Article(id=1149738956348109588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)04-0033-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0389, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1698940800000, receivedDateStr=2023-11-03, revisedDate=1707580800000, revisedDateStr=2024-02-11, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048728309, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1714233600000, pubDateStr=2024-04-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048728309, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048728309, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048728309, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149738954913661267, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='4', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048727968, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468927830, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286857, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278616925286858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149738954913661267, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=33, endPage=41, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149738956658488087, articleId=1149738956348109588, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Study on societal risk acceptance criteria of typical ships in Yangtze River, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to mitigate the catastrophic consequences resulting from various accidents,F-N curve method was employed to conduct research on societal risk acceptance criteria for typical ships in the Yangtze River. Combined with the actual data of the bulk carriers on Yangtze River,the sensitivity analysis of the key parameters that determine the region boundary of ALARP was carried out,including EV,the risk aversion factor and the upper limit of the fatalities in one accident. For the bulk carriers,the general societal risk acceptance criterion was established. Considering the society's risk aversion to a large number of deaths,an improved acceptance criterion was proposed. Furthermore,the historical accident data of bulk carriers in the Yangtze River from 2010 to 2019 were collected. Through data analysis and frequency calculation,the societal risk of the bulk carriers caused by collision,grounding,contact,stranding,sinking,fire/explosion and wind disaster were determined,and risk assessment was conducted using the acceptance criteria established in this paper. It is shown that the risk aversion factor is the most crucial parameter to determine whether the criterion is strict enough. The number of fatalities corresponding to the horizontal intercept of the upper boundary line of ALARP region for the improved criterion is 9.55% of that of the general criterion,while considering the horizontal intercept of the lower boundary line of ALARP region,the percentage is 44.44%,which means that the improved criterion is more stringent and exhibits stronger aversion to a larger number of deaths.

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为降低各类事故造成的灾难性后果,利用频率-死亡人数(F-N)曲线的方法,开展长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究。基于我国长江水域散货船实际运营基础数据,对船舶营运经济价值(EV)、风险厌恶系数、单次事故最大死亡人数等决定可接受衡准中尽实际可能低(ALARP)区域边界设定的关键参数,进行敏感性分析;建立一般社会风险可接受衡准,并考虑到社会公众对较大死亡人数的风险厌恶,提出改进的可接受衡准;结合长江散货船2010—2019年的历史事故资料,通过数据分析和频率计算,获得散货船碰撞、搁浅、触碰、触礁、自沉、火灾/爆炸及风灾等造成的社会风险,并利用建立的可接受衡准对散货船进行风险评价。结果表明:风险厌恶系数是决定可接受衡准是否足够严苛的最关键参数;改进衡准ALARP上边界横轴截距对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的9.55%,改进衡准ALARP下边界横轴截距对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的44.44%,改进的衡准更严苛,且对较大数目的人员死亡有更强烈的厌恶性。

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董海波 (1985—),男,河南三门峡人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事船舶与海洋结构物风险评估及冰载荷下结构安全性等方面的研究。E-mail:

王西召 工程师

顾学康 研究员

卜淑霞 高级工程师

曾柯 高级工程师

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董海波 (1985—),男,河南三门峡人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事船舶与海洋结构物风险评估及冰载荷下结构安全性等方面的研究。E-mail:

