Article(id=1149738958902444409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0058-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1283, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698508800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-29, revisedDate=1706284800000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-27, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048728919, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048728919, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048728919, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048728919, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=58, endPage=66, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738959074410875, articleId=1149738958902444409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Fire control mechanism of smoke barrier for long and large hydraulic tunnel group in high altitude areas, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To face the challenges of evacuation and rescue of fires in large hydraulic tunnel group and the unclear control mechanism of smoke barrier,numerical simulation was employed to analyze smoke spreading law and fire control mechanism of smoke barrier. The smoke spreading path and the visibility distribution were analyzed. The impact of installing smoke barrier walls on smoke spreading speed,visibility and temperature was studied,and the effectiveness of smoke control measures was evaluated. The results show that the smoke initially spreads along a single two-way direction,and is affected by ventilation airflow when reaching branch tunnel with smoke reversal,retrogression and increased intrusion range. Smoke fills the whole ventilation network within 500 s,the stratification interface between the smoke layer and the lower air layer is unstable,and the height of the smoke layer at the intersection decreases more significantly. The smoke barrier can promote smoke propagation along the diversion tunnel,and the effect decreases with the increase of propagation distance. It has cumulative blocking characteristics along the tunnel direction of the construction branch. The influence of the smoke barrier leads to the temperature decreasing as the diffusion length increases. A smoke storage pool is formed in front of the smoke barrier to enhance the degree of backflow of smoke. Behind it is the smoke deceleration and pressurization area,and the smoke layer rises.

, correspAuthors=Peng LIN, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yong XIA, Ruinan AN, Weifeng ZHANG, Chao ZHANG, Kun HE, Peng LIN), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149738976082313272, articleId=1149738958902444409, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=高海拔长大水工隧洞群挡烟垂壁控烟机制, columnId=1149733269727526997, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全工程技术, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

针对长大水工隧洞群施工期火灾疏散救援难和挡烟垂壁作用机制不清晰的挑战,采用数值模拟方法对大型棋盘状隧洞群通风网络火灾烟气蔓延特征及控烟机制开展系统研究,包括烟气扩散路径及能见度分布,设置挡烟垂壁对烟气扩散速度、能见度及温度的影响及控烟效果。结果表明:火灾后烟气首先沿单一隧洞轴线双向传播,扩散至施工支洞时部分支路产生烟气逆转、逆退现象,500 s计算时长内烟气几乎充满整个通风网络,烟气层与下层空气的分层界面不稳定,网络交汇处烟气层高度明显降低。设置挡烟垂壁对烟气沿隧洞轴向传播具有促进作用,效果随传播距离增长而减弱;对烟气沿施工支洞轴线传播具有累积阻滞作用;挡烟垂壁对烟气温度的影响随扩散距离增加不断减弱;挡烟垂壁前方形成储烟池,增强烟气逆流程度,后方为烟气减速增压区,烟气层升高。

, correspAuthors=林鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**林鹏(1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事水工结构、水电智能建造、火灾安全等方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:
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夏勇 (1968—),男,四川泸州人,博士,正高级工程师,总工程师,主要从事水力学及河流动力学、水电智能建设及安全等方面工作。E-mail:

张伟锋 工程师

张超 工程师

何坤 工程师

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夏勇 (1968—),男,四川泸州人,博士,正高级工程师,总工程师,主要从事水力学及河流动力学、水电智能建设及安全等方面工作。E-mail:

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夏勇 (1968—),男,四川泸州人,博士,正高级工程师,总工程师,主要从事水力学及河流动力学、水电智能建设及安全等方面工作。E-mail:

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何坤 工程师

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language=CN, label=图9, caption=挡烟垂壁烟气温度变化对比, figureFileSmall=zMRUltk+jTQsJA96Hii1hQ==, figureFileBig=G0cKX1pbPKjpxekAVkv/Vw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150992093721490, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958902444409, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Monitoring parameters of location and function

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 编号 位置坐标/m
监测点 A1 x y h
A2 -180 37.5 7
A3 -120 37.5 7
A4 -60 37.5 7
A5 -120 80 7
-60 80 7
监测面 L1 y=0,-200≤x≤300,0≤h≤11.5
L2 x=0,-65≤y≤90,0≤h≤10
), ArticleFig(id=1168150992156636051, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958902444409, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

