Article(id=1149738957023392538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0207-10, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1081, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697212800000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-14, revisedDate=1705248000000, revisedDateStr=2024-01-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048728471, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048728471, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048728471, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048728471, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=207, endPage=216, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738957300216605, articleId=1149738957023392538, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Geohazard emergency response partnerships from a social network perspective, columnId=1149733268699918866, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Emergency technology and management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To explore the multi-departmental emergency response cooperation relationship of geological disasters in China,geological disaster emergency management plans at the provincial,municipal,and county levels were obtained from a geological disaster-prone province. Focusing on functional departments involved in geological disaster emergency response,a provincial-municipal-county level geological disaster emergency cooperation network model was proposed based on the social network analysis method. The theme block matrix was calculated by the centrality and iterative correlation convergence method (CONCOR) iterating correlation matrix to divide the structural hierarchy of sub-groups among functional departments. The density matrix was used to investigate the relationship patterns among subgroups and analyze the centrality,cohesiveness,and interaction of emergency departments at all levels in the geological disaster emergency cooperation network. The results showed that emergency departments had different interdependencies and small groups in geological disaster emergency cooperation,and the cooperation pattern had issues such as uneven coordination and blocked information resources. Generally,the relationship between provincial and municipal emergency cooperation was relatively close,but the overall structure and relationship pattern of the county-level emergency cooperation network were relatively isolated with a low level of connection between some organizational structures. Therefore,it is necessary to further strengthen the coordination ability among various functional departments and improve the organizational structure construction of county-level government in emergency management.

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为探究我国地质灾害多部门应急协作关系,从某地质灾害多发省搜集省-市-县3级地质灾害应急管理预案。以参与地质灾害应急职能部门为研究对象,基于社会网络分析方法构建省-市-县3级地质灾害应急合作网络模型。运用中心性与迭代相关收敛法(CONCOR)迭代相关矩阵计算得到主题词块矩阵结构,以此划分各级职能部门间子群的结构层次。通过密度矩阵,研究子群内部之间关系模式,分析各级应急部门在地质灾害应急合作网络中的中心性、网络凝聚力及互动关系。结果表明:应急职能部门在地质灾害应急合作中具有不同的互依性和小团体性,合作模式存在协同不均、信息资源堵塞等问题。整个结构中省-市级应急合作关系相对密切,但县级应急合作网络的整体结构和关系模式相对孤立,部分组织结构间联系程度较低。因此,应进一步加强各职能部门之间的相互协同能力,完善县级政府在应急管理中组织结构建设。

, correspAuthors=侯蕊芳, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
**侯蕊芳(1984—),女,山东东明人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市安全发展、区域安全风险管控、行业安全监管等方面的研究。E-mail:
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白鹏飞 (1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,副教授,主要从事风险评估、灾害应急管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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白鹏飞 (1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,副教授,主要从事风险评估、灾害应急管理方面的研究。E-mail:

