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Article(id=1149738770775322837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)07-0202-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0136, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1705161600000, receivedDateStr=2024-01-14, revisedDate=1713369600000, revisedDateStr=2024-04-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048684066, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1722096000000, pubDateStr=2024-07-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048684066, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048684066, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048684066, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738762382524507, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='7', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048682065, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1757316437713, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824745, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1171833331021824746, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738762382524507, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=202, endPage=210, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738771006009558, articleId=1149738770775322837, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Research on design of fire emergency evacuation device for hospital buildings based on UBmap/AHP/FAST, columnId=1149733270084042840, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Public safety, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To enhance the fire emergency evacuation capability of hospital buildings in fire，a device was designed for timely emergency evacuation and safe escape. UBmap，AHP，and FAST were integrated into the overall design framework to investigate users' needs and relevant product design elements for emergency evacuation devices. The UBmap incorporated the escape behavior of patients during the fire based on the characteristics of hospital buildings，and constructed a behavior journey map to predict and extract needs at each stage. AHP/FAST aggregation methods were then used to rank these needs according to their importance，converting them into primary and secondary functions for analysis and resolution. This determined the accuracy of the product design orientation and functional logic，and finally completed the design scheme. The theoretical model based on UBmap/AHP/FAST was applied to the design and development of fire evacuation device in hospital buildings. The design's overall strength and feasibility were further verified and validated using finite element analysis in ANSYS Workbench software. The results show that the integration of different systematic product analysis，design，and simulation testing methods reduces weak points and uncertainties in the design process. This approach makes the design more systematic and scientific，and achieves the goals of reducing production costs，enhancing safety and efficiency，and improving disaster prevention and mitigation.

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为提高医院火灾应急避难能力，针对医院住院楼建筑，设计一款在火灾下能及时进行应急避难、安全逃脱的装置产品。集合用户行为地图(UBmap)、层次分析法(AHP)、功能分析系统技术法(FAST)，融入整体设计构架中，探究应急避难装置产品的用户需求以及相关产品设计要素。将医院住院楼建筑环境特点及患者人群对火灾的逃生行为过程融入UBmap中，构建行为旅程图，推测并提取各个阶段需求指标；再通过AHP/FAST聚合方法，对需求指标进行重要度排序，并转化为主次功能进行分析求解，以此推断产品设计定位与功能逻辑的准确性，完成设计方案生产。综合UBmap/AHP/FAST为依据的理论模型，运用到医院住院楼建筑火灾下的避难装置设计开发流程中，并运用ANSYS Workbench软件有限元分析方案，进一步验证校核该设计的整体装置强度与可行性。结果表明：将不同的方法融合分析，系统性地对产品展开分析设计与实现且进行仿真检验，减少设计过程中的薄弱环节与不确定性问题，能够使设计更具系统性与科学性，达到降低避难装置的生产成本、实现安全效率化、防灾减灾的目标。

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关凯元 (1994—)，男，山西大同人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为工业设计、人工智能、设计理论与方法。E-mail：。

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关凯元 (1994—)，男，山西大同人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为工业设计、人工智能、设计理论与方法。E-mail：。

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关凯元 (1994—)，男，山西大同人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为工业设计、人工智能、设计理论与方法。E-mail：。

