Article(id=1149738763993133237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0113-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0256, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1704556800000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-07, revisedDate=1713801600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-23, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048682448, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048682448, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048682448, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048682448, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=113, endPage=122, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738764253180086, articleId=1149738763993133237, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Early warning method for abnormal states in petrochemical equipment based on probability distribution functions, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To mitigate the risks of leakage,fires and explosions in petrochemical equipment,focusing on a typical catalytic cracking unit,a novel early warning method for detecting abnormal states using probability distribution functions was introduced. Spline fitting principles were used to uncover the trends in operating parameters such as pressure,temperature and flow rate over time,and to extract characteristic parameters such as deviation rate and deviation amount. By employing the Weibull distribution,the failure probability distribution function of the equipment was determined. The extracted characteristic parameters were integrated with the failure function to construct a probabilistic distribution mathematical model incorporating these features. Based on this model,a comprehensive early warning process was developed,facilitating real-time risk assessment and anomaly detection during the catalytic cracking process. The findings demonstrate that this method can effectively predict anomalies under conditions of oscillation,step changes,and gradual trends in operating parameters. Compared to traditional instrument systems,this early warning method advances the warning time by 87 to 621 seconds,addressing the limitation of limited response time following single-threshold alarms in the conventional systems. Furthermore,a comparison of various data processing methods reveals that the early warning model based on spline fitting exhibits superior performance.

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为减少石油化工装置引发泄漏、火灾及爆炸等风险,以典型的催化裂化装置为研究对象,提出一种基于概率分布函数的石化装置异常状态早期预警新方法。通过样条拟合原理,揭示装置压力、温度、流量等运行参数在一段时间内的变化趋势,获取这些参数的偏离速率和偏离量等特征参数。基于威布尔分布确定装置失效概率分布函数,并将提取的特征参数与失效函数相结合,构建包含特征参数的概率分布数学模型。在此基础上,提出一套完整的预警流程,实现催化裂化过程中的实时风险状态评估及异常预警。结果表明:该方法能够在运行参数震荡、阶跃、平缓变化趋势下实现异常预警,相较于传统的仪表系统,该预警方法的时间可提前87~621 s,可解决仪表系统单一阈值报警后异常处置时间有限的弊端。此外,通过对比不同的数据处理方法,发现基于样条拟合的预警模型效果更佳。

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武胜男 (1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事深层、深水油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估与预警、可靠性与测试维护方面的研究。E-mail:

张来斌 教授

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武胜男 (1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事深层、深水油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估与预警、可靠性与测试维护方面的研究。E-mail:

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武胜男 (1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事深层、深水油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估与预警、可靠性与测试维护方面的研究。E-mail:

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张来斌 教授

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张来斌 教授

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label=Fig.6, caption=Temperature data debugging of riser reactor, figureFileSmall=RHBye6/NtKDO5MiaK0pzrw==, figureFileBig=VUA2gxls3OEvjXqse4t7qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186699982057985, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=CN, label=图6, caption=提升管反应器温度数据调试, figureFileSmall=RHBye6/NtKDO5MiaK0pzrw==, figureFileBig=VUA2gxls3OEvjXqse4t7qw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186700040778242, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Flow data debugging of circulating pipe of fractionator, figureFileSmall=u01dN+Rzv3Yg5LyOZmzubA==, figureFileBig=NVsged1KWm/bgfhkDt0GPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186700112081411, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=CN, label=图7, caption=分馏塔循环管流量数据调试, figureFileSmall=u01dN+Rzv3Yg5LyOZmzubA==, 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articleId=1149738763993133237, language=EN, label=Fig.11, caption=Early warning results of pressure of stabilizer reflux drum using two other data processing methods, figureFileSmall=ScV5HLoXVcIrjZgWUEI/tA==, figureFileBig=7hjhMDx/W20DXy+ThgW1Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186700686701067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=CN, label=图11, caption=采用其他2种数据处理方法的稳定塔回流罐压力数据预警, figureFileSmall=ScV5HLoXVcIrjZgWUEI/tA==, figureFileBig=7hjhMDx/W20DXy+ThgW1Zg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168186700774781452, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Classification of early warning levels

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预警值 异常等级
表示
异常可能
等级
异常发生
可能性
(0,0.2] N 很低 发生可能性很小
(0.2,0.4] L 较低 发生可能性较小
(0.4,0.6] M 中等 可能发生失效
(0.6,0.8] H 发生可能性较大
(0.8,1] S 很高 发生可能性很大
), ArticleFig(id=1168186700938359309, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