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Public Administration and Policy Review, 2020, 9(1):36-43., articleTitle=A review of recent research on emergency management networks, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168150843170759272, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, awardId=BPHR202203175, language=CN, fundingSource=北京市属高等学校优秀青年人才培育计划项目(BPHR202203175), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168150843233673833, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, awardId=QNTD202110, language=CN, fundingSource=首都经济贸易大学青年学术创新团队项目(QNTD202110), fundOrder=null, country=null)], companyList=[AuthorCompany(id=1168150838808683050, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, xref=1, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150838817071659, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, companyId=1168150838808683050, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 School of Management Engineering,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150838821265964, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, companyId=1168150838808683050, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=1 首都经济贸易大学 管理工程学院,北京 100070)]), AuthorCompany(id=1168150838884180525, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, xref=2, ext=[AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150838888374830, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, companyId=1168150838884180525, language=EN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 Research Center,Department of Emergency Management,Beijing 100713,China), AuthorCompanyExt(id=1168150838896763439, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, companyId=1168150838884180525, language=CN, country=null, province=null, city=null, postcode=null, companyName=null, departmentName=null, remark=2 应急管理部 研究中心,北京 100713)])], figs=[ArticleFig(id=1168150841543369300, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Fig.1, caption=Cooperation network for geologic disasters emergency response, figureFileSmall=TtZP1uAoQ0Z/AWHkat0k4g==, figureFileBig=d6gXSFJgMSijjTjptoSkFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150841602089557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=图1, caption=地质灾害应急处置合作网络, figureFileSmall=TtZP1uAoQ0Z/AWHkat0k4g==, figureFileBig=d6gXSFJgMSijjTjptoSkFA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150841694364246, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=Cooperation network for geologic disasters emergency response at all levels, figureFileSmall=ICTFY1rGP7euRd1ekO0Qeg==, figureFileBig=EwWV7AxlIuaTPUfhRiZddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150841761473111, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=图2, caption=各级地质灾害应急处置合作网络, figureFileSmall=ICTFY1rGP7euRd1ekO0Qeg==, figureFileBig=EwWV7AxlIuaTPUfhRiZddw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150841841164888, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=Cooperation network cohesion subgroup for geological disasters emergency response at all levels, figureFileSmall=rhYPtG1zHSKY1bxLIgIzgw==, figureFileBig=FLbt8cZhomUArao1DqcwiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150841946022489, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=图3, caption=各级地质灾害应急处置合作网络凝聚子群, figureFileSmall=rhYPtG1zHSKY1bxLIgIzgw==, figureFileBig=FLbt8cZhomUArao1DqcwiQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150842025714266, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Fig.4, caption=Relationship between cooperation network modules for geologic disasters emergency response at all levels, figureFileSmall=Osp6aG0JRU+7tpHbQ3dL0A==, figureFileBig=6iiA1v/nMHJ+xDwVnMNO6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150842130571867, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=图4, caption=各级地质灾害应急处置合作网络模块关系, figureFileSmall=Osp6aG0JRU+7tpHbQ3dL0A==, figureFileBig=6iiA1v/nMHJ+xDwVnMNO6Q==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150842185097820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Social cooperation network centrality indicators

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心性 公式 说明
点度中心度 CD(i)=ki ki为与节点i直接相连的节数
中介中心度CB(i) C B (i) = j k   d j k ( i ) djk(i)为节点jk相连且经过节点i的最短路径数
接近中心度CC(i) C C (i) = 1 j = 1 N   d j k ( i ) djk(i)为节点jk相连且经过节点i的最短路径数
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842252206685, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

社会合作网络中心性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
中心性 公式 说明
点度中心度 CD(i)=ki ki为与节点i直接相连的节数
中介中心度CB(i) C B (i) = j k   d j k ( i ) djk(i)为节点jk相连且经过节点i的最短路径数
接近中心度CC(i) C C (i) = 1 j = 1 N   d j k ( i ) djk(i)为节点jk相连且经过节点i的最短路径数
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842369647198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Emergency functional department composition

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作组 职能部门
S省 H市 X县
综合协调组 省应急管理厅、省交通
运输厅、省能源局等
市应急管理局、市国土资源局、
市发展和改革委等
县应急办、县国土资
源局、县财政局等
抢险救援组 省应急管理厅、省
自然资源厅、省交通运输厅等
市应急管理局、市供电局、
市武警支队、市教育局等
县应急办、县公安局、
县武装部等
转移安置组 省财政厅、省交通
运输厅、省民政厅等
市民政局、市交通运输局、
市公安局等
县民政局、县住建局、
县交通运输局等
医疗救治组 省卫生健康委员会、
省应急管理厅、省公安厅等
市卫生健康委员会、
市民政局、市红十字会等
县卫生健康委员会、
县民政局等
综合保障组 省工业和信息化厅、省应急
管理厅、省发展和改革委员会等
市应急管理局、市民
政局、市公安局、市民政局等
县电信局、移动公司、
联通公司等
预警监测组 省测绘地理信息局、省自然
资源厅、省气象局等
市国土资源局、市应急管
理局、市气象局等
县国土资源局、县气象局
新闻宣传组 省广电局、省应急管理厅、
省卫生健康委员会等
市文化旅游局、市应急管
理局、市民政局等
县文化旅游局、县卫生健
康委员会、县民政局等
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842428367455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

