Article(id=1149738719848084463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)08-0195-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1501, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1708531200000, receivedDateStr=2024-02-22, revisedDate=1716393600000, revisedDateStr=2024-05-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048671924, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1724774400000, pubDateStr=2024-08-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048671924, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048671924, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048671924, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738718707237637, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='8', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048671651, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756376992009, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1167893010143519454, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738718707237637, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=195, endPage=203, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738720586281970, articleId=1149738719848084463, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Redundancy analysis of road traffic network considering path characteristics, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the influence of road section characteristics on path redundancy and the redundancy ability of road traffic networks under emergencies,based on the traditional method of path redundancy quantity in road networks,considering the efficiency difference and overlap degree between effective paths,a redundancy evaluation model based on path diversity and redundancy ability under emergencies was constructed. The influence of different costs on path diversity and the influence of emergencies on redundancy ability were analyzed,and the sensitivity analysis of redundancy ability was carried out. The results show that the path diversity in the road traffic network depends on the type of travel path cost and the difference between the travel cost of the road section. The closer the travel cost of the road section is,the higher the number of effective paths is,and the higher the path diversity is. In the emergency scenario,the redundancy of the road network depends on the importance of the failed road section. The more important the failed road section is,the lower the network redundancy is. The increase of travel cost tolerance within a certain range helps to improve the redundancy capacity of the road network during emergencies. Too high or too low travel cost tolerance will not significantly improve the redundancy capacity of the network.

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为探究路段特性对路径冗余的影响以及突发事件下道路交通网络的冗余能力,在传统道路网络路径冗余数量方法的基础上,考虑有效路径之间的效率差异和重叠程度,构建基于路径多样性以及突发事件下冗余能力的冗余性评估模型;分析不同成本对路径多样性的影响和突发事件对冗余能力的影响,并对冗余能力进行敏感性分析。结果表明:道路交通网络中路径多样性取决于出行路径成本的类别以及路段出行成本之间的差异,路段出行成本越接近,有效路径的数量越多,路径多样性越高;突发事件场景下道路网络冗余性取决于失效路段的重要程度,失效路段越重要,网络冗余性越低;出行成本容忍度在一定范围内的增加有助于提高突发事件下道路网络的冗余能力,过高或过低的出行成本容忍度都不会对网络的冗余能力有较为明显的提高。

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路庆昌 (1984—),男,山东聊城人,博士,教授,主要从事交通网络建模与分析、交通行为学、交通与环境、气候变化与交通系统以及交通大数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

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路庆昌 (1984—),男,山东聊城人,博士,教授,主要从事交通网络建模与分析、交通行为学、交通与环境、气候变化与交通系统以及交通大数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

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路庆昌 (1984—),男,山东聊城人,博士,教授,主要从事交通网络建模与分析、交通行为学、交通与环境、气候变化与交通系统以及交通大数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

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Research on snow-removal vehicle routing problem based on criticality of road segment[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2010., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1167877845222175034, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, awardId=71971029, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(71971029), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1167877845289283899, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, awardId=2021JC-28, language=CN, fundingSource=陕西省杰出青年基金(2021JC-28), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1167877841954812155, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1167877841963200764, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, companyId=1167877841954812155, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Electronics and 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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Guizhou provincial regional expressway network capability after the failure of each link, figureFileSmall=qylGYMsCGjqtoHbpSF/3rQ==, figureFileBig=YQzSvgHxqS+rkMSWtD6jhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877844559474993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=CN, label=图7, caption=贵州区域高速路网各路段失效后网络的冗余能力, figureFileSmall=qylGYMsCGjqtoHbpSF/3rQ==, figureFileBig=YQzSvgHxqS+rkMSWtD6jhg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877844618195250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Sensitivity analysis of τ on Sioux Falls network redundancy capability, figureFileSmall=whXGtAQEErHxLvxBCOHY2A==, figureFileBig=n77pf89vkEI0qH7niAMp+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877844672721203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=CN, label=图8, caption=Sioux Falls网络冗余能力的敏感性分析, figureFileSmall=whXGtAQEErHxLvxBCOHY2A==, figureFileBig=n77pf89vkEI0qH7niAMp+w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1167877844727247156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Sioux Falls network statistical indicators of path number distribution with different cost