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顾学康 研究员

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卜淑霞 高级工程师

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曾柯 高级工程师

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articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=图6, caption=改进的风险可接受衡准的建立过程, figureFileSmall=2kFymxCGHHuENpYYIumiHA==, figureFileBig=siA8w+e2ANb653ZGY0dxcA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150966630097108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Fig.7, caption=Modified risk acceptance criterion for bulk carriers, figureFileSmall=5ki8H9T855yaKYppCFGSPw==, figureFileBig=vEYpGwAujoHwsRa+ucn8mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150966688817365, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=图7, caption=针对散货船改进的风险可接受衡准, figureFileSmall=5ki8H9T855yaKYppCFGSPw==, figureFileBig=vEYpGwAujoHwsRa+ucn8mg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150966743343318, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Fig.8, caption=Statistical results of bulk carriers accidents in Yangtze River from 2010 to 2019, figureFileSmall=2aI7Y5REcesUX3mi4mmuCQ==, figureFileBig=4LVcg329ppzHq+IqI+5BXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150966864978135, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=图8, caption=2010—2019年长江散货船事故后果统计结果, figureFileSmall=2aI7Y5REcesUX3mi4mmuCQ==, figureFileBig=4LVcg329ppzHq+IqI+5BXA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150966923698392, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Fig.9, caption=Societal risk assessment results of bulk carriers based on Sh1_Cri, figureFileSmall=fNqublZwSTbfYgphEIesew==, figureFileBig=v5/ZzIEyxacq2AZjx9lS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150966990807257, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=图9, caption=基于Sh1_Cri衡准的散货船社会风险评估结果, figureFileSmall=fNqublZwSTbfYgphEIesew==, figureFileBig=v5/ZzIEyxacq2AZjx9lS5w==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150967045333210, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Fig.10, caption=Societal risk assessment results of bulk carriers based on Sh2_Cri, figureFileSmall=ItIupuGRYE16KOl0zDz3VA==, figureFileBig=fHPqcEtlDwhntEfDteXXPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150967116636379, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=图10, caption=基于Sh2_Cri衡准的散货船社会风险评估结果, figureFileSmall=ItIupuGRYE16KOl0zDz3VA==, figureFileBig=fHPqcEtlDwhntEfDteXXPg==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168150967166968028, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Calculation process of e

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4 类型5 备注
船舶典型载重/t 2 000 7 000 10 000 15 000 20 000
船长LPP/m 88 110 124 131 150 根据典型船的尺度
参数进行修正
型宽B/m 13.8 19.2 21 24 24
型深T/m 3.8 5.6 8.9 9.7 11.8
造价计算1/万元 599.91 1 537.54 3 012.83 3 964.58 5 522.40 根据式(11)计算
造价计算2/万元 824.72 1 686.21 2 566.97 3 171.44 4 146.19 根据式(12)计算
造价/万元 712.32 1 611.87 2 789.90 3 568.01 4 834.29 取平均值
e/万元 71.23 161.19 278.99 356.80 483.43
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967242465501, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

e的计算过程

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
参数名称 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4 类型5 备注
船舶典型载重/t 2 000 7 000 10 000 15 000 20 000
船长LPP/m 88 110 124 131 150 根据典型船的尺度
参数进行修正
型宽B/m 13.8 19.2 21 24 24
型深T/m 3.8 5.6 8.9 9.7 11.8
造价计算1/万元 599.91 1 537.54 3 012.83 3 964.58 5 522.40 根据式(11)计算
造价计算2/万元 824.72 1 686.21 2 566.97 3 171.44 4 146.19 根据式(12)计算
造价/万元 712.32 1 611.87 2 789.90 3 568.01 4 834.29 取平均值
e/万元 71.23 161.19 278.99 356.80 483.43
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967372488926, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Upper boundary line of ALARP region for different e values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
散货船 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4 类型5 平均值
e值/万元 71.23 161.19 278.99 356.80 483.43 270.33
A1值/(起·船-1·a-1) 7.16×10-5 1.62×10-4 2.80×10-4 3.58×10-4 4.86×10-4 2.72×10-4
ALARP上边界斜率k1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
ALARP上边界纵轴截距 7.16×10-4 1.62×10-3 2.80×10-3 3.58×10-3 4.86×10-3 2.72×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967456375007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

不同e值对应的ALARP区域上边界

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
散货船 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4 类型5 平均值
e值/万元 71.23 161.19 278.99 356.80 483.43 270.33
A1值/(起·船-1·a-1) 7.16×10-5 1.62×10-4 2.80×10-4 3.58×10-4 4.86×10-4 2.72×10-4
ALARP上边界斜率k1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1 -1
ALARP上边界纵轴截距 7.16×10-4 1.62×10-3 2.80×10-3 3.58×10-3 4.86×10-3 2.72×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967540261088, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Upper boundary line of ALARP region for different ZU values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
散货船 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4
死亡最大值ZU/人 9 10 11 12
A1值/(起·船-1·a-1) 2.90×10-4 2.80×10-4 2.72×10-4 2.64×10-4
ALARP上边界斜率k1 -1 -1 -1 -1
ALARP上边界纵轴截距 2.90×10-3 2.80×10-3 2.72×10-3 2.64×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967636730081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