应急职能部门构成

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
工作组 职能部门
S省 H市 X县
综合协调组 省应急管理厅、省交通
运输厅、省能源局等
市应急管理局、市国土资源局、
市发展和改革委等
县应急办、县国土资
源局、县财政局等
抢险救援组 省应急管理厅、省
自然资源厅、省交通运输厅等
市应急管理局、市供电局、
市武警支队、市教育局等
县应急办、县公安局、
县武装部等
转移安置组 省财政厅、省交通
运输厅、省民政厅等
市民政局、市交通运输局、
市公安局等
县民政局、县住建局、
县交通运输局等
医疗救治组 省卫生健康委员会、
省应急管理厅、省公安厅等
市卫生健康委员会、
市民政局、市红十字会等
县卫生健康委员会、
县民政局等
综合保障组 省工业和信息化厅、省应急
管理厅、省发展和改革委员会等
市应急管理局、市民
政局、市公安局、市民政局等
县电信局、移动公司、
联通公司等
预警监测组 省测绘地理信息局、省自然
资源厅、省气象局等
市国土资源局、市应急管
理局、市气象局等
县国土资源局、县气象局
新闻宣传组 省广电局、省应急管理厅、
省卫生健康委员会等
市文化旅游局、市应急管
理局、市民政局等
县文化旅游局、县卫生健
康委员会、县民政局等
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842503864928, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Cooperation network centrality indicators for geologic disasters emergency response at all levels

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级 部门/指标 点度中
心度
接近中
心度
中间中
心度
省级 省应急管理厅 1 1 0.08
省交通运输厅 0.96 0.97 0.05
省财政厅 0.96 0.97 0.07
省自然资源厅 0.96 0.97 0.05
省水利厅 0.93 0.93 0.04
省发展和改革委员会 0.86 0.88 0.03
省住房和城乡建设厅 0.86 0.88 0.03
省卫生健康委员会 0.75 0.8 0.03
省能源局 0.68 0.76 0.01
省气象局 0.64 0.74 0.02
市级 市应急管理局 1 1 0.1
市供电局 0.88 0.89 0.05
市交通运输局 0.88 0.89 0.05
市场监督管理局 0.88 0.89 0.05
市民政局 0.83 0.86 0.06
市公安局 0.79 0.83 0.04
市国土资源局 0.71 0.77 0.03
市文化旅游局 0.71 0.77 0.03
市武警支队 0.63 0.73 0.02
市气象局 0.63 0.73 0.01
县级 县民政局 0.55 0.12 0.16
县应急办 0.5 0.12 0.08
县国土资源局 0.35 0.12 0.06
县公安局 0.35 0.12 0.02
县财政局 0.3 0.12 0
县发展和改革局 0.3 0.12 0
县市场监管局 0.3 0.12 0
县电信局 0.3 0.07 0
县水利局 0.3 0.07 0
县电力局 0.3 0.07 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842583556705, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

各级地质灾害应急处置合作网络中心性指标

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
层级 部门/指标 点度中
心度
接近中
心度
中间中
心度
省级 省应急管理厅 1 1 0.08
省交通运输厅 0.96 0.97 0.05
省财政厅 0.96 0.97 0.07
省自然资源厅 0.96 0.97 0.05
省水利厅 0.93 0.93 0.04
省发展和改革委员会 0.86 0.88 0.03
省住房和城乡建设厅 0.86 0.88 0.03
省卫生健康委员会 0.75 0.8 0.03
省能源局 0.68 0.76 0.01
省气象局 0.64 0.74 0.02
市级 市应急管理局 1 1 0.1
市供电局 0.88 0.89 0.05
市交通运输局 0.88 0.89 0.05
市场监督管理局 0.88 0.89 0.05
市民政局 0.83 0.86 0.06
市公安局 0.79 0.83 0.04
市国土资源局 0.71 0.77 0.03
市文化旅游局 0.71 0.77 0.03
市武警支队 0.63 0.73 0.02
市气象局 0.63 0.73 0.01
县级 县民政局 0.55 0.12 0.16
县应急办 0.5 0.12 0.08
县国土资源局 0.35 0.12 0.06
县公安局 0.35 0.12 0.02
县财政局 0.3 0.12 0
县发展和改革局 0.3 0.12 0
县市场监管局 0.3 0.12 0
县电信局 0.3 0.07 0
县水利局 0.3 0.07 0
县电力局 0.3 0.07 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842650665570, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Provincial geological disasters emergency response cooperation network density matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 0.75 1 1
2 1 1 1 0.88 0.25 1 1
3 1 1 0.71 0.29 0 0.24 0
4 1 0.88 0.29 1 0.13 1 0.04
5 0.75 0.25 0 0.13 0 0.33 0.07
6 1 1 0.24 1 0.33 1 1
7 1 1 0 0.04 0.07 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842730357347, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