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径成本 路径数量/条 最大值 最小值 平均值 仅有一条有效路径的OD比例/% 路径多样性/条
长度 2 065 40 1 3.74 35.33 2.56
自由流时间 1 314 18 1 2.38 52.36 2.06
时间(考虑拥堵) 1 349 14 1 2.44 46.20 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1167877844785967413, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

Sioux Falls网络在不同成本下路径数量分布统计指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径成本 路径数量/条 最大值 最小值 平均值 仅有一条有效路径的OD比例/% 路径多样性/条
长度 2 065 40 1 3.74 35.33 2.56
自由流时间 1 314 18 1 2.38 52.36 2.06
时间(考虑拥堵) 1 349 14 1 2.44 46.20 1.87
), ArticleFig(id=1167877844857270582, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Network performance indicators loss rate ranked top 10 links

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段
编号
平均出行
时间/min
损失
比例
路段
编号
路径多样
性/条
损失
比例
路段
编号
网络
效率
损失
比例
路段
编号
冗余
能力
43 11.91 0.397 25 1.19 0.365 56 0.040 0.041 28 0.50
28 11.87 0.393 43 1.22 0.353 18 0.040 0.040 43 0.52
56 11.22 0.316 28 1.24 0.338 29 0.040 0.035 26 0.70
60 11.22 0.316 26 1.25 0.333 37 0.040 0.030 25 0.71
26 11.01 0.292 27 1.33 0.292 30 0.041 0.023 67 0.73
25 10.96 0.286 38 1.22 0.290 32 0.041 0.021 50 0.73
23 10.90 0.279 23 1.35 0.281 5 0.041 0.017 55 0.74
13 10.87 0.276 13 1.35 0.278 16 0.041 0.015 46 0.74
38 10.69 0.254 60 1.36 0.273 20 0.041 0.014 60 0.74
37 10.66 0.250 32 1.37 0.271 72 0.041 0.014 57 0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1167877844932768055, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

网络性能指标损失率排名前10位的路段

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路段
编号
平均出行
时间/min
损失
比例
路段
编号
路径多样
性/条
损失
比例
路段
编号
网络
效率
损失
比例
路段
编号
冗余
能力
43 11.91 0.397 25 1.19 0.365 56 0.040 0.041 28 0.50
28 11.87 0.393 43 1.22 0.353 18 0.040 0.040 43 0.52
56 11.22 0.316 28 1.24 0.338 29 0.040 0.035 26 0.70
60 11.22 0.316 26 1.25 0.333 37 0.040 0.030 25 0.71
26 11.01 0.292 27 1.33 0.292 30 0.041 0.023 67 0.73
25 10.96 0.286 38 1.22 0.290 32 0.041 0.021 50 0.73
23 10.90 0.279 23 1.35 0.281 5 0.041 0.017 55 0.74
13 10.87 0.276 13 1.35 0.278 16 0.041 0.015 46 0.74
38 10.69 0.254 60 1.36 0.273 20 0.041 0.014 60 0.74
37 10.66 0.250 32 1.37 0.271 72 0.041 0.014 57 0.75
), ArticleFig(id=1167877845008265528, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Guizhou provincial regional expressway network statistical index of path number distribution with different cost

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径成本 路径数量/条 最大值 最小值 平均值 仅有1条有效路径的OD比例/% 路径多样性/条
长度 585 7 1 1.54 66.84 1.62
自由流时间 580 6 1 1.53 66.58 1.35
时间(考虑拥堵) 580 6 1 1.53 66.58 1.35
), ArticleFig(id=1167877845071180089, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738719848084463, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

贵州区域高速路网在不同成本下路径数量分布统计值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
路径成本 路径数量/条 最大值 最小值 平均值 仅有1条有效路径的OD比例/% 路径多样性/条
长度 585 7 1 1.54 66.84 1.62
自由流时间 580 6 1 1.53 66.58 1.35
时间(考虑拥堵) 580 6 1 1.53 66.58 1.35
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考虑路径特性的道路交通网络冗余性分析
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路庆昌 1 , 李建宇 1 , 崔欣 2 , 王张鑫 1 , 李晓玲 1
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(8): 195-203
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(8): 195-203
考虑路径特性的道路交通网络冗余性分析
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路庆昌1 , 李建宇1, 崔欣2, 王张鑫1, 李晓玲1
作者信息
  • 1 长安大学 电子与控制工程学院,陕西 西安 710064
  • 2 大连海事大学航运经济与管理学院,辽宁 大连 116026
  • 路庆昌 (1984—),男,山东聊城人,博士,教授,主要从事交通网络建模与分析、交通行为学、交通与环境、气候变化与交通系统以及交通大数据挖掘等方面的研究。E-mail:

Redundancy analysis of road traffic network considering path characteristics
Qingchang LU1 , Jianyu LI1, Xin CUI2, Zhangxin WANG1, Xiaoling LI1
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Electronics and Control Engineering,Chang'an University,Xi'an Shaanxi 710064,China
  • 2 School of Maritime Economics and Management,Dalian Maritime University,Dalian Liaoning 116026,China
出版时间: 2024-08-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1501
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为探究路段特性对路径冗余的影响以及突发事件下道路交通网络的冗余能力,在传统道路网络路径冗余数量方法的基础上,考虑有效路径之间的效率差异和重叠程度,构建基于路径多样性以及突发事件下冗余能力的冗余性评估模型;分析不同成本对路径多样性的影响和突发事件对冗余能力的影响,并对冗余能力进行敏感性分析。结果表明:道路交通网络中路径多样性取决于出行路径成本的类别以及路段出行成本之间的差异,路段出行成本越接近,有效路径的数量越多,路径多样性越高;突发事件场景下道路网络冗余性取决于失效路段的重要程度,失效路段越重要,网络冗余性越低;出行成本容忍度在一定范围内的增加有助于提高突发事件下道路网络的冗余能力,过高或过低的出行成本容忍度都不会对网络的冗余能力有较为明显的提高。

路径特性  /  道路交通网络  /  冗余性  /  有效路径  /  路段失效

In order to explore the influence of road section characteristics on path redundancy and the redundancy ability of road traffic networks under emergencies,based on the traditional method of path redundancy quantity in road networks,considering the efficiency difference and overlap degree between effective paths,a redundancy evaluation model based on path diversity and redundancy ability under emergencies was constructed. The influence of different costs on path diversity and the influence of emergencies on redundancy ability were analyzed,and the sensitivity analysis of redundancy ability was carried out. The results show that the path diversity in the road traffic network depends on the type of travel path cost and the difference between the travel cost of the road section. The closer the travel cost of the road section is,the higher the number of effective paths is,and the higher the path diversity is. In the emergency scenario,the redundancy of the road network depends on the importance of the failed road section. The more important the failed road section is,the lower the network redundancy is. The increase of travel cost tolerance within a certain range helps to improve the redundancy capacity of the road network during emergencies. Too high or too low travel cost tolerance will not significantly improve the redundancy capacity of the network.