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=应急避难装置), Keyword(id=1171830463107736069, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, orderNo=6, keyword=装置设计)], refs=[Reference(id=1171830465750147628, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2022, volume=null, issue=1, pageStart=12, pageEnd=13, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=肖方, journalName=中国消防, refType=null, unstructuredReference=肖方. 2021年全国消防救援队伍处置警情创新高[J]. 中国消防, 2022(1):12-13., articleTitle=2021年全国消防救援队伍处置警情创新高, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1171830465817256493, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=47, issue=4, pageStart=1, pageEnd=5, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[2], rfOrder=1, authorNames=宋嘉宝, 姜雪, 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51039-2014,Code for design of general hospital[S]., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=null, companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1171830461375488479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171830461383877088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, companyId=1171830461375488479, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Design，Hanyang University，Seoul 04763，Korea), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171830461392265697, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, companyId=1171830461375488479, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 汉阳大学 设计学院，韩国 首尔 04763)]), AuthorCompany(id=1171830461467763170, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171830461476151779, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, companyId=1171830461467763170, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Beijing Chaoyang District Fire Rescue Detachment，Beijing 100027，China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1171830461484540388, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, companyId=1171830461467763170, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 北京市朝阳区消防救援支队，北京 100027)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1171830463279702534, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Integrated design flow based on UBmap/AHP/FAST, figureFileSmall=cop0oD4sPfN3u+fO5uk/uQ==, figureFileBig=2IWHGG3DiZiGlNgECFajpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463338422791, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图1, caption=基于UBmap/AHP/FAST 集成设计流程, figureFileSmall=cop0oD4sPfN3u+fO5uk/uQ==, figureFileBig=2IWHGG3DiZiGlNgECFajpw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463401337352, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Behavioral experience map of user's evacuation process, figureFileSmall=EbDLcPDB1YOfTvlB5F/aJg==, figureFileBig=X037e3jn0ORfxHBbZO596Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463468446217, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图2, caption=用户避难过程的行为体验地图, figureFileSmall=EbDLcPDB1YOfTvlB5F/aJg==, figureFileBig=X037e3jn0ORfxHBbZO596Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463514583562, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Design requirements ladder hierarchy model, figureFileSmall=t6Rqn2xcnB1vFsbmZCK5KQ==, figureFileBig=04EoPZnVZsFzxq83iwlEzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463560720907, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图3, caption=装置设计需求阶梯层次模型, figureFileSmall=t6Rqn2xcnB1vFsbmZCK5KQ==, figureFileBig=04EoPZnVZsFzxq83iwlEzQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463623635468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Basic requirements transformation based on black box principle, figureFileSmall=iQSzVuPyXWsKk6GGLSkLng==, figureFileBig=8kEnZdECZCQn3d7Vmc4BKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463699132941, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图4, caption=基于黑箱原理的基本需求转化, figureFileSmall=iQSzVuPyXWsKk6GGLSkLng==, figureFileBig=8kEnZdECZCQn3d7Vmc4BKg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463757853198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.5, caption=Hospital evacuation device FAST functional system analysis diagram, figureFileSmall=BovjjLAz1MeQZsJ8Mfkx/Q==, figureFileBig=RUXwliTX+wwDF59mEpyWzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463820767759, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图5, caption=医院避难装置FAST功能系统分析, figureFileSmall=BovjjLAz1MeQZsJ8Mfkx/Q==, figureFileBig=RUXwliTX+wwDF59mEpyWzw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463879488016, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.6, caption=Emergency evacuation scenarios for hospital building fires, figureFileSmall=gl0WeuD6NS3DxCYsIphvbA==, figureFileBig=6FOzTWh+cP4l1yry0X93tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830463942402577, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图6, caption=医院建筑火灾应急避难场景, figureFileSmall=gl0WeuD6NS3DxCYsIphvbA==, figureFileBig=6FOzTWh+cP4l1yry0X93tQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464005317138, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Size reference of sheltering device, figureFileSmall=xStcIgJ7mYT6xVePA5G5eA==, figureFileBig=U/M8FDmldUJkNmrvA0QALw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464055648787, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图7, caption=避难装置人机尺寸参照, figureFileSmall=xStcIgJ7mYT6xVePA5G5eA==, figureFileBig=U/M8FDmldUJkNmrvA0QALw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464122757652, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Use process of sheltering device, figureFileSmall=3d2lkWE6SVg1Idw0BPxP6w==, figureFileBig=Jh67mDt73YUuffNddKWNWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464185672213, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图8, caption=避难装置使用过程, figureFileSmall=3d2lkWE6SVg1Idw0BPxP6w==, figureFileBig=Jh67mDt73YUuffNddKWNWg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464248586774, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Grid partitioning results, figureFileSmall=5Mh9Vy17jqcQqrjsnGCvSw==, figureFileBig=shHjQge+JRk4tqOH3rvyow==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464307307031, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图9, caption=网格划分结果, figureFileSmall=5Mh9Vy17jqcQqrjsnGCvSw==, 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articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图11, caption=应力云图, figureFileSmall=bCL2cL8PPrIMP7oLd3juTQ==, figureFileBig=aOoF81rck9q+/mD/rodRXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464592519708, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Fig.12, caption=Tension bar stress cloud, figureFileSmall=MkBDIk0wLGXo2aH6ahpsaA==, figureFileBig=1zvwH5qI157VSQPTDKWRsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464651239965, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=图12, caption=拉杆应力云图, figureFileSmall=MkBDIk0wLGXo2aH6ahpsaA==, figureFileBig=1zvwH5qI157VSQPTDKWRsw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1171830464709960222, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 1, caption=