不同ZU对应的ALARP区域上边界

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
散货船 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4
死亡最大值ZU/人 9 10 11 12
A1值/(起·船-1·a-1) 2.90×10-4 2.80×10-4 2.72×10-4 2.64×10-4
ALARP上边界斜率k1 -1 -1 -1 -1
ALARP上边界纵轴截距 2.90×10-3 2.80×10-3 2.72×10-3 2.64×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967716421858, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

Upper boundary line of ALARP region for different b values

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
散货船 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4 类型5 类型6
b 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
A1值/(起·船-1·a-1) 2.72×10-4 3.25×10-4 3.79×10-4 4.31×10-4 4.81×10-4 5.26×10-4
ALARP上边界斜率k1 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 -2.0
ALARP上边界纵轴截距 2.72×10-3 3.25×10-3 3.79×10-3 4.31×10-3 4.81×10-3 5.26×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967779336419, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

不同b值对应的ALARP区域上边界

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
散货船 类型1 类型2 类型3 类型4 类型5 类型6
b 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0
A1值/(起·船-1·a-1) 2.72×10-4 3.25×10-4 3.79×10-4 4.31×10-4 4.81×10-4 5.26×10-4
ALARP上边界斜率k1 -1 -1.2 -1.4 -1.6 -1.8 -2.0
ALARP上边界纵轴截距 2.72×10-3 3.25×10-3 3.79×10-3 4.31×10-3 4.81×10-3 5.26×10-3
), ArticleFig(id=1168150967879999716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Number of accidents with respect to different deaths in each accident

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故类型 Z=1 Z=2 Z=3 Z=4 Z=5 Z=6 Z=7 Z=8 Z=9 Z>9
碰撞 23 8 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 0
搁浅 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
触碰 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
触礁 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
自沉 38 20 10 4 2 1 1 1 1 0
火灾/爆炸 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
风灾 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
其他事故 4 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168150968022606053, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=表5, caption=

单次事故不同死亡人数对应的事故起数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
事故类型 Z=1 Z=2 Z=3 Z=4 Z=5 Z=6 Z=7 Z=8 Z=9 Z>9
碰撞 23 8 3 4 0 1 0 0 1 0
搁浅 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
触碰 2 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0
触礁 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
自沉 38 20 10 4 2 1 1 1 1 0
火灾/爆炸 4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
风灾 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
其他事故 4 2 1 0 2 0 0 0 0 0
), ArticleFig(id=1168150968081326310, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=EN, label=Tab.6, caption=

Calculation of cumulative frequency with respect to different deaths

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 总的船年数S
单起事故死亡人数≥Z
对应的事故起数K
Z=1 Z=2 Z=3 Z=4 Z=5 Z=6 Z=7 Z=8 Z=9
40 17 9 6 2 2 1 1 1
频率/(起·船-1·a-1) 4.34×10-4 1.84×10-4 9.76×10-5 6.51×10-5 2.17×10-5 2.17×10-5 1.08×10-5 1.08×10-5 1.08×10-5
), ArticleFig(id=1168150968135852263, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149738956348109588, language=CN, label=表6, caption=

不同死亡数对应累积频率的计算

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
名称 总的船年数S
单起事故死亡人数≥Z
对应的事故起数K
Z=1 Z=2 Z=3 Z=4 Z=5 Z=6 Z=7 Z=8 Z=9
40 17 9 6 2 2 1 1 1
频率/(起·船-1·a-1) 4.34×10-4 1.84×10-4 9.76×10-5 6.51×10-5 2.17×10-5 2.17×10-5 1.08×10-5 1.08×10-5 1.08×10-5
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长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究
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董海波 1, 2 , 王西召 1, 2 , 顾学康 1, 2 , 卜淑霞 1, 2 , 曾柯 1, 2
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(4): 33-41
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(4): 33-41
长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究
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董海波1, 2 , 王西召1, 2, 顾学康1, 2, 卜淑霞1, 2, 曾柯1, 2
作者信息
  • 1 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 2 深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
  • 董海波 (1985—),男,河南三门峡人,硕士,高级工程师,主要从事船舶与海洋结构物风险评估及冰载荷下结构安全性等方面的研究。E-mail:

    王西召 工程师

    顾学康 研究员

    卜淑霞 高级工程师

    曾柯 高级工程师

Study on societal risk acceptance criteria of typical ships in Yangtze River
Haibo DONG1, 2 , Xizhao WANG1, 2, Xuekang GU1, 2, Shuxia BU1, 2, Ke ZENG1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1 China Ship Scientific Research Center,Wuxi Jiangsu 214082,China
  • 2 Taihu Laboratory of Deepsea Technological Science,Wuxi Jiangsu 214082,China
出版时间: 2024-04-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0389
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为降低各类事故造成的灾难性后果,利用频率-死亡人数(F-N)曲线的方法,开展长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究。基于我国长江水域散货船实际运营基础数据,对船舶营运经济价值(EV)、风险厌恶系数、单次事故最大死亡人数等决定可接受衡准中尽实际可能低(ALARP)区域边界设定的关键参数,进行敏感性分析;建立一般社会风险可接受衡准,并考虑到社会公众对较大死亡人数的风险厌恶,提出改进的可接受衡准;结合长江散货船2010—2019年的历史事故资料,通过数据分析和频率计算,获得散货船碰撞、搁浅、触碰、触礁、自沉、火灾/爆炸及风灾等造成的社会风险,并利用建立的可接受衡准对散货船进行风险评价。结果表明:风险厌恶系数是决定可接受衡准是否足够严苛的最关键参数;改进衡准ALARP上边界横轴截距对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的9.55%,改进衡准ALARP下边界横轴截距对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的44.44%,改进的衡准更严苛,且对较大数目的人员死亡有更强烈的厌恶性。

社会风险  /  可接受衡准  /  频率-死亡人数(F-N)  /  尽实际可能低(ALARP)  /  潜在生命丧失(PLL)

In order to mitigate the catastrophic consequences resulting from various accidents,F-N curve method was employed to conduct research on societal risk acceptance criteria for typical ships in the Yangtze River. Combined with the actual data of the bulk carriers on Yangtze River,the sensitivity analysis of the key parameters that determine the region boundary of ALARP was carried out,including EV,the risk aversion factor and the upper limit of the fatalities in one accident. For the bulk carriers,the general societal risk acceptance criterion was established. Considering the society's risk aversion to a large number of deaths,an improved acceptance criterion was proposed. Furthermore,the historical accident data of bulk carriers in the Yangtze River from 2010 to 2019 were collected. Through data analysis and frequency calculation,the societal risk of the bulk carriers caused by collision,grounding,contact,stranding,sinking,fire/explosion and wind disaster were determined,and risk assessment was conducted using the acceptance criteria established in this paper. It is shown that the risk aversion factor is the most crucial parameter to determine whether the criterion is strict enough. The number of fatalities corresponding to the horizontal intercept of the upper boundary line of ALARP region for the improved criterion is 9.55% of that of the general criterion,while considering the horizontal intercept of the lower boundary line of ALARP region,the percentage is 44.44%,which means that the improved criterion is more stringent and exhibits stronger aversion to a larger number of deaths.