path characteristics  /  road traffic network  /  redundancy  /  effective path  /  link failure
路庆昌, 李建宇, 崔欣, 王张鑫, 李晓玲. 考虑路径特性的道路交通网络冗余性分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (8) : 195 -203 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1501
Qingchang LU, Jianyu LI, Xin CUI, Zhangxin WANG, Xiaoling LI. Redundancy analysis of road traffic network considering path characteristics[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (8) : 195 -203 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1501
随着我国城市规模的不断扩大,道路交通网络所面临的灾害和破坏的风险也在不断增大。一旦发生突发事件,将导致一些出行者无法正常完成出行。如果受影响的出行者可使用替代路径继续完成出行,则可避免严重后果发生。然而,起讫点(Origin and Destination,OD)间不同路径之间的通行能力以及通行效率不同,且不同OD间的出行路径存在重叠,路径重叠会高估路径的通行能力,导致替代路径可能不足以满足所有受影响的出行者。因此,研究路径特性对道路交通网络冗余性的影响十分必要,将有助于明确道路交通网络中OD间出行路径的差异特征以及突发事件下道路交通网络冗余性与路径特性之间的关系,为道路交通网络的规划以及突发事件下的应急管理提供科学的决策依据。
交通网络冗余性是指在起点和目的地之间存在多条可以选择的路径或出行方式,在发生突发事件后,出行者可通过备选方案继续完成出行,避免造成严重后果[1]。在交通冗余性研究中,有些学者研究了网络单元的冗余性。JENELIUS等[2]在模拟路段完全失效后,通过分析失效前后路段的流量以及出行时间的变化来识别失效路段的重要替代路段,提出了路段冗余重要性的概念;JENELIUS等[3]将冗余性定义为扰动事件所导致的成本损失的变化程度;EL-RASHIDY等[4]基于信息熵的概念将路段数量、路段容量以及限速等基础属性纳入到冗余性评价中。在网络单元冗余性研究中,许多学者提出了不同的评价方法,但只关注网络局部的冗余性分析不利于构建整个网络的冗余性的评价指标。随后很多学者开始研究OD的冗余性。XU Xiangdong等[5]研究了网络冗余性建模,从出行者和管理者2个角度通过替代路径的数量及网络所能容纳的最大需求来量化OD间的路径冗余及网络的容量冗余;SHRESTHA等[6]基于中断后的出行者完成出行增加的平均出行距离与网络中剩余的有效路径数量构建了网络冗余性指标;WANG Zijian等[7]从替代路径的数量以及替代路径的聚集度2个方面评估了特大城市区域之间的高速路网的冗余性;XU Xiangdong等[8]证实了增加网络的路段可以提高网络冗余性。不仅道路网络的冗余性受到学者关注,地铁网络冗余性也受到一些学者关注。CHAN等[9]基于路径冗余的概念提出了一种用于评估新增线路对地铁网络的影响的方法;JING Weiwei等[10]基于路径冗余的概念对地铁网络中有效路径使用频率高的站点进行了分析,识别出一些对路径冗余具有重要作用的关键站点;崔欣等[11]基于连通性和客流强度分析了地铁网络冗余性,识别出一些对路径冗余重要的站点。
综上,交通网络冗余性的研究对象已由网络单元转移至OD对,基于OD对的冗余性研究弥补了基于网络单元的冗余性研究侧重局部冗余性的缺陷。但基于OD对的冗余性研究仍然存在两点不足。第一,现有基于OD的冗余性指标忽略了不同有效路径之间的差异,无法有效区分存在相同路径数量OD的冗余性。第二,现有研究忽略了网络流量在突发事件下的变化对路径可用性的影响。
因此,笔者拟考虑路段特性分析道路交通网络中不同有效路径之间的相互影响以及突发事件场景下流量重组织对有效路径可用性的影响;提出有效路径的可用性指标,识别冗余薄弱的网络单元,分析突发事件下道路交通网络的冗余性,以期为突发事件下道路网络交通应急管理提供科学依据。