Product types and problems of existing evacuation devices

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
现有避难装置种类及存在的问题
种类 室内避难装置 室外避难装置
问题 操作难、临时组装、不适合医患人群、
易拥堵和踩踏、反应迟缓等问题		 环境适应性差、易受损、可见性低、需定期培训、适合
社区户外避难，但未能解决易患人群的及时避难需求
), ArticleFig(id=1171830464768680479, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

现有避难装置产品种类及存在问题

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
现有避难装置种类及存在的问题
种类 室内避难装置 室外避难装置
问题 操作难、临时组装、不适合医患人群、
易拥堵和踩踏、反应迟缓等问题		 环境适应性差、易受损、可见性低、需定期培训、适合
社区户外避难，但未能解决易患人群的及时避难需求
), ArticleFig(id=1171830464852566560, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 2, caption=

Criterion level judgment matrix and weights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计需求 进行前 进行中 进行后 权重 排序
进行前 1 — — 0.456 2
进行中 2 1 — 0.357 1
进行后 1/2 1/3 1 0.187 3
), ArticleFig(id=1171830464915481121, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

准则层判断矩阵及权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
设计需求 进行前 进行中 进行后 权重 排序
进行前 1 — — 0.456 2
进行中 2 1 — 0.357 1
进行后 1/2 1/3 1 0.187 3
), ArticleFig(id=1171830464995172898, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 3, caption=

Sub-criteria level judgment matrix and weights

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
进行前 N1 N2 N3 — — — — — 权重值 综合权重 排序
N1 1 — — — — — — — 0.429 0.127 3
N2 1/2 1 — — — — — — 0.347 0.103 4
N3 1/3 1/2 1 — — — — — 0.225 0.067 8
进行中 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 — — —
N4 1 — — — — — — — 0.243 0.131 2
N5 1/2 1 — — — — — — 0.276 0.149 1
N6 1/2 1/3 1 — — — — — 0.144 0.078 6
N7 1/3 1/4 1 1 — — — — 0.138 0.074 7
N8 1/4 1/5 1/2 1/3 1 — — — 0.097 0.052 9
N9 1/5 1/6 1/5 1/4 1/5 1 — — 0.057 0.031 11
N10 1/6 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/6 1/4 1 — 0.026 0.014 14
N11 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/9 1/7 1/7 1/2 1 0.019 0.010 16
进行后 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 — — — — — —
N12 1 — — — — — — — 0.204 0.033 10
N13 1/3 1 — — — — — — 0.071 0.012 15
N14 5 6 1 — — — — — 0.529 0.087 5
N15 1/2 1 1/6 1 — — — — 0.102 0.017 12
N16 1/4 2 1/4 1/2 1 — — — 0.093 0.015 13
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465079058979, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

子准则层判断矩阵及权重

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
进行前 N1 N2 N3 — — — — — 权重值 综合权重 排序
N1 1 — — — — — — — 0.429 0.127 3
N2 1/2 1 — — — — — — 0.347 0.103 4
N3 1/3 1/2 1 — — — — — 0.225 0.067 8
进行中 N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 — — —
N4 1 — — — — — — — 0.243 0.131 2
N5 1/2 1 — — — — — — 0.276 0.149 1
N6 1/2 1/3 1 — — — — — 0.144 0.078 6
N7 1/3 1/4 1 1 — — — — 0.138 0.074 7
N8 1/4 1/5 1/2 1/3 1 — — — 0.097 0.052 9
N9 1/5 1/6 1/5 1/4 1/5 1 — — 0.057 0.031 11
N10 1/6 1/7 1/7 1/7 1/6 1/4 1 — 0.026 0.014 14
N11 1/7 1/8 1/9 1/9 1/7 1/7 1/2 1 0.019 0.010 16
进行后 N12 N13 N14 N15 N16 — — — — — —
N12 1 — — — — — — — 0.204 0.033 10
N13 1/3 1 — — — — — — 0.071 0.012 15
N14 5 6 1 — — — — — 0.529 0.087 5
N15 1/2 1 1/6 1 — — — — 0.102 0.017 12
N16 1/4 2 1/4 1/2 1 — — — 0.093 0.015 13
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465146167844, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 4, caption=

Results of consistency test for criterion layer weighting indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 一级指标
最大特征根 3.009
CI 0.005
RI 0.525
CR 0.009<0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465200693797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