societal risk  /  acceptance criteria  /  frequency-number of fatalities (F-N)  /  as low as reasonably practicable (ALARP)  /  potential loss of life (PLL)
董海波, 王西召, 顾学康, 卜淑霞, 曾柯. 长江典型船舶社会风险可接受衡准研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (4) : 33 -41 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0389
Haibo DONG, Xizhao WANG, Xuekang GU, Shuxia BU, Ke ZENG. Study on societal risk acceptance criteria of typical ships in Yangtze River[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (4) : 33 -41 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0389
长江作为黄金水道在我国航运体系中发挥着重要作用。然而,由于长江船舶密度大、交通流复杂、水域环境多变,加之跨江大桥及大坝船闸等因素影响,长江船舶的通航安全常常会面临一定挑战。从搜集的2010—2019年期间3 600多条长江水上交通事故数据可以看出,各种船舶事故时有发生,一些严重事故造成了较大的经济损失和人员死亡,引发社会的高度关注。
长江各类船舶航行过程中,面临碰撞、触碰、搁浅、火灾、爆炸等多种风险。为进一步保证船舶的通航安全,应基于风险分析的方法开展安全性评估,其中,非常重要的方面是设定准确的风险可接受衡准。对于人员安全,可接受衡准一般分为个人风险和社会风险2方面。社会风险可接受衡准通常以频率-死亡人数(Frequency-Number of fatalities,F-N)曲线的形式表示,受多种因素影响,且随某项活动对社会重要程度的变化而变化,制定过程也较复杂。国际海事组织(International Maritime Organization,IMO)针对海船提出了社会风险可接受衡准建立的一般流程,在理论计算基础上,以F-N曲线的形式给出了油船、集装箱船等典型海船的可接受衡准[1]。KANEKO等[2]针对集装箱船、杂货船等主要船型,提出一种确定F-N曲线边界的新方法。不同国家和地区针对核电站、公路、铁路及危化品运输提出了社会风险可接受衡准[3],充分考虑了社会公众对事故的接受程度,对应的风险厌恶系数取不同的值。汪金辉等[4]基于典型的事故数据库,针对全球客船建立了社会风险可接受衡准;赵新伟等[5]基于历史数据统计分析,研究了油气管道的风险可接受衡准;张舒等[6]以F-N曲线给出了煤矿的社会风险可接受衡准;陈永[7]针对长江干线的危化品船舶,以事故频率-潜在损害值曲线形式,构建了危化品泄漏的风险可接受衡准。上述研究中,社会风险可接受衡准主要是针对海船建立的,考虑到制定衡准时所依赖的历史事故数据不同、单次事故最大死亡人数存在差异,以及衡准具有的时效性、周期性特点,针对海船的衡准不适用于内河船舶;国内社会风险可接受衡准的研究起步较晚,虽然在煤矿、油气管道等方面形成了一定成果,但是,针对内河船舶的社会风险可接受衡准尚未建立。
鉴于此,笔者拟结合长江船舶历史事故数据,在分析可接受衡准理论方法基础上,通过梳理对衡准起决定作用的关键参数及开展敏感性分析,建立一般社会风险可接受衡准和改进社会风险可接受衡准,并应用于散货船的风险评价,反映衡准在降低人员群体伤亡后果方面的作用,以期为开展相关风险控制研究提供支撑。
以F-N曲线表示的典型社会风险可接受衡准如图1所示。风险水平分为可忽略区域、尽实际可能低(As Low As Reasonably Practicable,ALARP)区域和不可接受区域3个区域。社会风险可接受衡准的建立,主要是通过理论计算,确定图1中ALARP区域边界对应的斜率和截距(图中的横纵坐标线均视为不等距线,下同)。
按如下理论方法计算社会风险可接受衡准[18]:
考虑某类型船,对船员或工人来说,平均可接受的潜在生命丧失(Potential Loss of Life,PLL)为:
P = e · q
式中:P为某类型船的PLL;e为船舶营运经济价值(Economic Value,EV),元;q为职业事故中的累积指标,定义为每单位国民生产总值(Gross National Product,GNP)的平均致死率,人/元,可通过下式计算:
q = D G
式中:D为职业事故造成的死亡人数;G为特定时间周期内的GNP,元。
对于船上乘客来说,PLL可计算为:
P = e · r
式中r为运输行业相关事故的累积指标,可通过下式计算:
r = D 0 G 0
式中:D0为运输业引起的死亡人数;G0为GNP中运输业相关部分,元。
针对单次事故,在分析人员死亡频率时,有如下关系:
A Z = A 1 Z b
式中:AZ为一次事故中死亡人数≥Z的频率;A1为一次事故中死亡人数≥1人的频率;Z为一次事故中的死亡人数;b为风险厌恶系数,取值为1≤b≤2,不同的值反映了风险偏好水平。
定义aZ为一次事故中死亡人数为Z的发生频率,则:
a Z = A Z - A Z + 1 Z = 1,2 ( Z U - 1 ) A Z Z = Z U
式中ZU为单次事故最大死亡人数,对一艘船来说,可定义为船员/乘客的最大人数。
结合F-N曲线,有如下表述:
J = Z = 1 Z U Z a Z = A 1 1 Z U b - 1 + Z = 1 Z u - 1 ( Z + 1 ) b - Z b Z b - 1 ( Z + 1 ) b
式中J为F-N曲线对应的表征参数。
J表征的F-N曲线和平均可接受的PLL相一致,则:
J = P
通过推导可得:
A 1 = P 1 Z U b - 1 + Z = 1 Z u - 1 ( Z + 1 ) b - Z b Z b - 1 ( Z + 1 ) b
根据式(9)得到的A1来建立社会风险可接受衡准,规定高于其值一个数量级以上为不可接受风险,而低于其值一个数量级以下为可忽略风险。由此确定ALARP区域的边界,定义上边界的斜率为k1,则有k1=-b,纵轴截距为10A1;定义下边界的斜率为k2,则有k2=-b,纵轴截距为0.1A1
典型船舶的EV值和船的造价相关。对于长江干线的散货船,可采用下式估算造价[9]:
H = 0.13 L p p · B · T
式中:H为船舶造价,万元;LPP为垂线间长,m;B为船舶型宽,m;T为船舶型深,m。
船舶造价和空船质量相关,有:
H = C 1 · V
式中:C1为船类型系数,对于内河船:散货船取1,液货船取1.8,集装箱船取1.2;V为空船质量,t。对于散货船、液货船和集装箱船,V可按下式计算[10]:
V = C 0 · L P P 1.4 · B 0.75 · T 0.4
式中C0为经验系数,内河散货船取0.128,集装箱船取0.129。
结合社会风险可接受衡准建立的理论方法,针对散货船确定主要参数取值,包括qebZU。假定衡准对应的目标时间段为历史事故统计周期中的最后一年——2019整年。
1) q取值。根据世界银行公开信息,2019年度中国国民生产总值为1.430×1013美元;参考中国国家统计局官网数据,2019年度全国安全生产事故总起数和死亡人数分别为40 477起和29 519人。根据式(2)可计算职业事故中的累积指标q为3.03×10-10人/元。
2) e取值。长江散货船涵盖小型散货船、省级运输散货船及江海直达船。根据《内河过闸运输船舶标准船型主尺度系列第1部分:长江水系》[11],确定典型散货船的代表性尺度参数。利用式(10)和式(11)进行造价估算,并参照内河干散货船指数、中国船舶交易价格指数、“江海直达1号”船型、“江海直达17号”船型等修正造价数据。e取船舶造价的10%[7],计算过程见表1
3) b取值。其范围为1≤b≤2,处于中立型风险时,取b=1,说明事故后果相对较轻,社会公众对事故发生的接受程度相对较高;厌恶型风险时,取b=2,认为社会公众对此类事故发生较敏感,风险可接受程度低。考虑的b取值为:1、1.2、1.4、1.6、1.8和2。
4) ZU取值。结合内河船舶最低安全配员标准,针对散货船应涵盖所有吨级的船舶,在进行敏感性分析时,考虑ZU取值为:9、10、11和12。
q取决于选定时间周期内的事故数据和经济数据,时间周期确定后,即为定值。所以,主要针对其他3个参数ebZU开展敏感性分析。
风险高于ALARP区域后,风险会变得不可接受,因此,其上边界的确定至关重要。在进行参数敏感性分析时,可重点针对上边界。按照社会风险可接受衡准建立方法,以b=1,ZU=11,e=71.23万元为例,说明上边界的计算过程,如下:
基于qe值,按照式(1)计算平均可接受的PLL为P=2.16×10-4
系数b=1,式(9)可简化为:
A 1 = P Z = 1 Z u 1 Z
PZU值带入式(14),计算得到A1=7.16×10-5,即为死亡≥1的频率,进一步可确定ALARP区域上边界的斜率k1为-1,纵轴截距为7.16×10-4。按照上述示例方法,进行关键参数的敏感性分析。