省级地质灾害应急处置合作网络密度矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 0.75 1 1
2 1 1 1 0.88 0.25 1 1
3 1 1 0.71 0.29 0 0.24 0
4 1 0.88 0.29 1 0.13 1 0.04
5 0.75 0.25 0 0.13 0 0.33 0.07
6 1 1 0.24 1 0.33 1 1
7 1 1 0 0.04 0.07 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842810049124, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Municipal geologic disasters emergency response cooperation network density matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 0.67 0.89 0 0.83 0 0
3 1 0.89 1 1 1 0.08 1
4 1 0 1 1 0.2 0 1
5 1 0.83 1 0.2 1 1 1
6 1 0 0.08 0 1 1 1
7 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842881352293, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

市级地质灾害应急处置合作网络密度矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
2 1 0.67 0.89 0 0.83 0 0
3 1 0.89 1 1 1 0.08 1
4 1 0 1 1 0.2 0 1
5 1 0.83 1 0.2 1 1 1
6 1 0 0.08 0 1 1 1
7 1 0 1 1 1 1 1
), ArticleFig(id=1168150842990404198, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

County geologic disasters emergency response cooperation network density matrix

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块 1 2 3 4 5
1 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 0
2 0.67 0.73 0 0 0
3 0.67 0 1 0 0
4 0.33 0 0 1 0
5 0 0 0 0 1
), ArticleFig(id=1168150843049124455, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738957023392538, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

县级地质灾害应急处置合作网络密度矩阵

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模块 1 2 3 4 5
1 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.33 0
2 0.67 0.73 0 0 0
3 0.67 0 1 0 0
4 0.33 0 0 1 0
5 0 0 0 0 1
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社会网络视角下地质灾害应急处置合作关系
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白鹏飞 1 , 谭小虎 1 , 侯蕊芳 2, **
中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024,34(4): 207-216
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中国安全科学学报 | 应急技术与管理 2024, 34(4): 207-216
社会网络视角下地质灾害应急处置合作关系
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白鹏飞1 , 谭小虎1, 侯蕊芳2, **
作者信息
  • 1 首都经济贸易大学 管理工程学院,北京 100070
  • 2 应急管理部 研究中心,北京 100713
  • 白鹏飞 (1982—),男,河南周口人,博士,副教授,主要从事风险评估、灾害应急管理方面的研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

**侯蕊芳(1984—),女,山东东明人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市安全发展、区域安全风险管控、行业安全监管等方面的研究。E-mail:
Geohazard emergency response partnerships from a social network perspective
Pengfei BAI1 , Xiaohu TAN1, ruifang HOU2, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Management Engineering,Capital University of Economics and Business,Beijing 100070,China
  • 2 Research Center,Department of Emergency Management,Beijing 100713,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1081
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为探究我国地质灾害多部门应急协作关系,从某地质灾害多发省搜集省-市-县3级地质灾害应急管理预案。以参与地质灾害应急职能部门为研究对象,基于社会网络分析方法构建省-市-县3级地质灾害应急合作网络模型。运用中心性与迭代相关收敛法(CONCOR)迭代相关矩阵计算得到主题词块矩阵结构,以此划分各级职能部门间子群的结构层次。通过密度矩阵,研究子群内部之间关系模式,分析各级应急部门在地质灾害应急合作网络中的中心性、网络凝聚力及互动关系。结果表明:应急职能部门在地质灾害应急合作中具有不同的互依性和小团体性,合作模式存在协同不均、信息资源堵塞等问题。整个结构中省-市级应急合作关系相对密切,但县级应急合作网络的整体结构和关系模式相对孤立,部分组织结构间联系程度较低。因此,应进一步加强各职能部门之间的相互协同能力,完善县级政府在应急管理中组织结构建设。

社会网络  /  地质灾害  /  应急处置  /  合作关系  /  块模型  /  密度矩阵

To explore the multi-departmental emergency response cooperation relationship of geological disasters in China,geological disaster emergency management plans at the provincial,municipal,and county levels were obtained from a geological disaster-prone province. Focusing on functional departments involved in geological disaster emergency response,a provincial-municipal-county level geological disaster emergency cooperation network model was proposed based on the social network analysis method. The theme block matrix was calculated by the centrality and iterative correlation convergence method (CONCOR) iterating correlation matrix to divide the structural hierarchy of sub-groups among functional departments. The density matrix was used to investigate the relationship patterns among subgroups and analyze the centrality,cohesiveness,and interaction of emergency departments at all levels in the geological disaster emergency cooperation network. The results showed that emergency departments had different interdependencies and small groups in geological disaster emergency cooperation,and the cooperation pattern had issues such as uneven coordination and blocked information resources. Generally,the relationship between provincial and municipal emergency cooperation was relatively close,but the overall structure and relationship pattern of the county-level emergency cooperation network were relatively isolated with a low level of connection between some organizational structures. Therefore,it is necessary to further strengthen the coordination ability among various functional departments and improve the organizational structure construction of county-level government in emergency management.