准则层权重指标一致性检验结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 一级指标
最大特征根 3.009
CI 0.005
RI 0.525
CR 0.009<0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465255219750, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 5, caption=

Sub-criteria level weighting indicator consistency results

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 进行前B 进行中C 进行后D
最大特征根 3.064 10.596 5.331
CI 0.032 0.066 0.083
RI 0.525 1.486 1.11
CR 0.061<0.1 0.045<0.1 0.074<0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465318134311, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

子准则层权重指标一致性结果

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
A 进行前B 进行中C 进行后D
最大特征根 3.064 10.596 5.331
CI 0.032 0.066 0.083
RI 0.525 1.486 1.11
CR 0.061<0.1 0.045<0.1 0.074<0.1
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465385243176, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 6, caption=

Combined weighting and ranking

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 权重 子准
则层		 权重 综合
权重		 一致性
检验		 排名
A进行
前		 0.297 N1 0.429 0.127 通过 3
N2 0.347 0.103 4
N3 0.225 0.067 8
B进行
中		 0.539 N4 0.243 0.131 通过 2
N5 0.276 0.149 1
N6 0.144 0.078 6
N7 0.138 0.074 7
N8 0.097 0.052 9
N9 0.057 0.031 11
N10 0.026 0.014 14
N11 0.019 0.010 16
C进行
后		 0.164 N12 0.204 0.033 通过 10
N13 0.071 0.012 15
N14 0.529 0.087 5
N15 0.102 0.017 12
N16 0.093 0.015 13
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465473323561, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

综合权重及排序

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
准则层 权重 子准
则层		 权重 综合
权重		 一致性
检验		 排名
A进行
前		 0.297 N1 0.429 0.127 通过 3
N2 0.347 0.103 4
N3 0.225 0.067 8
B进行
中		 0.539 N4 0.243 0.131 通过 2
N5 0.276 0.149 1
N6 0.144 0.078 6
N7 0.138 0.074 7
N8 0.097 0.052 9
N9 0.057 0.031 11
N10 0.026 0.014 14
N11 0.019 0.010 16
C进行
后		 0.164 N12 0.204 0.033 通过 10
N13 0.071 0.012 15
N14 0.529 0.087 5
N15 0.102 0.017 12
N16 0.093 0.015 13
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465565598250, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=EN, label=Table 7, caption=

Shelter reference comparison

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 设计方案 外部避难设施及现有
避难装置(逃生滑梯、
应急降落伞、逃生气
垫、缓降器等)
避难救援
效率		 近距离避难救援；自主管理维护；内部紧急避难；灵活外部联动救援 受安全隐患很大，需要专业的培训
接受度与
适用性		 友好易用；多功能性；可定制化；集成先进技术 安全、救援高度功能等存在不确定的因素，适用性不全面，接受度受限，单一化
性能 高防火性能与易操作性；紧急通信优势；可持续性 造型原理多样，机动性不强，不易控制
), ArticleFig(id=1171830465620124203, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738770775322837, language=CN, label=表7, caption=

避难装置参照对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
影响因素 设计方案 外部避难设施及现有
避难装置(逃生滑梯、
应急降落伞、逃生气
垫、缓降器等)
避难救援
效率		 近距离避难救援；自主管理维护；内部紧急避难；灵活外部联动救援 受安全隐患很大，需要专业的培训
接受度与
适用性		 友好易用；多功能性；可定制化；集成先进技术 安全、救援高度功能等存在不确定的因素，适用性不全面，接受度受限，单一化
性能 高防火性能与易操作性；紧急通信优势；可持续性 造型原理多样，机动性不强，不易控制
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基于UBmap/AHP/FAST的医院建筑火灾应急避难装置设计
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关凯元 1 , 周超 1 , 吕姊宸 1 , 靳月鑫 2
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(7): 202-210
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(7): 202-210
基于UBmap/AHP/FAST的医院建筑火灾应急避难装置设计
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关凯元1 , 周超1, 吕姊宸1, 靳月鑫2
作者信息
  • 1 汉阳大学 设计学院，韩国 首尔 04763
  • 2 北京市朝阳区消防救援支队，北京 100027