1) 不同e值对可接受衡准的影响。考虑中立型风险的情况,即b=1,同时ZU取11。针对表2的5种e值及平均值,分析不同值对衡准的影响。不同e值情况下,ALARP区域上边界纵轴截距计算结果见表2,对应的社会风险可接受衡准如图2所示(仅显示ALARP的上边界)。
图2可以看出,bZU均相同的条件下,e值越小相同死亡人数对应的累积频率越小,说明总体职业风险主要按照活动占GNP的不同比重进行分布。对于重要性较低的活动而言,即活动对应的e值较小时,社会可能不愿意接受过高的死亡风险,意味着较低的经济重要性和较低的PLL对应。
2) 不同ZU值对可接受衡准的影响。考虑中立型风险的情况,即b=1,同时,e取平均值为270.33万元。考虑ZU值为9、10、11和12,分析不同ZU对衡准的影响。不同ZU情况下,ALARP区域上边界纵轴截距计算结果见表3,对应的社会风险可接受衡准如图3所示(仅显示ALARP的上边界)。
图3可以看出,be值均相同的条件下,ZU越小,相同死亡人数对应的频率越大。说明最大死亡人数的值越大,对应的社会风险接受衡准越严苛。
3) 不同b值对可接受衡准的影响。ZU取11,e取平均值为270.33万元。分析不同 b值对衡准的影响。不同 b值情况下,ALARP区域上边界纵轴截距计算结果见表4,对应的社会风险可接受衡准如图4所示(仅显示ALARP的上边界)。
图4可以看出,eZU均相同的条件下,当死亡人数较小时,b值越小相同死亡人数对应的频率越小;当死亡人数较大时,b值越小相同死亡人数对应的频率越大。说明b值越大,对风险越是厌恶,特别是当死亡人数变大时,b值的增加,可以体现出社会风险可接受衡准的严苛性,即要求F-N曲线中较大的死亡对应的累积频率应是较低的。
针对长江散货船,建立一般的社会风险可接受衡准。e取平均值270.33万元。结合参数的敏感性分析结果,基于平均值构建的社会风险可接受衡准,对那些e值较大的经济活动是比较严苛的,而对e值较小的经济活动是偏宽松的,一定意义上符合社会预期,即要求e值较大的经济活动更应减少人员死亡风险。ZU值取11。要求针对所有吨级的长江散货船,满足最低安全配员标准。b值取1。根据英国健康和安全委员会(Health & Safety Commission,HSC)[12]研究和建议,构建一般社会风险可接受衡准时考虑b取1;而海安会(Maritime Safety Committee,MSC)[13]历次会议中,将包括核设施、化工厂和海洋工程设备在内的社会风险定义为中立型,建议b取1。
按照衡准建立方法及2.2节的示例计算过程,得到A1=2.72×10-4。进而可确定ALARP区域上边界纵轴截距为2.72×10-3,ALARP区域下边界纵轴截距为2.72×10-5,2条边界的斜率均为-1。针对长江散货船,建立一般社会风险可接受衡准,如图5所示。定义该衡准名称为Sh1_Cri。
实际上,社会公众对导致多人死亡的事故具有强烈反感,普遍的观念是1起导致1 000人死亡的事故,比1 000起每起导致死亡1人的事故更坏,即对死亡人数大的事故有很明显的风险厌恶。对长江通航来说,得益于相关监测设备、智能技术的发展,已实现长江干线水域水文状况的实时查阅,尽可能规避了相关风险;已建立了一系列应急设备库,覆盖长江上、中、下游,可在短时间内迅速采取行动,减少船舶事故危害。在构建一般社会风险可接受衡准时,厌恶系数的选取参考针对海船的相关规定,制定的衡准对长江船舶来说是偏宽松的。此外,结合2010—2019年期间的长江水上交通事故数据,可以看出,散货船单次事故造成的人员死亡数相对不多。
基于上述理由,针对长江散货船,考虑建立改进的、更严苛的社会风险可接受衡准。方法如下:
1) 绘制一般社会风险可接受衡准Sh1_Cri。对应参数取值分别e=270.33万元、ZU=11和b=1。图6为改进的风险可接受衡准的建立过程,实线形式的上边界1和下边界1为衡准Sh1_Cri对应的ALARP区域的边界。
2) 同一图中绘制另外的以F-N曲线表示的可接受衡准。参数取值分别为e=270.33万元、ZU =11和b=1.5。衡准计算方法为:按照式(1)计算平均可接受的PLL为P=8.20×10-4,同时,式(9)可表述为:
A 1 = P 1 Z U 0.5 + Z = 1 Z u - 1 ( Z + 1 ) 1.5 - Z 1.5 Z 0.5 ( Z + 1 ) 1.5
计算得到A1=4.05×10-4,即为死亡≥1的频率。可确定ALARP区域上边界的纵轴截距为4.05×10-3,斜率k1为 -1.5,定义其为上边界2;ALARP区域下边界的纵轴截距为4.05×10-5,斜率k2为-1.5,定义其为下边界2。如图6所示的虚线形式的边界。
3) 在图6中,确定上边界1和上边界2的交点,定义为O1;确定下边界1和下边界2的交点,定义为O2