social network  /  geological hazards  /  emergency disposal  /  emergency cooperation relationship  /  block model  /  density matrix
白鹏飞, 谭小虎, 侯蕊芳. 社会网络视角下地质灾害应急处置合作关系. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 207 -216 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1081
Pengfei BAI, Xiaohu TAN, ruifang HOU. Geohazard emergency response partnerships from a social network perspective[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 207 -216 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1081
我国是世界上地质灾害最严重的国家之一,随着全球气候变化加剧,地球进入地壳活动频繁期,而人类对自然资源的过度开采与不合理使用,进一步造成了地质灾害的频繁发生。近年来,接连发生的舟曲泥石流、茂县滑坡等重特大地质灾害,造成了巨大生命与财产损失[1]。地质灾害应急处置具有环境恶劣、救援难度高,多方参与、救援协调难等特点,相较地震、洪水救援,我国地质灾害应急救援工作还处于探索阶段。
近年来,专家学者从不同角度开展了地质灾害应急管理研究,刘纪达等[2]从应急资源的传递、共享与集聚角度重构了地质灾害应急会商协调指挥框架,探究我国自然灾害应急管理模式演化轨迹与演化逻辑;安实等[3]以部际横向协调机制为视角,从国家一体化应急应战体系进行分析,从时间维度上厘清了中国一体化应急救援关系网络的演进;邱维理等[4]从抢险、救灾的角度,分析如何高效、有序的提升应急响应协同能力。在实践性中,张小趁等[5]提出“三阶段三层次五步骤九环节”的应急协同的过程模式。在其他研究领域,陈迎欣等[6]从不同公众类型和灾害应急协调救援角度研究了区别化的参与方式;黄纪心等[7]提出任务型组织模式应对救援复杂性和不确定性;刘继川等[8]从风险指标体系角度评价了灾害严重程度与防灾协调建设。综上,以往研究多以不同自然灾害为背景,研究其职能部门之间的协调机制以及应急组织网络之间的关系,研究的灾害范围较大,尚未从不同层级政府视角探索地质灾害应急处置合作网络特征,且未研究省-市-县3级不同应急组织在应急处置合作和组织与组织间的关系。
鉴于此,笔者拟构建省-市-县3级地质灾害应急合作网络,通过分析地质灾害应急合作网络的节点结构与网络凝聚力,探讨应急处置合作网络特征和凝聚关系,并基于应急处置合作关系分析,提出完善我国地质灾害应急合作的对策建议,以期提高灾害应急管理处置的科学性与效率性。
在地质灾害应急管理中,跨部门、跨领域的组织间自我合作关系研究一直是学界关注的重点和热点问题。国内相关研究指出,政府跨部门协同合作主要出现在政策制定、政策执行、公共服务、公共预算管理4个方面[9],提出将社会网络模型应用于组织间的合作研究。社会网络是突发事件应急响应中有效组织模式[10-11],同时应用社会网络研究组织节点交互关系与群体关系[12]。从结构层面上,张海波等[13]提出协同的结构化演进模式,应用社会网络研究更能反映个体与网络之间的关系。社会网络是指社会行动者及其关系的集合,一个社会网络是由多个点和各点之间的连线组成的集合,用点和线表达网络,这是社会网络的形式化界定[7]。社会网络分析研究的是“相互关系”的数据,使用的是结构变量,进一步进行模型构建。从外部环境因素来说,日益频发的各种自然灾害增强了各组织间合作的重要性与迫切性[14]。应急管理组织结构本质是为实现非常规突发事件应对需求而采取的一种分工协作体系[15],而不同类型、不同级别的地质灾害对组织间网络的大小、多样性以及网络结构特征产生重要的影响[16]。为构建合作网络模型,将从社会网络视角构建地质灾害应急处置关系网络,以各应急组织单位为节点,以不同应急单位所组成的团体为工作组。地质灾害应急处置合作网络如图1所示。A、B为应急工作组,a、b、c、d、e为参与的职能部门,箭头表示各部门之间的联系与配合。自我国应急管理部成立以来,单一模式的应急组织行为已成为过去式,多部门之间彼此合作才是应对突发应急事件管理的最好方式。