预警等级划分

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
预警值 异常等级
表示
异常可能
等级
异常发生
可能性
(0,0.2] N 很低 发生可能性很小
(0.2,0.4] L 较低 发生可能性较小
(0.4,0.6] M 中等 可能发生失效
(0.6,0.8] H 发生可能性较大
(0.8,1] S 很高 发生可能性很大
), ArticleFig(id=1168186701001273870, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Parameters and threshold values

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运行参数 运行装备 DCS报警上限 DCS下限
压力/MPa 稳定塔回流罐 1.02 0.855
温度/℃ 提升管反应器 550 470
流量/(t·h-1) 分馏塔循环管 600 100
), ArticleFig(id=1168186701093548559, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

参数及阈值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
运行参数 运行装备 DCS报警上限 DCS下限
压力/MPa 稳定塔回流罐 1.02 0.855
温度/℃ 提升管反应器 550 470
流量/(t·h-1) 分馏塔循环管 600 100
), ArticleFig(id=1168186701181628944, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Comparison of results

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序号 数据处理方法 报警时间/s 预警值
1 平滑样条拟合 第2 610 0.845 8
2 最小二乘拟合 第2 826 0.883 9
3 不采取处理方法 第2 697 0.971 6
), ArticleFig(id=1168186701240349201, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738763993133237, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

结果对比

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序号 数据处理方法 报警时间/s 预警值
1 平滑样条拟合 第2 610 0.845 8
2 最小二乘拟合 第2 826 0.883 9
3 不采取处理方法 第2 697 0.971 6
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基于概率分布函数的石化装置异常状态早期预警方法
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武胜男 1, 2 , 胡一鸣 1, 2 , 张来斌 1, 2 , 王学岐 1, 2, 3 , 王睿博 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(7): 113-122
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(7): 113-122
基于概率分布函数的石化装置异常状态早期预警方法
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武胜男1, 2 , 胡一鸣1, 2, 张来斌1, 2, 王学岐1, 2, 3, 王睿博3
作者信息
  • 1 中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
  • 2 应急管理部 油气生产安全与应急技术重点实验室,北京 102249
  • 3 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 安全环保技术研究院,辽宁 大连 116000
  • 武胜男 (1986—),女,山西大同人,博士,副教授,主要从事深层、深水油气开采及关键安全装备风险评估与预警、可靠性与测试维护方面的研究。E-mail:

    张来斌 教授

Early warning method for abnormal states in petrochemical equipment based on probability distribution functions
Shengnan WU1, 2 , Yiming HU1, 2, Laibin ZHANG1, 2, Xueqi WANG1, 2, 3, Ruibo WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety and Ocean Engineering,China University of Petroleum (Beijing),Beijing 102249,China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Oil and Gas Safety and Emergency Technology,Ministry of Emergency Management,Beijing 102249,China
  • 3 Research Institute of Safety and Environment Technology,China National Petroleum Corporation,Dalian Liaoning 116000,China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0256
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为减少石油化工装置引发泄漏、火灾及爆炸等风险,以典型的催化裂化装置为研究对象,提出一种基于概率分布函数的石化装置异常状态早期预警新方法。通过样条拟合原理,揭示装置压力、温度、流量等运行参数在一段时间内的变化趋势,获取这些参数的偏离速率和偏离量等特征参数。基于威布尔分布确定装置失效概率分布函数,并将提取的特征参数与失效函数相结合,构建包含特征参数的概率分布数学模型。在此基础上,提出一套完整的预警流程,实现催化裂化过程中的实时风险状态评估及异常预警。结果表明:该方法能够在运行参数震荡、阶跃、平缓变化趋势下实现异常预警,相较于传统的仪表系统,该预警方法的时间可提前87~621 s,可解决仪表系统单一阈值报警后异常处置时间有限的弊端。此外,通过对比不同的数据处理方法,发现基于样条拟合的预警模型效果更佳。