在交通网络中,冗余往往是指交通网络的最大服务能力与现有服务能力之间的差值。现有冗余性的评估指标分为网络级度量和OD级度量,其中,网络级度量包括备用网络容量,平均路径数量以及循环数量等。在OD级度量中,冗余性可由路径数量直观体现,但路径数量无法反映有效路径之间的路径重叠程度与路段的容量大小等特性。路径之间的重叠体现在2条路径或多条路径经过同一路段,重叠路段的容量将会限制经过该路段的路径容量。如果路径间的重叠路段发生突发事件,可能会导致许多出行路径失效。
2个具有相同路径数量的网络如图1所示。其中,x1—x5以及y1—y5分别表示网络中不同的节点,网络1和网络2中所有路段的自由流时间相同。网络1中所有路段的容量为100,而网络2的路段1和路段7的容量为600,路段2、路段5和路段6的容量为100,路段3、路段4和路段8的容量为300。在x1—x2的出行路径中,由于路段容量不同,在网络存在相同的服务水平条件下,网络2中所服务的流量是远高于网络1;在x1—x4的出行路径中,出行者将优先选择路段6作为出行路径,但路段6一旦中断,出行者需要更换至其他4条替代路径中,这 4条替代路径与路段7和路段8出现重叠,在网络1中,这4条替代路径所能服务的流量将受到路段7和路段8容量的限制。当某一条路径的流量增加,相应的剩余路径的流量必须减少才能维持平衡。综上所述,网络冗余性不仅取决于网络的路径数量,还取决于出行路径的容量以及出行路径之间的相互影响,不同突发事件下道路网络所表现的冗余性能不同。
将交通网络抽象成图的方法主要有空间L、空间P、空间B、空间C 这4种方法。不同表示方法中网络单元表示的含义不同。由于空间L法的节点表示交叉口,边表示2个相邻节点的路段,所以空间L法能够更好反映文中道路交通网络的拓扑特征[12-13]。因此,采用空间L法将道路交通网络抽象为有向图。将道路网络 G表示为 G = ( N E ),其中, N = 1,2 n 表示网络的节点集合,n为网络中节点的数量; E = 1,2 e 表示网络的路段集合,e为网络中路段的数量。
在以往研究中,简单路径、有效路径以及独立路径3种出行路径的定义被广泛使用。简单路径是出行者完成出行目的所有可以使用的路径,有效路径是出行者相比于最短路径可能会使用的路径,而独立路径是没有与其他路径共享路段的路径。由于简单路径在大规模的网络计算中会产生许多无效路径,即包含环的出行路径[14],又因为独立路径仅考虑没有重叠路径的路段,会忽略大量的替代路径,因此,独立路径与简单路径均不适用于路径冗余的定义。采用具有成本约束的有效路径定义来评估有效路径数量[57]。为保证有效路径选取的公平性,采用Dijkstra算法计算最短路径。有效路径的数学表达式为:
c m i n r s c k r s ( 1 + τ ) c m i n r s
式中: c m i n r s为出发地r到目的地s中最短路径的出行成本,min; c k r s为出发地r到目的地s中有效路径k的出行成本,min; τ为出行者可以接受的出行成本的容忍度,城市内一般取1.3~1.5,文中τ与相关研究[7]保持一致,取1.5。
网络的有效路径数量与网络单元(即路段和节点)的数量以及网络单元的基础属性(即路段的阻抗以及路段容量)有关。即使是相同网络结构,采用不同路径定义所得到的有效路径数量也不同,因此,路径数量无法体现道路网络中具有相同路径数量的OD间冗余性的区别。本文提出考虑路径特性的冗余性指标,在有效路径数量基础上考虑有效路径与最短有效路径之间的替代程度以及路径与路径之间的重叠路段的惩罚成本。其中,替代程度与重叠路段的惩罚成本的具体计算方法如下:
g i j k = 1 / c i j k 1 / c i j m i n = c i j m i n c i j k
h i j k = c o c i j k c i j m i n
式中: g i j k为节点i与节点j之间最短有效路径与有效路径k之间网络效率的比值,该指标越大,有效路径对于最短有效路径的替代程度越大; c i j k为节点i与节点j之间路径k的广义出行成本; c i j m i n为节点i与节点j之间最短路径的广义出行成本; h i j k为节点i与节点j之间最短有效路径与有效路径k之间的相似系数,该指标越大,表示有效路径与最短有效路径之间的重叠部分越多; c o为节点i与节点j之间路径k与最短出行路径之间重叠路段o的广义出行成本。
综合考虑路径效率和路径重叠的影响,采用路径多样性来衡量网络冗余性,其表达式为:
D = 1 n · ( n - 1 ) i j N k p R i j ( g i j k - h i j k )
式中: D为所有OD间的平均路径多样性;p为节点i与节点j之间的最短有效路径; R i j为节点i与节点j之间的有效路径集合。