通过构建省-市-县3级应急处置合作网络,从网络视角探寻我国地质灾害的应急合作特征。以S省、 H市、X县为例进行探讨,引入社会网络模型,描绘政府应急合作中各部门之间的横向关系,建立应急合作组织体系[17]。从宏观层面考察职能部门间关系的整体结构,将参与地质灾害应急协调的各个职能部门视为网络中的行动者,以此构建地质灾害应急处置合作网络。从网络整体结构、网络凝聚子群和网络的块模型属性分析应急合作特征关系,解读各团体间与各职能部门间的合作关系。通过引入中心性与迭代相关收敛法(Convergent Correlation,CONCOR)聚类,分析省-市-县3级合作网络所存在的相似性与差异性,探索各级职能部门在地质灾害应急协同中的不足。
1) 中心性。中心性用来衡量组织在整个网络结构中的位置优越性和特殊性[15],主要包括度数、介数和接近性。度数中心度描述该组织在整个网络的中心位置和“领导力”,度数越大,对整个应急合作网络的影响力就越大;中介中心度起着信息传递的承上启下作用,度数越大对整个应急合作网络的信息流动控制能力就越强;而接近中心度更能反应在整个合作网络中自身所处的位置与其他组织之间的联系程度,见表1
2) CONCOR聚类。CONCOR聚类是采用迭代相关收敛法,用函数连续变换处理相关矩阵的聚类。聚类结果表示网络之间各组织关系的紧密程度,用来阐述各块模型里各个“块状”之间的合作处置能力。凝聚的密度越高,说明整个组织各团体间的合作关系越紧密,复杂应急网络由多个凝聚子群构成,不同凝聚子群的关系模式不同,各子群间呈弱连结关系[18]。通过提高应急合作网络的凝聚力,实现组织间的协作救援以及资源的合理优化配置[19]
在数据收集方面,以地质灾害应急预案为关键词,在某地质灾害多发的S省、H市和X县应急管理部门网站进行搜索。搜集各级政府的地质灾害应急专项预案,总结各级政府地质灾害专项预案中不同职能部门的任务分工和角色分组。通过梳理预案中牵头部门与职能部门在应急会商中的协调与互动关系,建立部门间的关系矩阵,并据此构建省、市层面的地质灾害应急协调网络。为保证应急合作网络中机构节点的名称与属性的准确与统一,采用2018年应急管理部成立后的名称与数据。通过梳理总结将地质灾害应急协调的组织部门分为7个工作组。其中,综合协调组起着领导与指导作用;抢险救援组和医疗救治组负责灾区的一线救援与伤员的救治;转移安置组和保障组主要转移灾区的居民以及保障灾区的各项物资供应;预警监测组主要监测灾情,协助新闻宣传组及时发布详细准确的消息,为应急抢险与救援提供一线信息。在S省级层面共有29个职能部门、H市级层面共有26个职能部门、县级层面共有21个职能部门,见表2
在社会网络分析中,中心性用以衡量组织在网络结构中网络节点的重要性与特权性。中心性能反映整个应急网络合作的有效性,网络中节点的重要性关乎整个网络的整体功能。参与地质灾害救援的工作组与各级职能部门的网络结构为多值矩阵,在测量网络中心性前,需要使用Ucinet软件将多值矩阵转换为二值矩阵,以网络距离0作为临界值进行转化。此外,测度中心性时需要将二模网络矩阵转化成部门与部门之间的一模网络进行分析。同时,对省-市-县3个层级同步转化,并计算出3种中心性指标,测度结果见表3。由于指标数量较多,仅选取不同测度排名前10的部门。
表3可知:S省、H市和X县3个层级的3种中心性。排名前10的组织单位中同时出现了应急、财政、交通运输和水利,说明这些部门在地质灾害的监测、救援和协调等全过程处置中处于中心地位,起着模范引领作用。数据对比分析显示,在省级层面,红十字会和广电局2个部门连接度与连接关系较弱,资源与信息获取途径较少。广电局作为信息宣传与传播的管理者,应进一步强化宣传能力,做到宣传途径多元化,为灾区人民提供准确实时信息。在市级层面,反应了红十字会在市一级所发挥的作用较小,获取信息的能力较差,显示当今红十字在市、县级区域所处的地位较弱,且机构设立不完善。总体来看,红十字会、医疗等部门合作程度较差,但这些部门的作用在实际防灾救灾过程中举足轻重。在应急机制完善过程中,应进一步强化各部门的应急合作能力。从国家层面,自2018年应急管理部成立后,各级应急单位在地质灾害的管理与救援过程中都发挥着重要作用,进一步提升了合作处置能力。