4) 确定改进的社会风险可接受衡准ALARP区域的边界。上边界为折线:在交点O1左侧取斜率为-1的一段线,交点右侧取斜率为-1.5的一段线;下边界为折线:在交点O2左侧取斜率为-1的一段线,交点右侧取斜率为-1.5的一段线。完整的绘制过程如图6所示。
改进的社会风险可接受衡准如图7所示。定义该衡准名称为Sh2_Cri。
搜集2010—2019年期间长江散货船事故数据计2 219起,涵盖碰撞、搁浅、触礁、触碰、自沉(沉没)、风灾、火灾/爆炸等主要事故类型。根据规定的事故等级划分标准[14],整理和统计分析历史事故数据。考虑事故造成的后果情况,就散货船而言,小事故占87.34%,一般及以上事故占12.66%。事故后果分析结果如图8所示。
散货船所有事故中,存在人员死亡或失踪的事故总计144起。假定失踪等同于死亡,不计及人员受伤的情况,针对散货船不同的事故类型,分析每起事故造成的人员死亡数。
统计获得散货船不同事故类型不同死亡人数对应的事故起数,见表5
结合长江航运发展报告[15],确定2010—2019年期间长江水域散货船总的船年数S
针对不同的事故类型,在计算单次事故死亡数≥Z的频率基础上,绘制与事故类型一一对应的F-N曲线。以碰撞事故为例,累积频率的计算过程见表6
不同事故对应的F-N曲线,均应分别绘制于本文建立的Sh1_Cri和Sh2_Cri这2种风险可接受衡准中,以直接呈现不同事故类型造成的社会风险所处的风险区域。图9图10分别为应用2种不同可接受衡准获得的风险评估结果。
图9图10看出,长江散货船碰撞和自沉事故造成的社会风险相对较高;碰撞、自沉、触碰及火灾/爆炸对应的社会风险均处于ALARP区域;风灾和触礁对应的社会风险均是部分位于ALARP区域,部分位于可忽略区域;搁浅造成的社会风险最低,位于风险可忽略区域。应用一般衡准Sh1_Cri和改进衡准Sh2_Cri进行风险评估时,散货船总的社会风险均是处于ALARP区域。
特别地,若社会风险处于ALARP区域,表明风险尚未达到不可接受的程度,考虑通过采取一定的风险控制措施来尽可能降低风险;实际操作时,建议针对风险控制措施进行成本效益评估,实现既降低风险又满足经济性要求的目标。
1) 职业事故中累积指标、船舶营运经济价值、风险厌恶系数和单次事故最大死亡人数均会对社会风险可接受衡准的制定形成影响,但相对于其他3个参数,风险厌恶系数对ALARP区域边界的设定有更为明显的影响,是决定可接受衡准是否足够严苛的最关键参数。
2) 一般社会风险可接受衡准和改进的社会风险可接受衡准这2种衡准ALARP区域上边界的纵轴截距均为2.72×10-3,下边界的纵轴截距均为2.72×10-5;2种衡准ALARP区域上边界的横轴截距约分别为2692和257,改进衡准对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的9.55%;下边界的横轴截距约分别为27和12,改进衡准对应的死亡人数是一般衡准的44.44%。改进衡准对较大数目的人员死亡有更强烈的厌恶性。
3) 文中建立的社会风险可接受衡准主要适用于长江散货船。若需针对长江集装箱船、危化品船、客船等建立社会风险可接受衡准,应分别予以考虑,在获得对应职业事故中累积指标、船舶营运经济价值、风险厌恶系数和单次事故最大死亡人数等基础上,参考文中的理论方法和流程,通过计算ALARP区域边界来准确制定衡准。
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2024年第34卷第4期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.04.0389
  • 接收时间:2023-11-03
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-04-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-11-03
  • 修回日期:2024-02-11
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绿色智能内河船舶创新专项资助
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    1 中国船舶科学研究中心,江苏 无锡 214082
    2 深海技术科学太湖实验室,江苏 无锡 214082
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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