路径多样性指标用于表示网络在灾前准备状态所能提供可用的有效路径。但灾前准备阶段的有效路径在发生突发事件后并不一定可以使用,这与突发事件本身有关。因此,为量化突发事件对有效路径可用性的影响,提出冗余能力指标来量化网络在突发事件中通过自身冗余性所避免的影响,其计算方法为:
R = i j N q i j φ i j p
R 1 = i j N q i j δ i j
R 2 = R 1 R
式中:R为发生突发事件后受影响的需求; q i j为节点i与节点j之间的出行需求; φ i j p为节点i与节点j之间最短有效路径p的长度是否发生变化,若发生变化,则 φ i j p为1,反之为0; R 1为突发事件后依然可以通过剩余有效路径满足的需求; δ i j为节点i与节点j之间是否存在替代路径,若存在替代路径,则 δ i j为1,反之为0; N 为发生突发事件后出行路径受到影响的节点集合; R 2为突发事件后受影响的出行者通过剩余有效路径完成出行的比例。
基于复杂网络理论,选取用户平均出行时间、路径多样性、冗余能力以及网络效率作为网络性能指标,用于评估不同受损路段对网络的影响。用户平均出行时间损失从网络功能的角度反映路段受损前后对用户出行成本的影响,网络效率反映了网络的连通程度,2个指标表达式为:
T = 1 a E f a a E f a t a
η = 1 n ( n - 1 ) i j N 1 c i j m i n
式中:T为用户平均出行时间,min; f a为路段a的交通量,veh/h;E为路段的集合; t a为路段a的出行时间,min; η为网络的出行效率。
Sioux Falls网络拓扑结构如图2所示。Sioux Falls网络由24个节点、76条路段以及528个OD组成。该网络的网络结构、OD需求、路段通行能力等数据均来自于网络上的公开数据[15]
利用2.2节的计算方法,可得到每个OD间有效路径的数量。利用由于采用不同的路径成本,相同网络最终得到的有效路径数量不同。计算3种不同出行成本下每个有效路径数量下的OD比例,结果如图3所示。
图3可以看出,3种出行成本下OD间有效路径数量分布存在一定差异。其中,基于路径长度的OD间有效路径数量最多可达40条,远高于基于路径自由流和基于路径时间的OD间有效路径数量的最大值。基于路径长度的OD间有效路径数量的分布中仅有35.33%的OD存在一条有效路径,显著低于基于路径自由流时间和基于路径时间的OD间有效路径数量的分布中仅有一条有效路径的比例。表明出行者如果以路径长度作为出行阻抗,将会有更多的路径选择。为进一步探究不同出行路径特性之间的差异对结果的影响,根据式(2)—式(4)得到路径多样性指标,路径数量所有的相关统计指标以及路径多样性结果见表1。从表1可以看出,Sioux Falls网络在3种不同的出行成本约束下得到的有效路径数量不同。其中,采用路径距离阻抗求得的有效路径数量最多,为2 065条,而采用路径的时间阻抗求得的有效路径数量最少,为1 314条,两者之间相差约1.57倍。以上成本均未考虑道路的拥堵效应。考虑拥堵效应的时间阻抗得出的有效路径数量比不考虑拥堵效应的有效路径数量反而出现增长。以距离阻抗为约束计算得到网络中仅有35.33%的OD存在一条有效路径,即超过60%的OD在最短有效路径失效后仍存在其他有效路径的选择。但以自由流时间和考虑拥堵的时间的计算结果表明:网络中仅有50%左右的OD有一条有效路径。因此,仅用有效路径数量这一指标无法准确表示网络的冗余水平,对相同有效路径数量的网络之间的冗余无法进一步区分。
基于路径数量的方法可知:基于3种出行成本计算的网络中OD间的平均有效路径数量均大于2条,考虑距离成本的平均有效路径数量大于3条;基于路径多样性的方法得出网络中OD间的可用平均有效路径数量均有所降低,考虑拥堵的时间成本的可用平均有效路径数量不超过2条,即网络发生突发事件后多数OD无替代路径可用,造成两者结果不同的原因是路径多样性这一指标是在有效路径的基础上,进一步考虑有效路径之间的重叠状态以及路径效率,其能够区分一些效率低或者重叠程度高的有效路径集合与效率高以及重叠程度低的有效路径集合。
在同一个网络结构中,有效路径的出行成本不同,最终得到的有效路径的数量结果也不同。从表1图3发现,考虑道路拥堵效应后网络中有效路径数量反而有所提高。原因是考虑拥堵效应后,最短路径的出行阻抗提高,出行者总会根据最小阻抗路径的动态变化不断调整各自的最短路径,导致不同出行路径之间阻抗的差距变小,更多出行路径符合有效路径的定义,增加有效路径的数量。而基于长度阻抗的路径数量也验证了该结论。这是因为不同路段长度之间的差值相比于路段时间的差值更小,在有效路径的选取中,更多的路段被定义为有效。由路段组成的有效路径的数量增多,网络冗余性提高。因此,合理增加一些路段的阻抗使得更多路段被纳入有效路径的集合中将有助于增强网络的冗余性。