监测点空间及功能参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 编号 位置坐标/m
监测点 A1 x y h
A2 -180 37.5 7
A3 -120 37.5 7
A4 -60 37.5 7
A5 -120 80 7
-60 80 7
监测面 L1 y=0,-200≤x≤300,0≤h≤11.5
L2 x=0,-65≤y≤90,0≤h≤10
), ArticleFig(id=1168150992219550612, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958902444409, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Boundary condition parameter setting

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
计算时
长/s
500
混凝土壁
面热参数
密度/
(kg·m-3)
比热容/
(kJ·(kg-1·K-1)
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
2280 1.04 1.8
火源 类型 火源功率/MW 位置
超快速增长 10 3号隧洞轴线
环境
参数
气压/Pa 温度/℃
71 921 10.7
发烟量/% 19.8[22]
CO产生量/% 10[23]
通风速度/(m·s-1) 2
挡烟
垂壁
高度/m 与火源距离/m
1.5 10,15,20,30
), ArticleFig(id=1168150992278270869, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958902444409, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

边界条件参数设置

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
项目 参数
计算时
长/s
500
混凝土壁
面热参数
密度/
(kg·m-3)
比热容/
(kJ·(kg-1·K-1)
导热系数/
(W·m-1·K-1)
2280 1.04 1.8
火源 类型 火源功率/MW 位置
超快速增长 10 3号隧洞轴线
环境
参数
气压/Pa 温度/℃
71 921 10.7
发烟量/% 19.8[22]
CO产生量/% 10[23]
通风速度/(m·s-1) 2
挡烟
垂壁
高度/m 与火源距离/m
1.5 10,15,20,30
), ArticleFig(id=1168150992336991126, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958902444409, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Average value of smoke temperature drop at monitoring points

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点 温度/℃
h=7 m h=8 m h=9 m h=10 m
A1 t 0 14.96 15.39 17.44 22.71
Δt 0.12 -0.02 0.43 0.48
A2 t 0 17.52 18.65 25.09 32.10
Δt 0.00 0.03 3.13 1.82
A3 t 0 29.68 41.27 63.41 78.41
Δt 1.80 -0.81 -5.39 -13.65
A5 t 0 46.27 52.70 54.43 57.86
Δt -0.67 -4.26 -4.57 -4.08
), ArticleFig(id=1168150992416682903, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738958902444409, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

监测点烟气温降平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
监测点 温度/℃
h=7 m h=8 m h=9 m h=10 m
A1 t 0 14.96 15.39 17.44 22.71
Δt 0.12 -0.02 0.43 0.48
A2 t 0 17.52 18.65 25.09 32.10
Δt 0.00 0.03 3.13 1.82
A3 t 0 29.68 41.27 63.41 78.41
Δt 1.80 -0.81 -5.39 -13.65
A5 t 0 46.27 52.70 54.43 57.86
Δt -0.67 -4.26 -4.57 -4.08
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高海拔长大水工隧洞群挡烟垂壁控烟机制
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夏勇 1 , 安瑞楠 2, 3 , 张伟锋 1 , 张超 1 , 何坤 1 , 林鹏 2, 4, **
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(4): 58-66
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(4): 58-66
高海拔长大水工隧洞群挡烟垂壁控烟机制
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夏勇1 , 安瑞楠2, 3, 张伟锋1, 张超1, 何坤1, 林鹏2, 4, **
作者信息
  • 1 中国电建集团 成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610072
  • 2 清华大学 水利水电工程系,北京 100084
  • 3 火箭军研究院,北京 100011
  • 4 清华四川能源互联网研究院,四川 成都 610213
  • 夏勇 (1968—),男,四川泸州人,博士,正高级工程师,总工程师,主要从事水力学及河流动力学、水电智能建设及安全等方面工作。E-mail:

    张伟锋 工程师

    张超 工程师

    何坤 工程师

通讯作者:

**林鹏(1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事水工结构、水电智能建造、火灾安全等方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:
Fire control mechanism of smoke barrier for long and large hydraulic tunnel group in high altitude areas
Yong XIA1 , Ruinan AN2, 3, Weifeng ZHANG1, Chao ZHANG1, Kun HE1, Peng LIN2, 4, **
Affiliations
  • 1 Hydro China Chengdu Engineering Corporation,Chengdu Sichuan 610072,China
  • 2 Department of Hydraulic Engineering,Tsinghua University,Beijing 100084,China
  • 3 Rocket Force Academy,Beijing 100011,China
  • 4 Sichuan Engineering Internet Research Institute Tsinghua University,Chengdu Sichuan 610213,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1283
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针对长大水工隧洞群施工期火灾疏散救援难和挡烟垂壁作用机制不清晰的挑战,采用数值模拟方法对大型棋盘状隧洞群通风网络火灾烟气蔓延特征及控烟机制开展系统研究,包括烟气扩散路径及能见度分布,设置挡烟垂壁对烟气扩散速度、能见度及温度的影响及控烟效果。结果表明:火灾后烟气首先沿单一隧洞轴线双向传播,扩散至施工支洞时部分支路产生烟气逆转、逆退现象,500 s计算时长内烟气几乎充满整个通风网络,烟气层与下层空气的分层界面不稳定,网络交汇处烟气层高度明显降低。设置挡烟垂壁对烟气沿隧洞轴向传播具有促进作用,效果随传播距离增长而减弱;对烟气沿施工支洞轴线传播具有累积阻滞作用;挡烟垂壁对烟气温度的影响随扩散距离增加不断减弱;挡烟垂壁前方形成储烟池,增强烟气逆流程度,后方为烟气减速增压区,烟气层升高。

高海拔  /  隧洞群  /  挡烟垂壁  /  控烟  /  通风网络  /  数值模拟

To face the challenges of evacuation and rescue of fires in large hydraulic tunnel group and the unclear control mechanism of smoke barrier,numerical simulation was employed to analyze smoke spreading law and fire control mechanism of smoke barrier. The smoke spreading path and the visibility distribution were analyzed. The impact of installing smoke barrier walls on smoke spreading speed,visibility and temperature was studied,and the effectiveness of smoke control measures was evaluated. The results show that the smoke initially spreads along a single two-way direction,and is affected by ventilation airflow when reaching branch tunnel with smoke reversal,retrogression and increased intrusion range. Smoke fills the whole ventilation network within 500 s,the stratification interface between the smoke layer and the lower air layer is unstable,and the height of the smoke layer at the intersection decreases more significantly. The smoke barrier can promote smoke propagation along the diversion tunnel,and the effect decreases with the increase of propagation distance. It has cumulative blocking characteristics along the tunnel direction of the construction branch. The influence of the smoke barrier leads to the temperature decreasing as the diffusion length increases. A smoke storage pool is formed in front of the smoke barrier to enhance the degree of backflow of smoke. Behind it is the smoke deceleration and pressurization area,and the smoke layer rises.