    • 关凯元 (1994—)，男，山西大同人，博士研究生，主要研究方向为工业设计、人工智能、设计理论与方法。E-mail：。

Research on design of fire emergency evacuation device for hospital buildings based on UBmap/AHP/FAST
Kaiyuan GUAN1 , Chao ZHOU1, Zichen LYU1, Yuexin JIN2
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Design，Hanyang University，Seoul 04763，Korea
  • 2 Beijing Chaoyang District Fire Rescue Detachment，Beijing 100027，China
出版时间: 2024-07-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0136
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摘要
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为提高医院火灾应急避难能力，针对医院住院楼建筑，设计一款在火灾下能及时进行应急避难、安全逃脱的装置产品。集合用户行为地图(UBmap)、层次分析法(AHP)、功能分析系统技术法(FAST)，融入整体设计构架中，探究应急避难装置产品的用户需求以及相关产品设计要素。将医院住院楼建筑环境特点及患者人群对火灾的逃生行为过程融入UBmap中，构建行为旅程图，推测并提取各个阶段需求指标；再通过AHP/FAST聚合方法，对需求指标进行重要度排序，并转化为主次功能进行分析求解，以此推断产品设计定位与功能逻辑的准确性，完成设计方案生产。综合UBmap/AHP/FAST为依据的理论模型，运用到医院住院楼建筑火灾下的避难装置设计开发流程中，并运用ANSYS Workbench软件有限元分析方案，进一步验证校核该设计的整体装置强度与可行性。结果表明：将不同的方法融合分析，系统性地对产品展开分析设计与实现且进行仿真检验，减少设计过程中的薄弱环节与不确定性问题，能够使设计更具系统性与科学性，达到降低避难装置的生产成本、实现安全效率化、防灾减灾的目标。

用户行为地图(UBmap)  /  层次分析法(AHP)  /  功能分析系统(FAST)  /  建筑火灾  /  应急避难装置  /  装置设计

To enhance the fire emergency evacuation capability of hospital buildings in fire，a device was designed for timely emergency evacuation and safe escape. UBmap，AHP，and FAST were integrated into the overall design framework to investigate users' needs and relevant product design elements for emergency evacuation devices. The UBmap incorporated the escape behavior of patients during the fire based on the characteristics of hospital buildings，and constructed a behavior journey map to predict and extract needs at each stage. AHP/FAST aggregation methods were then used to rank these needs according to their importance，converting them into primary and secondary functions for analysis and resolution. This determined the accuracy of the product design orientation and functional logic，and finally completed the design scheme. The theoretical model based on UBmap/AHP/FAST was applied to the design and development of fire evacuation device in hospital buildings. The design's overall strength and feasibility were further verified and validated using finite element analysis in ANSYS Workbench software. The results show that the integration of different systematic product analysis，design，and simulation testing methods reduces weak points and uncertainties in the design process. This approach makes the design more systematic and scientific，and achieves the goals of reducing production costs，enhancing safety and efficiency，and improving disaster prevention and mitigation.