由于突发事件不可预知,为直观体现道路网络的冗余能力,对Sioux Falls网络进行失效模拟。在有效路径的约束上,以路段的实际出行时间为基准,通过式(5)—式(7)计算出路段失效下受影响乘客中可使用替代路径完成出行比例,结果如图4所示。
图4可以看出,网络中不同路段失效后产生的影响不同。其中,路段28或路段43失效后,在受影响的出行者中接近50%的出行者无法通过替代路径继续完成出行需求,而路段41或路段44失效后,仅有不超过2%的出行者无法通过替代路径完成出行需求。上述4个路段都处于网络的中心,但路段失效后的结果却相差很大。造成这种结果的原因是路段28和路段43的流量远大于路段41和路段44。其中,路段41或路段44失效后,受影响的出行者改换替代路径,增加了网络中路段的出行成本,网络平均出行时间增长约40%,许多出行路径的成本超出了出行者的接受范围,导致许多出行者无替代路径可用。
将路径多样性指标与传统有效路径数量指标在单个路段完全失效的场景下对比。基于路径数量与基于路径多样性评估的10个关键路段的结果如图5所示。
图5可以看出,基于路径多样性识别的关键路段的冗余能力更低,这些路段受损后的影响更大。
前10个关键路段中,单个路段失效后,受影响的出行者中最多有50%的出行者没有替代路径可用,最少有15.25%的出行者没有替代路径可用。而基于有效路径数量识别的关键路段中,单个路段失效后,影响最大的3个路段是相同的,影响最小的关键路段仅会导致4.3%的出行者没有替代路径。以往基于有效路径数量的评估指标,忽略了路段失效流量的变化以及不同替代路径之间相互重叠所带来出行成本上的变化。因此,冗余性的评估中需要考虑路径特性。
在路段失效的场景中,计算76个路段分别失效后4种网络性能指标的变化,其中,4种网络性能指标相对应的可由式(4)、式(7)—式(9)计算得出。根据不同性能指标的损失排序,取排名前10的路段,结果见表2
表2可知:当路段失效后,网络平均出行时间损失最高可达39.7%,路径多样性损失最高可达36.5%,网络效率损失最高可达4.1%。网络发生突发事件时,网络冗余能力最低为50%。造成网络性能损失最大的失效路段不同,这是因为不同的网络性能指标的侧重点不同。平均出行时间损失反映出行者出行时间的变化,网络效率反映最短有效路径成本的变化,冗余能力反映了突发事件下受影响的出行者利用替代路径的能力。尽管不同的网络性能指标所得到的路段重要性排序不同,但路段43、路段25以及路段26都出现在4种网络性能指标的前10位中,其中,路段28、路段60以及路段67都存在3种网络性能指标的前10位中,因此,以上6个路段为Sioux Falls网络的关键路段。其中,路段43、路段25、路段26、路段28、路段67的流量较大,其失效后会造成大量的出行者转移至替代路径,导致大量的替代路径的出行成本增长超出了出行者的接受范围。而路段60的出行成本较低并且经过路段60的次优替代路径的出行成本远高于经过路段60的最优成本。因此,上述路段的失效会对网络拓扑和功能造成严重影响。
以贵阳市、毕节市和威宁市区域的高速路网为例,分析验证模型的有效性。其中,贵州省区域高速路网拓扑结构如图6所示。贵州省区域路网由20个节点、54条路段、380个OD组成。交通数据基于贵州省2020年7月24日高速公路门架数据。通过式(2)—式(4)可以探究路径特性差异对贵州省区域高速网络中路径多样性的影响,具体结果见表3
表3可以看出,贵州省区域高速路网在3种不同出行成本下的有效路径数量也有一定差异,其中,距离阻抗与时间阻抗的差异较为明显。从路径数量来看,两者的有效路径数量相差5条,最大值仅相差1条,平均值也仅相差0.1,并且3种不同成本的有效路径数量中仅有1条有效路径的OD比例都为66%左右。从以上结果看出,采用不同的路径成本并无区别,而考虑路径特性差异的指标两者之间相差20%的冗余性。这是因为基于距离阻抗的有效路径相比于基于时间阻抗的有效路径之间的效率差异及有效路径之间的重叠程度不同。同时,对比Sioux Falls网络可以看出,贵州高速路网的冗余性远小于Sioux Falls网络,是因为高速路网之间的道路较为稀疏,节点也更为分散。这表明:在出现突发事件后,Sioux Falls网络可以为出行者提供更多选择。为验证上述结论,通过模拟中断方法,得到贵州省区域高速网络在突发事件下的冗余能力变化,结果如图7所示。