我国在地质灾害应急管理过程中,要注重多主体、多元化、高密度的合作方式,不断完善不同层级政府间应急协作机制。依据中心性测度计算结构,使用NetDraw软件可视化展现了急处置组织部门节点特性。各级地质灾害应急处置合作网络如图2所示。从省-市-县3个层面展现各个组织部门在整个应急处置合作中所发挥作用的大小。图2中,颜色越深代表该组织处于整个网络的中心地位越明显,处于“核心领导”位置;着色图圆圈越大代表该组织在应急处置网络中发挥作用越大;连接线越粗,表示资源信息流动越快,组织部门之间的交流程度越密切。从图2中可以看出,省-市整体网络较集中,围绕着中心节点,节点关系数较紧凑。在省级应急职能部门中财政、应急、自然资源、水利、交通运输处于核心位置;在市级应急职能部门中应急、民政、电力等处于核心位置。相比于省-市级,县级层面组织的密度、连接数、核心位置的部门都处于弱势,应进一步建立和完善县级及以下政府的地质灾害应急合作机制。三级地质灾害应急处置合作网络的边缘化组织较多,应进一步提升边缘结构组织的密度,推动各职能部门之间的合作配合,提升资源和信息共享能力。
在地质灾害应急处置合作研究中,研究网络团体能暴露出应急过程中所存在的问题。采用块模型能进一步揭示整个合作网络组织间结构和关系模式,更好地进行团体之间层次划分,进而深层次地分析子群内部及子群间的关系模式。块模型是一种研究网络位置的方法,通过对行动者进行取值和分类,研究不同行动者的网络团体位置关系[20],进而构建密度矩阵。根据密度矩阵的大小判定各团体之间的关系与疏密性。在块模型的构建过程中运用CONCOR算法迭代相关矩阵,计算得到相关系数矩阵,根据相关系数矩阵的结构特性,实现对应急职能部门子群的划分。在子群划分的基础上,通过密度矩与整体网络密度研究子群内部及团体之间的关系模式,得出不同子群的层次结构地位。依据CONCOR算法将整个组织网络划分成不同的块,进一步研究每个块之间的关系与结构模式,如图3所示。
地质灾害合作关系反应整个应急网络协同程度。根据CONCOR算法同时可得出各模块间的密度矩阵关系,通过模块与模块之间的密度关系,进一步分析各个模块组织间的聚集程度及团体合作能力。密度矩阵较高的团体在整个网络的协同关系也较紧密,能进一步提升预防和救援的综合能力。密度矩阵见表4表6
划分图3中不同层级的应急合作组织的凝聚子群,省级应急组织被划分为7个区块;市级应急组织被划分为7个区块;县级应急组织被划分为5个区块,各个区块之间具有结构的对等性与位置层次的相似性。根据CONCOR算法得出各模块间的密度矩阵,在省级层面上,模块1与其他模块之间的密度关系很紧密,反应了凝聚之后模块1子群组织结构与其他组织间的协同配合程度较高。相反,模块3与模块5、7没有任何合作交流,应提升该子群的协同合作能力。依据凝聚子群划分的结果,应急局所在不同层级政府中子群数量较少,反应出应急局处于相对孤立的状态,即其他职能部门与应急局的配合程度较差。在县级层面上,与省级层面相比,子群模块5与其他模块之间封闭、堵塞,其整体协同密度程度较低。这反应出县级单位协同运行、协同行动机制不完善,在救灾过程中可能会出现低效率、资源信息匹配不协调等状况。
为进一步说明模块之间的协同关系,应用CONCOR算法得出各模块之间的关系值,采用α-密度指标确定各个模块的取值,即各个模块是1-块还是0-块[21-22]。通过计算得省、市和县3级应急预案组织的整体网络密度分别为0.59、0.60、027,进一步对表4表6中的密度矩阵大于对应整体网络密度的模块记为1-块,小于整体网络密度的则记为0-块,进而根据多元关系性,将密度矩阵转化为像矩阵。像矩阵能直观地展示各级应急处置组织模块间的关系模式与整体结构特性[17]。据此密度矩阵和像矩阵可得到省-市-县3级应急组织间网络模块间关系,如图4所示。