概率分布函数  /  石油化工装置  /  异常状态  /  早期预警  /  运行参数

To mitigate the risks of leakage,fires and explosions in petrochemical equipment,focusing on a typical catalytic cracking unit,a novel early warning method for detecting abnormal states using probability distribution functions was introduced. Spline fitting principles were used to uncover the trends in operating parameters such as pressure,temperature and flow rate over time,and to extract characteristic parameters such as deviation rate and deviation amount. By employing the Weibull distribution,the failure probability distribution function of the equipment was determined. The extracted characteristic parameters were integrated with the failure function to construct a probabilistic distribution mathematical model incorporating these features. Based on this model,a comprehensive early warning process was developed,facilitating real-time risk assessment and anomaly detection during the catalytic cracking process. The findings demonstrate that this method can effectively predict anomalies under conditions of oscillation,step changes,and gradual trends in operating parameters. Compared to traditional instrument systems,this early warning method advances the warning time by 87 to 621 seconds,addressing the limitation of limited response time following single-threshold alarms in the conventional systems. Furthermore,a comparison of various data processing methods reveals that the early warning model based on spline fitting exhibits superior performance.

probability distribution function  /  petrochemical equipment  /  abnormal states  /  early warning  /  operating parameters
武胜男, 胡一鸣, 张来斌, 王学岐, 王睿博. 基于概率分布函数的石化装置异常状态早期预警方法. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 113 -122 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0256
Shengnan WU, Yiming HU, Laibin ZHANG, Xueqi WANG, Ruibo WANG. Early warning method for abnormal states in petrochemical equipment based on probability distribution functions[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 113 -122 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0256