图7可以看出,贵州高速路网在出现路段失效后网络的冗余能力在0.2~1之间波动。贵阳至清镇方向的路段失效后仅有26.7%的出行者存在替代路径继续完成出行;清镇至织金方向,大方至金沙以及织金至清镇方向的路段失效后,所有出行者都有替代路径继续完成出行。这是因为从贵阳出发去往其他城市的需求以及到达贵阳的需求较大。而从织金到清镇的路段失效的影响反而较小,这是因为其节点度较大,给出行者提供了更多可以选择的出行路径。
对比2个网络可以发现,城市路网与高速路网之间在冗余性方面的差异较大。主要原因如下,首先,城市路网的拓扑结构联系紧密程度不同,城市路网节点之间的距离较短,节点与节点之间的路段数量较多;然后,城市路网的拥堵效应相比于高速路网更加明显;最后,高速路网一旦发生突发事件导致路段中断的后果更严重,相比城市路网将会有更多的出行者没有替代路径继续出行。
网络的路径多样性以及冗余能力都是在有效路径数量的基础上量化的,式(1)将出行成本容忍度τ设为默认值1.5,表示所有的有效路径的出行成本都不高于每个OD最短有效路径出行成本的2.5倍。为检验出行成本容忍度对冗余能力的影响,以Sioux Falls网络为例进行敏感性分析,结果如图8所示。
图8表明:在路段失效后,随着τ值的增加,曲线的趋势逐渐平稳,网络的冗余能力在逐渐增强。原因是随着τ值增加,有效路径的约束逐渐宽松,OD间的有效路径数量越来越多,网络在发生路段失效后所造成的影响逐渐降低。随着τ越来越大,网络所表现的冗余性越来越强。不同路段失效后网络的冗余性有所差别,其中,当τ等于0.5时,2个不同的路段失效,网络的冗余能力差值可高达90%以上;当τ为1或1.5时,2个不同路段失效,网络的冗余能力差值达到50%以上;当τ为2或2.5时,每个路段失效后网络的冗余能力均可达到75%以上。随着τ值增加,出行者对出行成本的可接受范围的扩大,网络冗余能力的极值差在减小,网络对于突发事件的抵抗能力出现明显提升。但当τ值增加到2及以上时,网络的冗余能力提升并不明显,这是因为突发事件下大多数OD间依然存在可用的有效路径。
1) 道路交通网络的有效路径数量不仅取决于网络结构,还取决于出行者可以接受的出行成本增长范围以及出行成本的类型。路径数量的提高有助于路径多样性的提高,除了新增道路外,还可通过缩小不同路段间的出行成本差距来提高有效路径的数量,从而提高网络冗余的上限。
2) 不同网络性能指标所得到的路段重要性排序不同,通过路径多样性以及冗余能力所得到的重要路段与其他重要性评估指标中存在许多相同路段,并且这些路段都具有路段流量大、靠近网络中心的特征。
3) 通过2个网络的案例研究可发现,对冗余性影响较大的路段失效后也会对其他网络性能产生较大影响。其中,贵州省区域高速网络的单个路段失效后,最多可有73.3%的出行者无替代路径可用;Sioux Falls网络的单个路段失效后,最多有50%的出行者无替代路径可用,这也表明网络结构的复杂程度将会影响网络冗余性的下限。
4) 随着τ值的增加,网络的冗余能力会相应增加,但当网络中替代路径可以满足大多数受影响的出行者后,τ值的继续增加将不会显著影响网络的冗余能力。τ值在一定范围内的改变将会对冗余能力产生明显影响。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(71971029)
  • 陕西省杰出青年基金(2021JC-28)
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2024年第34卷第8期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.08.1501
  • 接收时间:2024-02-22
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-08-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-02-22
  • 修回日期:2024-05-23
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国家自然科学基金面上项目(71971029)
陕西省杰出青年基金(2021JC-28)
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    1 长安大学 电子与控制工程学院,陕西 西安 710064
    2 大连海事大学航运经济与管理学院,辽宁 大连 116026
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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