user behavior map (UBmap)  /  analytic hierarchy process (AHP)  /  function analysis system technique (FAST)  /  building fire  /  emergency shelter device  /  device design
关凯元, 周超, 吕姊宸, 靳月鑫. 基于UBmap/AHP/FAST的医院建筑火灾应急避难装置设计. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (7) : 202 -210 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0136
Kaiyuan GUAN, Chao ZHOU, Zichen LYU, Yuexin JIN. Research on design of fire emergency evacuation device for hospital buildings based on UBmap/AHP/FAST[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (7) : 202 -210 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0136
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0 引言
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随着医院规模扩大和人员流动增加，医院火灾事故频率上升。这不仅危及患者和医护人员生命安全，还可能导致财产损失和医疗服务中断。根据中国消防救援数据，2021年，全国报告的火灾事故达74.8万起，造成约2 000人伤亡和67.5亿元财产损失，其中，医院火灾占据近1/3[1]。就当前医院住院楼环境结构，一旦发生火灾，造成的伤亡后果以及社会影响是不可控的。因此，提升医院火灾应急避难能力，设计科学合理的应急避难装置成为重要研究课题，对于确保医院安全运行具有重要意义。
目前，许多学者针对医院火灾事故的防范与处置开展了研究。如宋嘉宝等[2]研究医院人员行为特点和反应时间，结合建筑信息模型技术，优化应急疏散路线，降低疏散风险；徐旻洋[3]在医院开展火灾模拟和逃生分析，提供了火灾和烟气扩散分布以及疏散路径的数据。与此同时，不同领域人员对应急避难装置的研发设计持续进行。如赵峰等[4]在学校环境中设计地震避难产品，运用发明问题解决理论进行设计创新；王勇等[5]通过热防护性能分析证明避难装置的防护要求；李付星[6]分析突发事件，梳理应急装备设计方法并融入情感交互。尽管医院建筑火灾方面的研究增加，但关于火灾应急避难产品设计的研究中仍较为缺乏，特别是针对高层建筑救援的设计，而且这些研究通常缺乏对产品的量化分析和深入考虑用户需求，导致评估缺乏客观性和准确性。因此，借助用户行为地图(User Behavior Map，UBmap)、层次分析法(Analytic Hierarchy Process，AHP)和功能分析系统技术法(Function Analysis System Technique，FAST)理论融合，可以科学系统地解决多需求指标问题。许熠莹等[7]基于UXM/FAST/AHP模型，提出多功能融合设计；王慧等[8]基于B/AHP/FAST方法，设计动物饲喂机器。然而，应急避难装置设计中融合多种方法构建模型并进行技术实现和仿真试验的研究较少。
鉴于此，笔者拟集合UBmap、AHP和FAST理论，评价需求指标，保证产品设计的客观性与科学性，并用Ansys Workbench有限元软件进行装配模拟分析，校核结构的可行性与稳定性，确保装置在火灾中的实际效用，为火灾下的应急避难装置创新设计提供科学支撑。
1 UBmap/AHP/FAST流程构建
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通常，AHP经过“黑箱子”模型将需求转化为基本功能，利用用户需求权重构建产品功能，并结合FAST功能结构树逐层分解和优化设计，以实现最佳产品设计目标[9]。基于UBmap/AHP/FAST融合设计方法是从用户行为为导向，寻找设计过程中的产品需求，运用定性与定量的方法解决问题，再通过验证分析可行性以此实现产品的功能。设计流程主要分为需求推论、需求择优判断、构建功能体系3个过程，如图1所示。
2 应急避难装置设计
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2.1 基于UBmap的需求推导
2.1.1 应急避难装置现状分析
在火灾应急救援中，应急避难装置的作用不可忽视。各国已经融入科学技术开发了在火灾中能够自主逃生且安全避难的辅助产品，但受各类不可控因素的影响，其效果仍需进一步研究和优化。现有避难装置产品种类及存在问题见表1。
2.1.2 应急避难装置用户需求推导
在医院建筑中，火灾发生后，患者常因缺乏自救能力或选择错误的逃生方法导致伤亡和财产损失。不同患者群体可能在逃生过程中出现慌乱、不适、无助等行为，增加逃生风险。逃生之前，突发危险下的不同患者可能会出现慌乱躲避与探究的行为；在逃生过程中，由于危险系数增大以及身体不便，可能会导致无助且过激等行为；逃生后，可能还会产生恐惧、担忧等行为。实地勘查医院住院楼建筑并记录观察，访问消防部门、应急产业和专家，收集资料并分析数据，以深入了解用户需求和行为特点。通过UBmap用户体验地图整理设计需求，寻找优化设计的机会点，从而提升医院火灾逃生的效率和安全性，如图2所示。