化工产业作为我国国民经济的重要支柱,发挥着不可或缺的支撑作用[1]。其中,炼化行业作为化工产业的核心组成部分,通过一系列复杂的物理和化学过程,将原油转化为各种石油产品和化工基础原料。典型的石油化工装置,如催化裂化装置,常处于高温高压、易燃易爆且有毒有害的环境中,并且具有生产连续性强的特点[2]。这些装置在长时间处理含硫、酸性物质及其他杂质的过程中,容易发生故障,严重情况下可能引发火灾爆炸等重大事故[3-4]。研究这一领域不仅对提升装置安全性和可靠性至关重要,还能有效防范和减少事故的发生,对保障国家能源安全和推动经济高质量发展具有重要意义。
近年来,学者们在化工装置异常状态监测与预警方面做了相关研究。如WANG Feng等[5]利用危险与可操作性分析及历史事故数据,构建了基于专家系统的预警模型;胡瑾秋等[6]基于马尔可夫过程开发了故障链式效应预测模型,用以预测故障传播的方向、后果及发生概率;林扬等[7]通过降维处理正常运行数据,并引入核函数优化的支持向量描述算法,实现了异常状态的预警;LAU等[8]使用自适应神经模糊系统训练运行参数数据,成功识别并预警故障;LIU Guoquan等[9]结合卡尔曼滤波与神经网络,提出气体泄漏预警方法;王奎生[10]采用大数据统计分析技术,从状态数据中提取趋势,并构建了趋势报警识别算法;胡瑾秋等[11]通过最小二乘拟合监测数据,分析数据变化趋势以实现异常状态预警;曾稳稳等[12]通过数据拟合建立了后果定量预测模型,并基于此模型构建了连续监测预警系统。上述研究主要采用基于知识、数据驱动、模型等方法;基于知识的预警方法依赖于丰富的先验知识与现场经验,导致应用门槛较高;基于数据驱动的方法虽然利用人工智能的自学习能力,从运行数据中提取有效信息,但模型的性能严重依赖于大量高质量特征数据的获取;基于模型的方法能够用数学公式解释异常机制,但往往需要构建复杂的数学模型。此外,一些研究尝试将多种方法结合使用,以弥补单一方法在诊断预警方面的不足[13-14]。石油化工装置的运行状况与其运行参数密切相关[15],通过拟合离散数据可提取趋势信息[11]。常用的最小二乘法需预设函数形式,多项式拟合易受次数选择限制:次数过低导致拟合不精确,过高则可能引发龙格现象。自1946年SCHOENBERG[16]提出样条函数以来,其因构造简单、计算便捷,被广泛应用于各领域的数据处理[17-18]
鉴于此,笔者拟基于样条函数拟合方法和数学分析技术,提取运行数据的变化速率和偏离量等特征参数;随后,将这些特征参数与基于威布尔分布的装置失效模型相结合,构建包含特征参数的失效概率分布数学模型;并在此基础上提出一种新的化工装置异常预警方法,以期实现对装置运行状态失效风险的量化、异常识别及早期预警。
对于一组分布在[ab]区间上的离散数据点(ty),ta=t1<t2<…<tk<…<tn=b,则利用离散数据点将区间分成n-1个分段子区间。对于任意分段子区间[ti t i + 1](i=1~n-1),采用三阶多项式进行拟合,如下式:
S i ( t ) = A ( t - t i ) 3 + B ( t - t i ) 2 + C ( t - t i ) + D
式中ABCD为多项式待拟合的系数。
将拟合出的n-1段曲线Si(t)(i=1~n-1)依次连接,构成[ab]区间上的连续曲线S(t),并确保S(t)一、二阶导数连续。满足以上条件的整体曲线S(t)称为区间[ab]上的3次样条拟合曲线。
为增加拟合曲线的光滑程度,在3次样条拟合的基础上引入平滑因子λ,构成下式的约束条件,并求取多项式的系数使目标函数G的值最小,这种方法称为光滑3次样条拟合。
G ( S λ ) = j = 1 k ( y j - S ( t j ) ) 2 + λ ( S ' ' ( t ) ) 2 d t
通过调整λ的值控制拟合曲线的曲率,当λ=0时,为标准的3次样条拟合,拟合出的曲线尽可能通过所有数据点,随着λ取值逐渐增大,拟合出的曲线曲率越小、曲线越平滑,直至拟合出一条直线。
失效概率是指系统、装置、元件在规定的时间、条件内未能完成指定功能的概率,又称不可靠度[19],是不可靠性的量化指标。其值在一定的使用条件下随系统、设备、元件的运行时间而变化,所以用失效概率分布函数F(t)来表示。F(t)的确定通常会基于一些常用分布,如指数分布、威布尔分布、β分布等,下式是基于威布尔分布的F(t),可适用于描述系统或组件在不同时间点的失效行为,从而进行可靠性分析和早期预警,具有强大的适用性[20]
F ( t ) = 1 - e x p - t - σ η β
式中:η为尺寸参数;β为形状参数,决定函数的整体趋势,其不同的取值可表示装置寿命的不同阶段;σ为位置参数,表示失效开始的时间,σ=0为二参数威布尔分布。
以常用分布为基础确定装置F(t)的过程如下[21]:首先,需要收集装置的寿命数据,在剔除异常数据后得到N个寿命数据li (i=1~N);利用下式处理第k个寿命数据lk:
F N ( l k ) = N f ( l k ) N
式中Nf(lk)为所有寿命数据中值≤lk的数据个数。依次类推分别求出每个寿命数据li下的FN(li),并利用最大似然估计法对离散值FN(li)求取在不同常用分布下的未知参数θk,构建分布函数F(l),最大似然估计原理如下式:
L ( θ k ) = m a x i = 1 N F ' ( l i θ k )
采用柯尔莫可洛夫-斯米洛夫(Kolmogorov-Smirnov,K-S)检验,利用离散值FN(li)推断总体是否服从拟合出的分布函数F(l),并选取拟合的最优分布函数作为装置的失效概率分布函数。K-S检验原理如下式,当满足该式时认为服从分布函数F(l)。
D = m a x { | F N ( l i ) - F ( l i ) | } D ( N α )
式中α为显著水平。D(Nα)的值可查表[22]获取。
化工装置在运行过程中,通过其运行参数来定性的判断装置运行是否正常,运行参数的实时数值偏离安全值越大、偏离速率越大、整体变化趋势越不稳定,装置的运行越不可靠。安全仪表系统就是利用装置的运行参数来保证装置运行的稳定可靠,按照安全范围内最大能接受的偏离程度设定仪表报警阈值,在参数的实时数值超过这个阈值后进行报警,以达到预警的效果。而这种阈值预警的方式利用指标单一,异常报警提前的时间有限,且仪表进行监测记录数据具有时间间隔,获取到的运行参数数据离散,在2次监测之间的数据未知,此过程中若数值超过阈值会导致报警延迟。
为解决上述问题,提出一种基于概率分布的石油化工装置异常早期预警方法,预警模型结构如图1所示,主要包括失效概率分布函数的确定、运行参数的处理、参数风险的量化及预警4部分。
检测仪表系统可实时监测装置各种运行参数,使用1.1节所述的平滑3次样条拟合方法处理当前时刻的一段时间窗口内的离散数据值y[t],并获取该段时间的参数变化曲线y(t),通过对y(t)求取导函数获取该时间段内参数的整体变化趋势;采用向导函数y'(t)中代入当前时间t0求取当前时刻运行参数的偏离速率y'(t0)。若当前时刻运行参数具有进一步导致参数值偏离目标值的趋势,那么可求得当前参数按照此偏离速率偏离到危险临界值所需要的平均时间ts,如下式:
  t s = Y - y [ t 0 ] y ' ( t 0 ) = Y H - y [ t 0 ] y ' ( t 0 ) y ' ( t 0 ) > 0 Y L - y [ t 0 ] y ' ( t 0 ) y ' ( t 0 ) < 0
式中:YHYL为运行参数过高、过低危险临界值;Y- y[t0]的绝对值为参数值较危险临界值的距离,距离越小说明运行参数偏离安全范围的量越大。
失效概率分布函数用于量化并表述装置的不可靠性随时间变化的趋势,一个装置由多个零部件构成,当装置投入生产使用时,随着时间的推移,装置零部件逐渐出现磨损,装置的可靠性降低,不可靠性增加。一般认为全新装置刚投入生产使用时,其失效概率值为0,后续随着运行时间的增加逐渐增大,当运行到一定时间后,失效概率值变为1。装置的失效概率分布函数与组成装置的各个零部件及其相关性能有关。
基于上述装置的失效概率分布函数的有关理论,提出融入偏离速率、偏离量等特征参数的失效概率分布函数数学模型,实现基于运行参数的装置动态失效概率的预测。当前参数值处于正常范围内,其失效概率值为0,若此时参数具有向危险值偏离的趋势,失效概率值随偏离量的增加而逐渐增大,沿偏离趋势偏离一定时间后,参数值超出危险临界值,失效概率值为1。所提出的失效概率分布函数数学模型与运行参数偏离量、偏离速率及整体变化趋势有关。
收集装置异常时直接造成运行参数变化的故障时间间隔或寿命数据,以常用分布为基础,利用1.2节的方法确定装置的失效概率分布函数F2(T),并由下式计算平均故障间隔时间t2,即装置由正常到损坏的平均运行时长,而对于所提出的数学模型F1(T)来说,其平均故障时间间隔即为参数按照此偏离速率偏离到危险临界值所需要的平均时间ts,故F1(T)需满足下式:
t 2 = 0 1 - F 2 ( t ) d t
t s = 0 1 - F 1 ( t ) d t = Y - y [ t 0 ] y ' ( t 0 )
数学模型F1(T)是以F2(T)为基础所构建的,即F1(T)在满足式(9)的条件下与F2(T)同分布类型。利用积分换元法,并结合式(8)、式(9)可推导出下式,整理后得出以装备的失效概率分布F2(T)为基础的融入偏离速率、偏离量等特征参数的失效概率分布函数数学模型F1(T)。
0 1 - F 2 ( t 2 t s t ) d t = t s t 2 0 1 - F 2 ( z ) d z = t s = 0 1 - F 1 ( t ) d t
F 1 ( T ) = F 2 ( t 2 t s T ) = F 2 t 2 y ' ( t 0 ) T Y - y [ t 0 ]