high altitude  /  tunnel group  /  smoke barrier  /  smoke control  /  ventilation network  /  numerical simulation
夏勇, 安瑞楠, 张伟锋, 张超, 何坤, 林鹏. 高海拔长大水工隧洞群挡烟垂壁控烟机制. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1283
Yong XIA, Ruinan AN, Weifeng ZHANG, Chao ZHANG, Kun HE, Peng LIN. Fire control mechanism of smoke barrier for long and large hydraulic tunnel group in high altitude areas[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 58 -66 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1283
高海拔地区大型水电工程的洞室群结构形式更复杂,施工强度、交叉作业干扰更大,对施工通风安全提出了更高要求[1]。隧洞群一旦发生火灾,产烟量较大,封闭空间内传播快,沿程温度衰减小,给人员疏散救援及后续灭火工作带来较大困难,导致重大安全隐患[2-5]。因此,开展高海拔长大水工隧洞群挡烟垂壁控烟机制研究对重大工程建设期安全风险控制具有重要意义。
目前,在烟气蔓延机制及控烟方面已有大量研究,包括单隧洞结构烟气分层速度及临界风速指标与弗劳德数之间关系[6]、人员安全疏散指标的选取[7],以及隧洞结构特征参数对临界风速、烟气层厚度的影响[8-9];分析典型隧洞群结构烟气蔓延特性,包括分岔隧洞临界风速与热释放速率之间的关系[10],带横洞隧洞火源位置及横通道通风对烟气沉降的影响[11],V形坡隧道最大温升与热释放速率及坡度之间的关系[12],以及矿井多作面隧洞群通风速度对温度、CO浓度、能见度变化特性的影响[13]。在烟气控制方式上,机械排烟是一种较好的消防救援模式[14],但隧洞群施工期机械排烟设计受限,在非着火部位及疏散通道设置挡烟垂壁,对阻止烟气侵入及人员疏散效果较好[15],分析挡烟垂壁与隧洞中障碍物耦合阻碍烟雾逆流作用[16],并基于工程实际,验证了设置自动挡烟垂壁对烟气扩散和温度分布有较好的控制性,提高隧洞火灾救援安全保障[17]
在高海拔低气压环境下,烟气沿隧洞纵向一维扩散速度更快,拱顶烟气温度随海拔高度的升高而增大。目前针对高海拔下的火灾燃烧特性、低气压参数对烟气层影响、纵向通风下烟气分布特性等方面开展了对比研究,包括人行救援横道间距优化[18],以及大坡度长直隧道下火灾安全距离[19]。但针对多横多纵的棋盘式网络结构控烟研究较少,尤其对挡烟垂壁下的烟气蔓延阻滞机制鲜有报道。
因此,笔者拟结合某高海拔超大规模长隧洞群火灾场景,采用数值仿真方法开展烟气传播特性及挡烟垂壁对烟气运动影响的研究,揭示挡烟垂壁对烟气传播的阻滞机制,评价棋盘式隧洞群控烟效果,以期为隧洞群控烟设计提供支撑。
高海拔区水电建设具有“四高”、“四大”及“三长”特点[20],隧洞穿越高山峡谷、结构布局复杂,面临展线方式多样、高程差较大、横断特征多样,施工周期长、工期紧、人机工作强度高等挑战。同时,对极端环境复杂空间高强度施工过程中火灾烟气控制提出更高要求。结合某高海拔超大规模长隧洞群工程建设,6条圆形隧洞平行施工、4条城门洞型施工支洞洞横穿、形成“一穿六”布置格局,无竖斜井、与外部连通口较少等特点,分析施工期火灾控烟挑战如下:
1) 超经验。隧洞群施工期机械设备、行驶车辆、用火作业种类杂、数量多,极易出现火灾“激励”,成灾机制亦不相同。烟气扩散的特殊性导致烟气分层速度、临界风速等与单一隧洞布局不同,常规工程的防排烟经验不适用。
2) 成灾快。隧洞群受限空间火灾为富燃料型燃烧,在火源本身燃烧同时,高温烟流加热火源下风侧较大范围的可燃物,快速持续生成高温预混可燃气体,烟气成分复杂多样,能见度急剧下降,在复杂的通风网络中,新鲜气流提供丰富氧气后产生跳蛙现象,引发多火源点。