2.2 基于AHP的装置设计要素评价
2.2.1 构建阶梯层次结构
根据用户行为体验地图绘制归纳出装置设计需求，通过AHP确定需求开发的优先级，将医院住院楼建筑火灾应急避难装置的层次模型设置为目标层、准则层和子准则层，并结合访问医院用户、护士等潜在使用群体及具有逃生装置设计开发经验的专家意见，基于亲和图法对设计需求的层次分类展开筛选且构建需求指标层次结构。通过整合，最终推导出需求为16项，准则层根据行为产生过程分为进行前、进行过程中与进行后3个阶段(A、B、C);子准则层为具体的设计需求，即16项指标(N1—N16)，如图3所示。
2.2.2 构建矩阵与计算
基于AHP设计专家调查问卷。募集8名具有相关领域专家(3名工业设计师、3名应急设备设计师、1名医疗建筑设计师、1名建筑消防工程师)共同讨论，并对重要度打分。采用9级标度法评分，并将图3中准则层与指标层中的各项指标分别进行两两比较；计算8位专家打分结果的权重值，最终的准则层判断矩阵结果见表2。
将专家构建的子准则层指标进行平均化处理，计算出子准则层的权重值、综合权重及综合权重排序情况，最终的子准则层判断矩阵及权重见表3。
2.2.3 一致性检验
在获取专家问卷的权重打分结果后，对其进行一致性检验，如一致性指标值CR<0.1，则通过一致性检验；若CR≥0.1，表明未满足一致性检验，此时需要重新评估未通过一致性检验的专家打分问卷，并进行相应的分析，直至构建的权重关系能够通过一致性检验。通过在线数据分析网站SPSSPRO(https://WWW.spsspro.com/)计算8位专家评价结果的一致性结果，见表4。最终构建的准则层权重指标CR=0.009<0.1，构建的一级权重指标具有一致性。子准则层权重指标一致性检验结果见表5。运用相关方法得出的子准则层模型的一致性检验结果为进行前(0.061)、进行中(0.045)、进行后(0.074)，均小于规定值0.1，因此，所构建的权重关系的相关数据可用作进一步数据分析。
2.2.4 综合需求评定
将各层级下的准则层指标权重值与其子准则层指标的权重相乘，并通过层次总排序，最终产生所重视的权重排序结果，见表6。
由表6可知：进行中设计需求>进行前设计需求>进行后设计需求；此处以最接近设计需求的二级指标的前9项进行推导：B×N5 > B×N4 > A×N1 > A×N2 > >C×N14 >B×N6 > B×N7 > A×N3 > B×N8。因此，在设计医院应急避难生装置的功能应向进行中、进行前的设计需求倾斜，该权重排序表明此设计的前瞻性，代表对当前最具挑战性与难度的痛点挖掘，下一步按照FAST功能推导将其重要度分为关键需求、重要需求和一般需求，以此作为后续设计的重要参考。
2.3 基于FAST的功能转化及求解
2.3.1 FAST的功能链矩阵式表达
根据权重结果排序，舍去不必要的需求，明确基本需求与辅助需求，并转化为产品功能要素。首先，将需求进行主次分类，依次代入黑箱模型中注释为基本功能与次级功能；然后，分析汇总并映射到产品功能设计，分析各功能间逻辑，明确功能间的主次关系，创建应急避难装置的功能模型，把握设计重点。基于黑箱原理的基本需求转化如图4所示。
2.3.2 构建FAST的功能整合优化
医院避难装置FAST功能建模分析如图5所示。通过综合探讨需求优先级、使用操作以及技术要求，围绕功能整合、功能拓展及人机关系展开分析研究。利用黑箱法获得所有基本功能，并引入FAST功能树模型进行系统化处理归类，详细分解为子功能并映射到避难装置产品的具体结构和功能上。有助于更好地串联各级功能系统之间的关系，从而得到全面的功能体系。
综上所述，将应急避难装置的基本功能放于功能树的第1行第1列区域，设计应该着重于多功能的集成，核心功能为能够隔离火灾危险、采用窗户避难、可以检测及提示功能、有足够的承载力与消防联动救援功能的集成装置，在此基础上附带次级功能，放置于第1行第2列区域，归类为安全性、多适性调节、易操作、信息收集反馈，作为设计理念填充到后续设计中。
3 应急避难装置设计优化
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避难装置作为新型产品安装在建筑外墙的窗体，充分调研老旧医院住院楼的楼层高度和特殊环境，利用行为记录整理出火灾时逃离路线偏好，将产品安置在趋光性逃生路线上。同时，保留病房原有窗户并设置避难装置结构，使其位于每个病房的最佳位置，确保患者在紧急情况下能迅速安全地逃离，远离火源，增加逃生机会。采用UBmap/AHP/FAST方法进行定量与定性研究，综合考虑功能、结构、外观等设计因素，指导并得出新型医院避难装置的最优设计方案。医院建筑火灾应急避难场景如图6所示。
避难装置人机尺寸参照如图7所示，设计尺寸依据《建筑设计防火规范》[10]与《医院建筑设计规范》[11]。
避难窗的结构设计考虑不同的人群特征，在火灾中提供最大程度的保护。该设计避难流程如图8所示。首先，避难窗设计具备智能检测系统，火源检测后自动启动声光报警，引导人员注意。采用向上提拉解锁式设计，减少误触，确保易操作。然后，握住向上开启的避难窗扶手向前推开，利用建筑窗外空间快速展开避难区。踩踏辅助降落结构自动化设计，便于行动受限人群操作。其次，采用推拉式防火帘设计进一步隔离火源，建立建筑外部稳固安全的避难空间。内部设计考虑传统避难功能，兼顾人性化心理安抚元素。最后，安全隔离火源后，避难窗启动报警系统发出警告信号，吸引周围注意并等待救援。同时，还可与消防云梯车联动，克服高度限制。