若无法获取相关装置的足够寿命数据,求取装置的失效概率函数F2(T),由于偶然故障期是装备在其寿命中的主要工作期[23],此时认为相关装置处于偶然故障期,装置的失效率较低且视为常数,失效概率分布函数服从形状参数为1的二参数威布尔分布,此时t2=η。那么融入特征参数的失效概率分布函数F1(T)也服从形状参数为1的威布尔分布,构建模型如下式:
F 1 ( T ) = 1 - e x p - y ' ( t 0 ) T Y - y [ t 0 ]
融入特征参数的失效概率分布函数F1(T)是一个以T为自变量的函数,输入T的值可返回当前运行参数的失效概率函数值,T值越大返回的数值越大,所以将T视为预警灵敏度。T的确定与运行参数的历史变化趋势有关。
集散控制系统(Distributed Control System,DCS)是石化领域最常用的装置,以DCS仪表为基础,使用上述预警数学模型,构建运行参数异常预警方法,预警方法技术路线如图2所示。
由于预警模型是基于运行参数的,首先采用样条拟合的方法处理获取到的运行数据,将离散的监测数据转换成可导的连续数据后才能进行后续数据分析、特征挖掘工作;在进行样条拟合时,需要一定数量的数据构成拟合数据集,且由于预警具有实时性,所以拟合数据集中必须包含DCS仪表当前时刻采集的数据,这就需要保证拟合数据集能够实时更新,不断存入最新数据、剔除旧数据并保持拟合数据集的大小Ds不变。综上,拟合数据集即为包含当前时刻的一段固定时间大小窗口期内DCS仪表采集到的数据值的集合。
对处理后的数据按照2.1部分内容进行处理,提取偏离速率、偏离量等特征参数,其中,将DCS仪表高(或低)报警阈值视为参数过高(或过低)危险临界值Y,按照式(11)或式(12)构建预警数学模型函数,输入经调试的预警灵敏度T,实时计算预警值F1(T),若预警值大于设定预警阈值则进行报警;绘制时间-预警值图像,用于直观表现运行参数风险值变化或进行数据调试。需要注意的是,由于拟合数据集是随着装置的运行实时更新的,所以相应构建的预警数学模型也是实时更新的。
将预警值划分成5个等级,见表1,一般认为参数异常发生的可能性很大时视为参数异常,所以采用0.8作为预警阈值。
预警灵敏度T的值越大,预警值对运行参数的历史变化趋势的波动越敏感,所以需要用历史运行数据进行调试来确定合适取值。导入历史正常运行状态下的参数数据,输入并调整预警灵敏度T的值,使得预测正常运行状态下的异常等级低于L,即预警值基本控制在0.4以内。
为验证所提预警方法的可行性,研究某炼化企业催化裂化装置。该企业为调节汽柴油产品结构,新建220万t/a的催化裂化装置一套,用于处理渣油加氢装置得到的加氢重油、加氢裂化装置的加氢尾油与渣油加氢柴油。装置采用高低并列式提升管催化裂化工艺,主要由反应、再生、分馏与吸收稳定4部分组成,催化裂化简易装置流程如图3所示。反应部分采用提升管反应器,是发生催化裂化反应的主要场所;再生部分采用快速床单段高效中温再生工艺,负责将催化剂上生成的积碳烧除以恢复其活性;分馏与吸收稳定部分由多种塔构成,用于分离裂化产品的各组分。各装备设有DCS仪表,负责对装置的主要工艺参数进行集中监测、记录、指示、控制及报警,保证产品的质量以及生产的安全。其中,设有越限报警的仪表所监测的参数主要有温度、液位、流量、压力。
选取不同装备上不同特点的运行参数进行预警研究,具体信息见表2。通过装备上的DCS仪表监测并获取参数的50min的运行数据,并选用300s窗口期的数据作为拟合数据集。
由于仪表检测数据的过程中可能存在误差或其他干扰,拟合数据集内的离散数据点可能存在数值波动或异常偏离,为避免过拟合的情况,同时又需要保证拟合出的曲线能准确反映数据点的变化趋势,采用光滑3次样条拟合的方法进行拟合。以反应器温度的一组拟合数据为例,拟合效果如图4所示。拟合出的连续曲线波动明显降低,且数据整体变化趋势基本保留。
分别选取正常运行情况下稳定塔回流罐压力、提升管反应器温度、分馏塔循环管流量50min的历史数据,进行数据调试,调整并确定预警灵敏度T的具体值。3种装备正常运行状态下选用5、10、40的预警灵敏度T后预警曲线如图5图7所示。所选用的不同装备的运行参数平稳运行时的趋势特点不同,回流罐压力的整体变化趋势并不稳定,正常运行时有较大的震荡;反应器温度的整体变化趋势相较于回流罐压力更加稳定,但正常运行时存在温度跃升的情况;管线流量的整体变化趋势最为稳定,为挖掘更多历史变化趋势信息应适当调大灵敏度。当预警灵敏度分别设置5、10、40时,可以控制预警值基本在0.4以内。
通过调试结果可以看出,在调试具有不同参数趋势变化特点的装备时,所选择的预警灵敏度需要有所不同。对于变化趋势较为平缓的参数,由于波动性较小,因此,更依赖于偏离值、偏离速率等特征来判断装备的运行状况。这时,需要提高预警灵敏度,以增强预警值对运行参数历史变化趋势波动的敏感性。相反,对于波动较大的参数,则可以适当降低预警灵敏度。
获取包含装置异常情况下相关参数50min的运行数据,进行预警并绘制时间-预警值图,如图8图10所示。