3) 控烟难。隧洞群烟气蔓延特征不确定性强,易产生烟气紊乱现象,引发风流逆转、逆退危害,扩大烟气扩散范围。隧洞出入口既是人员逃生口,也是烟气排出口,在无竖井结构、主动式消防排烟通风设计受限情况下,“隔烟+排烟”的挡烟垂壁被动式设计是实现人烟路径分离的重要手段。
选用以场模型为基础的火灾动态模拟软件,通过数值仿真求解Naviere-Stokes偏微分方程组的方式模拟烟气流动及热传递过程。采用大涡模拟方法,燃烧模型采用混合分数模型,不可压缩理想气体质量守恒、组分守恒、动量守恒和能量守恒方程见下式[21]:
ρ t + · ρ u = 0
式中: ρ为密度,kg/m3; t为时间,s; u 为速度矢量,m/s; 为拉普拉斯算子。
( ρ Y l ) t + · ρ Y l u = · ρ D l Y l + m ·   l
式中: Y l 为第 l种组分的质量分数; D l 为第 l种组分是扩散系数,m2/s; m ·   l 为第 l 种组分单位体积产生率,kg/(s·m3)。
ρ u t + u · u + P = ρ g + f + · τ
式中: P为压力,Pa; g 为重力加速度,m/s2; f 为除重力外的外力矢量,kg/(s2·m); τ 为黏性应力张量,kg/(s·m3)。
( ρ h ) t + · ρ h u = D p D t + u p - · q r + · k T + L · h l ρ D l Y l
式中: h 为比焓,J/kg; T 为热力学温度,K; k 为导热系数,W/(m·K); q r 为热通量矢量,W/m2
建立数值模拟模型,对工程中6条圆形水工隧洞及4条“一穿六”城门洞形施工支洞形成的棋盘状隧洞群通风网络精细建模,模型及监测点(面)设置如图1所示。其中,圆形隧洞直径为11 m,间距为50 m;城门洞断面尺寸为10.0m×8.0 m(宽×高)。施工支洞一端为全断面的外部进风口,火源设置在3号水工隧洞与支洞的相交位置。监测区域为火源下游方向1—3号水工隧洞与支洞形成的通风网络结构,以火源位置为原点,沿施工支洞轴线方向为x轴,沿水工隧洞轴线方向为 y轴。监测点编号A1—A5,监测面编号L1和L2,参数见表1
采用D*x法确定网格尺寸,δx表示网格尺寸, D *为火源特征直径,计算公式如下:
D * = Q ρ c p T g 2 / 5
式中: Q 为火源热释放速率,取10 000 kW; ρ 为大气密度,0.928 5 kg/m3; c p为空气定压比热容,1.02 kJ/(kg·K); T 为环境温度,取283.85 K; g为重力加速度,9.79 m/s2。根据火源功率计算火源特征直径 D *,取2.69m,控制 D *x区间为4~16,则网格划分尺寸区间为0.17~0.67m。文中网格尺寸为0.5 m×0.5 m× 0.5 m,网格总数为5 767 944个,包括25个并行计算区域。
在数值模拟工况设计上,选取典型聚合物燃料燃烧类型,定义火源功率为10MW;有效机械通风应与救援逃生方向相反且不小于2m/s,设计通风速度为2m/s;《建筑防烟排烟系统技术标准》(GB51251—2017)指出,空间净高大于3m时,最小清晰高度应大于净高一半以上,同时,考虑烟气越过挡烟垂壁时烟气扰动加剧,设计挡烟垂壁长度为1.5m(保留隧洞净高度为9.5m),位置为距离火源10,15,20,30m;基于工程项目基础资料,海拔高度约为2 900 m,年平均温度为10.7℃,具体边界条件参数见表2
结合数值模拟模型,建立隧洞群通风网络,定义隧洞交叉处为节点,沿隧洞轴线方向为边,箭头代表风向,通风网络如图2所示。其中,1和2为进风区网络节点,3和4为排风区网络节点,5—28为采风区网络节点。
分析热压力对通风网络烟气扩散路径的影响,选取数值模拟结果中t=60,90,120,180,240,300 s时间切片,烟气扩散路径特性如下:
t=60s时烟气传播路径如图3a所示。支路e1高温烟气加热邻近新鲜空气,风流密度降低,体积流量增大,形成热负压(即火风压),与通风作用相反,通风阻力增加,产生节流效应。支路e4压降大于e6,e5大于e7,导致支路e1—e3烟流逆转,通风网络由串并联简单网络发展为带角联支路的复杂网络形式,且带动节点21—24压降变化,随着烟气蔓延,网络形式更加复杂。同时,支路e2和e3受烟气影响,风流温度升高、密度减小,浮力效应产生的附加自然风压驱使烟气继续向节点17和20移动。
