离设施预留宽度值。
根据冲突环境下的车道宽度计算公式,设计不同道路设施条件的非机动车道宽度,结果见表4。研究结果表明:冲突环境下满足2辆自行车避让需求的宽度设计范围为2.71~2.94m,满足常规自行车与电动自行车避让需求和满足两辆电动车避让需求的宽度设计范围为2.76~3.06m。图7为冲突环境下非机动车道断面设计图。
所选4条道路的非机动车道均存在常规自行车和电动自行车混行的情况。若满足2辆电动自行车的避让条件,则其他车型组合均能安全超车,因此,车道宽度应满足电动-电动自行车避让下的车道设计宽度。长安路为3.2m,满足隔离类型为绿化带时,电动-电动自行车避让条件下的非机动车道宽度(3.06m)。二环南路为2.8m,基本满足隔离类型为划线时,电动-电动车避让条件下的非机动车道宽度(2.83m)。文艺南路和小寨路均不满足常规-常规自行车避让条件下的非机动车道宽度。
分析不同设计宽度的非机动车道安全性,安全评价指标见表5。4条道路对应的安全值分别为7.80、7.34、6.85和5.84。安全值越低,说明发生冲突避让时的风险越大,交通碰撞事故的概率也越大。4条道路的平均安全值为7.10,其中,二环南路和长安路的安全值相对于平均安全值分别提高3.38%和9.86%。而文艺南路和小寨路的安全值相对于平均安全值分别降低3.52%和17.7%。进一步验证了满足该设计宽度时,车辆受到干扰较小,安全性更高。
1) 针对传统非机动车道设计的限制,提出考虑冲突的非机动车道宽度设计方法。满足设计要求的车道中减速群体占比和踏频值变化程度均降低10%左右,表明骑行者的受干扰程度有所降低,所提出的方法可满足异质交通流避让的需要。
2) 常规-常规自行车、常规-电动自行车、电动-电动自行车之间的安全避让距离分别为0.31、0.38和0.47m。满足两车避让的宽度范围为2.71~3.06m。
3) 长安路、二环南路、文艺南路和小寨路对应的道路安全值分别为7.80、7.34、6.85和5.84,表明满足该宽度设计要求的车道安全性更高。
4) 本文主要以西安市4条代表性非机动车道的数据为基础,未考虑不同季节、天气、道路坡度等环境因素,后续研究中将进一步在其他城市不同道路条件下验证该宽度设计公式的适用性。
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2024年第34卷第10期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.10.1652
  • 接收时间:2024-04-12
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-10-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-12
  • 修回日期:2024-07-20
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    1 长安大学 运输工程学院,陕西 西安 710064
    2 常州市规划设计院,江苏 常州 213000
    3 中交第一公路勘察设计研究院有限公司,陕西 西安 710075
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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