回流罐压力缓慢下降,预警系统第2 610s返回预警值0.845 8并报警,此时压力值偏离正常值较大且波动增大,该段时间内变化趋势更加不稳定,后续随着压力值进一步偏离反复多次报警,直到第2 970s仪表检测到压力低于阈值并开始报警,预警方法相较于DCS预警最大提前360s。
提升管反应器温度缓慢升高,预警系统在第2 295s 时返回预警值0.981并报警,对数据分析后发现在第2 286~2 306s,温度由539.8℃快速上升至546.7℃,后又快速跌回540.3℃,此时温度偏离速率较大,且变化趋势不稳定,后续随着温度进一步偏离多次报警,直到第2 916s仪表检测到温度550.2℃并开始报警,预警方法相较于DCS预警最大提前621s。
由于循环泵故障,管线流量缓慢降低,预警系统在第2 898s时返回预警值0.802 9并报警,此时流量值偏离正常值较远,且偏离速率较大,后续随着参数的进一步变化持续报警,直到第2 985s仪表进行报警,预警方法相较于DCS预警提前87s。
通过上述预警时间的对比可以看出,所提出的基于概率分布的石油化工装置异常早期预警方法在不同参数趋势变化特点的设备发生异常前,相较于传统的DCS固定阈值预警均能更早发出警告。然而,由于参数趋势变化的特点不同,预警提前的时间也有所差异。例如:对于提升管反应器温度,由于其在上升过程中不稳定,存在一定的波动性和跃升情况,当参数偏离正常值较大时,突然的跃升和波动更容易使参数值超过危险界限。因此,模型计算出的定量风险预警值会迅速增大并触发警报,从而实现较长的预警提前时间,以避免漏报现象。相反,对于分馏塔循环管介质流量,由于其变化趋势较为稳定,基于偏离值和偏离速率等特征参数可以较为准确地判断设备的运行状况。在这种情况下,模型计算出的风险预警值稳定且精确,为避免误报警,预警提前时间较短。
综上所述,所提出的预警方法能够根据不同参数的变化特点,灵活调整预警提前时间,提供更准确和及时的异常预警,为石油化工装置的安全运行提供有力支持。
采用平滑3次样条拟合方法处理数据,获得变化趋势曲线及相应的特征参数。若改用较为常见的最小二乘法对数据进行3次多项式拟合处理,或不采用任何数据处理方法,直接用仪表获取的2个相邻数据点的连线斜率表示偏离速率。以稳定塔回流罐压力为例,分别采用不同的数据处理方法,对相同的运行数据进行调试与预警,绘制出预警图像,如图11所示。并整理报警时间与返回预警值,结果对比见表3。由表3可知:平滑样条拟合方法在数据处理上能够更早地发现运行参数的异常状态,相较于其他2种数据处理方法,这一方法的效果更为显著,说明采用平滑3次样条拟合进行数据处理是可行且优越的。
1) 采用样条拟合处理装置的离散运行数据,不仅能保留数据点间的相对距离并减小波动,还能够剔除正常数据中的异常点或预测异常偏离,从而有效揭示运行数据的整体变化趋势。
2) 构建融入特征参数的概率分布函数数学模型,实现装置动态失效概率的预测,并在此基础上提出基于概率分布的石油化工装置异常早期预警方法。该方法在不同变化特点下的运行参数异常预警方面,相较于传统仪表系统表现更佳,有助于为石油化工装置的异常状态早期预警及动态防控提供支持。
3) 不同的数据处理方式对比结果表明:采用的平滑样条拟合在处理装置运行参数离散数据方面具有较高的可行性和优越性。
4) 未来将应用深度学习技术进一步预测分析装置异常状态,开发更为先进的预测模型。该模型具备自适应学习能力,能够基于实时数据动态优化参数,实现自我更新,从而显著提升复杂工况下异常状态的识别精度与可靠性。
  • 中石油科技项目(AQHBY-2022-JS-54)
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2024年第34卷第7期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0256
  • 接收时间:2024-01-07
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期:2024-01-07
  • 修回日期:2024-04-23
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中石油科技项目(AQHBY-2022-JS-54)
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    1 中国石油大学(北京) 安全与海洋工程学院,北京 102249
    2 应急管理部 油气生产安全与应急技术重点实验室,北京 102249
    3 中国石油天然气股份有限公司 安全环保技术研究院,辽宁 大连 116000
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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