图4可以看出,各级应急组织间的网络均存在封闭的小团体。S省级和H市级应急合作组织间网络的中心性结构明显,各个小团体之间相互配合也较紧密。地质灾害的发生不仅需要高效救援更要财政的大力支持。团体1与其他任何团体之间的协同紧密程度也较大,由此可知:应急管理厅与财政厅在整个协调网络中处于中心协调位置,且2个组织机构与其他组织合作关系最为紧密,利于地质灾害的救援。县级应急预案组织整体网络结构相对单一,且部分团体间相对孤立,联系程度较低。从密度矩阵和凝聚关系角度来看,省级在应急处置层面所拥有的人力、资源和信息都处于优势,市级和县级在各个方面都呈现递减的趋势。市、县级由于区域、人口数量等因素,职能部门数量设置较为紧凑,应急合作机制处于完善与探索阶段。受制于我国的行政管理机制以及各个地区的经济发展水平、人口、地理位置等因素,资源不均和信息技术的碎片化是不同组织间的突出问题,也是不同地区应急组织之间的共性问题,这也说明县级在应急方面的协同运行机制有待加强,同时也需要上级政府更多的支持。
1) 从各层级地质灾害应急网络密切程度来看,省-市2级地质灾害应急协调网络具有向核心节点聚集的趋势,且省-市整体网络密度较高,说明各个职能部门之间的协同关系更为紧密。从整体看,省-市-县网络密度呈现逐级下降趋势,形成由紧密集中型网络向紧密耦合型网络的变化。县级整体网络密度相对较低,即网络的协同程度也较低,需加强县级应急组织间的协调与配合,逐步完善相应的合作机制。
2) 不同层级中心指标下应急主体位置排序位置不同。从各类职能部门在地质灾害应急处置中发挥的作用大小来看,应急管理部门、财政、气象、水利部门的点度中心度与接近中心度较大,都处于整个网络中心位置,承担着整个救援救灾的主体力量,应进一步加强跨部门垂直沟通。但其他部门的中心度相对较低,应健全职能部门间应急处置合作制度,提升信息传递效率,优化核心部门的责任机制与资源配置倾斜。
3) 推动和健全地质灾害同级职能部门间的联合行动预案制定,提高处置效率,打破封闭堵塞团体现象。从各层级合作网络内部凝聚子群类型和集群结构来看,凝聚子群不同,凝聚子群数量不同。省-市-县3级地质灾害应急网络呈现差异化网络结构,省-市级网络结构较为集中,县级组织则出现封闭的小团体,且其组织间网络结构相对孤立。在救援救灾的过程中需要整体化与效率化,小团体有助于信息资源的传递。但对于整个应急网络来说,小团体阻碍了部门与部门之间更为紧密的合作交流与资源的传递,有待进一步改善。
4) 优化和完善地质灾害应急处置合作机制,强化应急处置能力,以实用性原则为标准,促进多主体协同应急。我国的应急管理体制从应急管理部成立到现在的逐步完善,基层组织更注重先期处置,越往上更倾向于宏观协调,权责在县级以下政府依然有待改进。当前应急管理应回归结构建设与信息化建设,推动相关核心要素协同发展。面对日益复杂的气候环境,各部门在救灾防灾过程中要做好高效、密切的配合,时刻应对突发的各种自然灾害。
5) 文中旨在分析突发地质灾害应急处置合作关系,还存在一定的局限性:尚未从灾害发生的全过程展开研究;虽着眼于应急部门之间的协同合作,但未考虑到不同地质灾害等级部门参与数量存在不同。因此,接下来对于灾害应急合作还需进一步综合探讨灾害发生的全过程以及多主体合作,这也是未来研究的重点。
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.1081
  • 接收时间:2023-10-14
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-14
  • 修回日期:2024-01-15
基金
北京市属高等学校优秀青年人才培育计划项目(BPHR202203175)
首都经济贸易大学青年学术创新团队项目(QNTD202110)
作者信息
    1 首都经济贸易大学 管理工程学院,北京 100070
    2 应急管理部 研究中心,北京 100713

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**侯蕊芳(1984—),女,山东东明人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事城市安全发展、区域安全风险管控、行业安全监管等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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