烟气分布特性上,烟气由火源向节点18和19扩散过程为无通风下烟气沿单一隧洞轴线双向传播过程,L2监测面上烟气分布变化如图3b所示,分为火羽流阶段、转向流阶段、径向流阶段、过渡流阶段和一维流动阶段等5大阶段。烟气对冷空气发生不同程度的卷吸,其中火羽流阶段(阶段I)卷吸量最大,烟气层与下部空气间界面整体较为清晰、平整。在节点18和19处受通风作用影响后,强迫气流对烟气羽流卷吸具有强化作用,烟气层与下层空气层之间界面变粗糙,烟气层高度下降,大量旋涡结构出现在交界面附近(图3c)。
t=180s时通风网络发生烟气逆退,支路e13—e16烟气方向与通风方向相反,烟气扩散范围增大,如图4a所示。支路e8—e10受烟气反向传播影响,在交汇处卷吸程度增加,烟气层下降。2号和3号引水隧洞沿轴线竖向能见度切片如图4b所示,3号引水隧洞距离火源较近,烟气层高度较低,且烟气在蔓延过程中不断沉降,在隧洞端头烟气高度几乎为0;2号引水隧洞的烟气层高度较大,仅烟气反向传播的支路烟气层高度局部降低。
t=500s时,烟气几乎充满整个通风网络,烟气层高度进一步降低,烟气反向支路及引水隧洞端头更加明显,烟气层高度几乎为0,烟气传播路径及能见度特征如图5所示。节流效应、浮力效应和摩擦阻力改变产生的热力风压附加于隧洞通风压力之上,转化为烟气沿顶部流动的附加动能,导致通风系统的风量和风向变化,在通风网络中产生烟气逆转、逆退现象,造成烟气蔓延区域的扩大。同时,不可控烟气中可燃性挥发气体与新鲜气流混合后,再次流入高温区域,当达到可燃气体燃点时增加火灾的风险。
基于上节数值模拟结果分析,烟气在通风作用下发生逆转,沿施工支洞传播时烟气卷吸作用加强,旋涡结构出现,烟气层高度下降。因此,为阻碍烟流沿施工支洞至向其他引水隧洞,在火源附近设置挡烟垂壁,分析其对烟气特蔓延征参数及卷吸区长度的影响。
选取无挡烟垂壁和挡烟垂壁距离火源l=10,15,20,30m工况,分析烟气到达监测点A1—A5的用时,不同挡烟垂壁位置的烟气传播用时如图6所示。
增设挡烟垂壁促进烟气沿水工隧洞轴线( y轴)传播,对距离火源最近监测点A3影响明显,烟气蔓延至监测点A3和A5用时减少;挡烟垂壁对烟气沿施工支洞轴线( x轴)传播具有一定阻滞作用,减弱了机械通风对烟气扩散的影响,蔓延至监测点A1和A2用时随挡烟垂壁与火源距离的增加先增加后减小,达到A4的时间明显增加。具体分析如下:
1) 促进烟气蔓延方面。各工况下烟气蔓延至监测点A3用时范围为56~61s,对比无挡烟垂壁工况,用时最大降低5.86%( l=20m),随着烟气的传播,到达监测点A5用时范围为113~116 s,烟气速度提升效果减弱,最大降低为1.73%( l=15m)。
2) 阻滞烟气蔓延方面。烟气到达监测点A2和A1的用时为128~131 s和180~183 s,路径分别包含沿 x轴的烟气抑制路径和沿 y轴的烟气促进路径,不同工况下促进及抑制程度存在差异,用时随挡烟垂壁距离火源位置变化而先增大后减小, l>15 m时,到达监测点A2用时开始减小,烟气蔓延促进效果明显;到达监测点A1过程总体呈现烟气抑制特性。到达监测点A4的用时明显增加,最大用时提升程度为1.52%( l=30m)。
对比 l=15m与无挡烟垂壁工况下不同时间切片t=80,100,120,140,160,180s时沿2号施工支洞轴线( x轴)方向烟气能见度变化,如图7所示。烟气沿隧洞传播过程中,火源下风向沿轴线烟气层逐渐升高,上风向烟气存在一定程度逆流,烟气层高度沿程变化不大。设置挡烟垂壁后,烟气越过挡烟垂壁时烟气层明显下降。挡烟垂壁前方形成储烟池,一定程度上增强了烟气逆流程度,同时,对烟气下风向扩散具有一定的抑制作用,t=80s时对比无挡烟垂壁工况,缩短烟气沿传播距离2.8m,随着烟气的扩散抑制程度叠加,t=120s时缩短距离21.5m,随后幅度逐渐减小,t=180s时缩短距离6.4m。其原因为烟气绕过挡烟垂壁进入减速增压区后,出现附面层脱离现象,形成涡旋,消散烟气能量,且烟气与下部冷空气流速差异随向前推进而减小,空气卷吸量减少,烟气层升高,扩散用时增加。
选取沿施工支洞轴线(x轴)方向传播过程中t=80,100,120,140,160,180 s时温度切片,有无挡烟垂壁下的烟气温度分布如图8所示。2种工况下烟气温度变化特征相似,靠近火源附近烟气温度较高,温降幅度较大,随着烟气扩散距离增大,温度及温度梯度逐渐减小。