4 结构强度有限元仿真分析
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避难逃生产品稳定性问题凸显，主要原因是局部结构设计不合理。这不仅影响稳定性，还可能导致材料浪费。因此，设计时需评估稳定性，以减少生产不利后果。主要采用有限元方法分析结构强度，确保结构安全可靠。
4.1 有限元模型建立
采用Ansys Workbench静力学分析模块进行结构强度分析，首先，通过将Rhino建立的三维模型(X_T格式)导入至ANSYS Workbench软件中完成有限元分析几何模型的建立；然后，简化优化模型，去除不影响结构应力的小孔、圆角等工艺结构，提高分析效率；最后，网格划分使用二阶四面体单元，适应复杂的避难装置结构形状，以20mm的网格大小进行离散，确保对细节的准确刻画。结合实际，避难装置的整体结构采用轻便易加工的铝合金材料。为模拟实际使用环境，设计中保留一段混凝土墙面。网格划分结果如图9所示。
4.2 结果分析
为真实模拟避难装置的受力情况，围绕保留的混凝土墙面设置固定约束，以模拟装置结构牢固安装在墙面内。设计考虑装置需要承载3名成年人的重量，每人假定体质量为75kg。为校核最大承载情况，人员载荷位于最靠近护栏侧。通过软件计算，得到避难装置的变形云图，如图10所示。装置的最大变形量位于站立点的中间位置，此处最大变形量为0.978mm，总体变形量较小。由图10可知：在承载3名成年人的工况下，装置地板辐条最大变形为0.978mm。由于辐条两端固定于装置框上，根据常识可知：最大变形位置为中间位置，因此，结果基本正确。
避难装置应力云图如11所示。从图11可以看出，最大应力出现在站立面的连接处，此处最大应力为16.912MPa，小于铝合金材料许用屈服强度[σb]=240MPa，不会发生静力破坏，满足设计要求，同时具备较高的安全系数。
为更好地分析零件的受力情况，分析简化装置上部拉杆，得到应力云图如图12所示。得出最大应力为7.55MPa，小于铝合金材料屈服强度[σb]=240MPa，说明不会发生静力破坏，结构稳固可靠，结构设计具有较大的余量，满足设计要求。
4.3 应急避难装置的功效评估与建议
选取考虑设计方案的主要形成因素，对比分析当前现有逃生避难产品与设计方案的详细化数据，具体见表7。
研究结果表明：避难装置在模拟测试中表现出良好的承载能力和结构稳定性，因此，建议在所有医院窗户外安装避难装置，从以下3个方面综合考虑，分别是：①安全需求。在火灾、地震等紧急情况下，提供额外逃生通道，增强疏散能力和安全性。②稳定性。承受3名成年人重量，避免静力破坏，有效提升医院安全，减少生命和财产损失。③法规要求。符合法律规定，医院需安装避难装置，确保安全措施到位。
为确保避难装置的有效使用和控制人数，采取以下措施：①提供培训和演练，确保医院工作人员和患者熟悉应急程序。②设置清晰指示和标识，便于在紧急情况下快速找到并正确使用避难装置。③限制使用权限，仅由受训人员操作，减少误操作和滥用风险。④定期检查和维护，确保装置始终处于良好工作状态。
综上，设计方案在避难救援效率、接受度和适用性方面优于现有产品。
5 结论
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1) 考虑避难装置设计体系更加全面、合理。文中构建UBmap/AHP/FAST的设计模型和流程。改变传统设计中专家主观赋值权重的方式，显著减少人为主观因素的影响，突出定量分析的优势，使设计结果科学、准确。
2) 利用ANSYS Workbench软件分析设计方案的使用安全性的整体模型结构强度，确保结构安全可靠，显著提高了产品的稳定性和材料利用效率。结果表明：装置在承载设计载荷下的变形量和应力均远低于材料屈服强度，具备较高的安全系数，且模拟了实际使用环境，确保了分析结果的真实有效。
3) 在未来研究中将进一步参考多领域消防专家的建议，以增加研究的完整性；并在未来的设计中增加多样性仿真分析，以增强避难装置设计结果的实用性。
文献
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2024年第34卷第7期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.07.0136
  • 接收时间：2024-01-14
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-07-28
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  • 收稿日期：2024-01-14
  • 修回日期：2024-04-18
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    1 汉阳大学 设计学院，韩国 首尔 04763
    2 北京市朝阳区消防救援支队，北京 100027
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数
科
Family		 属数
Number of
genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)		 属
Genus		 种数
Number of
species		 占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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