未设置挡烟垂壁时,大部分烟气沿轴线向下游扩散,温度沿程衰减,最高温度稳定在火源附近隧洞顶部,竖向热分层均匀。设置挡烟垂壁后,烟气在挡烟垂壁处积聚,烟气温度上升,烟气厚度超过挡烟垂壁高度后,开始向下一个防烟分区扩散。由于温度较无挡烟垂壁时更高,跃过挡烟垂壁时烟气与周围冷空气迅速混合,从而比无挡烟垂壁工况时更加稀薄,即挡烟垂壁对烟气存在较大的阻滞作用。
以挡烟垂壁为临界位置,挡烟垂壁前端出现明显的热烟气堆积,热分层高度线位置降低,分层现象减弱,烟气向上游逆流明显,减缓了烟气温度沿程衰减程度,火源上风向和下风向呈现较好的对称性。挡烟垂壁后烟气的热分层线位置提升,且温度降低明显,说明烟气跨越挡烟垂壁时起到较好的加速烟气卷吸作用,加速了烟气温度沿程衰减的程度。
A1—A5监测点高度为7、8、9和10m高度处温度随时间的变化如图9所示。烟气依次扩散至监测点A3,A5,A2,A1和A4,总体呈现温度随着扩散距离逐渐降低特征,蔓延至监测点时烟气温度急剧升高,随后趋于稳定。t=500s时监测点A4温度尚未达到稳定状态,故不作分析。
挡烟垂壁对近火源处监测点温度影响较大,随着烟气继续蔓延,对烟气温度的影响程度不断减小,且在同一监测位置,对贴近隧洞顶部区域影响更显著。无挡烟垂壁时最高温度t0、增设挡烟垂壁后的最大温降Δt表3。增设挡烟垂壁后,监测点A3和A5处温度升高,最大值分别为13.65和4.08℃,监测点A1和A2处温度降低,最大值分别为0.48和1.82℃,均出现在h=10m高度处。
1) 火灾发生后,烟气首先由火源位置沿单一隧洞轴线双向传播,烟气层较稳定;扩散至施工支洞时受通风气流影响,节流效应、浮力效应和摩擦阻力改变产生的热力风压,导致通风系统的风量和风向变化,在火源下游旁侧风路产生烟气逆转现象,火源上游主干风路产生烟气逆退现象,烟气侵袭范围加大,500s内烟气几乎充满整个通风网络。同时,烟气层与下层空气的分层界面出不再稳定,出现旋涡结构,存在不同烟气流向的支路卷吸程度更大,交汇处烟气层高度降低更明显。
2) 设置挡烟垂壁能够促进烟气沿隧洞轴向(y轴)方向传播,促进效果随传播距离增长而减弱;阻滞沿施工支洞轴线( x轴)方向传播,阻滞效果呈累积特性;随着扩散距离的增加对温度的影响逐渐降低,同时,以挡烟垂壁为界,挡烟垂壁前温度沿程衰减程度减小,挡烟垂壁后沿程衰减程度加大。
3) 烟气层在挡烟垂壁处明显下降,在挡烟垂壁前后同时产生不同变化,在挡烟垂壁前方形成储烟池,阻碍烟气向前传播,增强烟气逆流程度;在挡烟垂壁后方,烟气进入减速增压区后,出现附面层脱离现象,烟气与下部冷空气流速差异随向前推进而减小,空气卷吸量减少,烟气层升高。
  • 中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司项目(CD2C20221923)
  • 西藏自治区清洁能源科技重大专项项目(XZ202201ZD0003G)
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1283
  • 接收时间:2023-10-29
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-29
  • 修回日期:2024-01-27
基金
中国电建集团成都勘测设计研究院有限公司项目(CD2C20221923)
西藏自治区清洁能源科技重大专项项目(XZ202201ZD0003G)
作者信息
    1 中国电建集团 成都勘测设计研究院有限公司,四川 成都 610072
    2 清华大学 水利水电工程系,北京 100084
    3 火箭军研究院,北京 100011
    4 清华四川能源互联网研究院,四川 成都 610213

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**林鹏(1972—),男,湖北黄冈人,博士,教授,主要从事水工结构、水电智能建造、火灾安全等方面的研究与教学工作。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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