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In order to improve the accuracy of fire water cannon jet trajectory prediction and overcome the difficulty of traditional parabolic theory to describe the phenomenon that "when the initial velocity is constant,the range increases with the increase of jet flow",first of all,the Euler method was used to establish a one-dimensional mass conservation equation along the trajectory of the water jet in the air,axial momentum conservation equations and the radial momentum conservation equations. Then,assuming that the axial velocity distribution of the water column and air column was in the shape of "bowler hat",the established conservation equations were derived and analyzed,and the fire water cannon water jet trajectory calculation model was established. Finally,based on three conservation equations,the numerical computation process of the jet trajectory model was given and verified with the collected experimental data. The results show that the error of this model is less than 10%.

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为提高消防水炮射流轨迹预测精度,克服基于传统抛体理论描述“初速度不变,射流流量增加致使射程增加现象”所存在的困难,首先采用欧拉法,沿空气中水射流轨迹建立一维的质量守恒方程、轴向动量守恒方程和径向动量守恒方程;然后假设水柱和空气柱的轴向速度分布形状为“礼帽”形,并据此推导分析建立的守恒方程,进而建立消防水炮水射流轨迹计算模型;最后基于3个守恒方程,给出射流轨迹模型的数值计算流程,并与收集的试验数据进行比较验证,结果表明:所建模型的误差不超过10%。

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白杨阳 (1998—),男,陕西延安人,硕士,主要研究方向为清洁灭火理论与技术。E-mail:

刘长春,副教授。

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journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=CN, orderNo=3, keyword=消防水炮), Keyword(id=1168130197317497108, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=CN, orderNo=4, keyword=射程), Keyword(id=1168130197363634453, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=CN, orderNo=5, keyword=卷吸空气)], refs=[Reference(id=1168130199301402953, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=50, issue=2, pageStart=233, pageEnd=248, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[1], rfOrder=0, authorNames=XIN Yibin, THUMULURU S, JIANG Fenghui, journalName=Fire Technology, refType=null, unstructuredReference=XIN Yibin, THUMULURU S, JIANG Fenghui, et al. 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Calculating method for trajectory and extension of liquid jet in air based on jet-flow theory[J]. 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Specific parameters of various types of water guns and water cannons

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水枪(炮)
类型
出口流量/
(kg·s-1)
离地高
度/m
出口等效
直径/mm
文献
来源
加装YST-4NN
型炮头
94.63 0.61 57.15 [11]
加装MST-4NJ
型炮头
75.08 0 50.8
Elkhart Brass(埃
尔克哈特黄铜)型
18.95 0.75 14.36 [12]
Akron Brass
(阿密龙黄铜)型
18.95 0.75 14.71
MLQD型水枪 1.895 0.75 5.68
新海龙艏喷 6 263.12 15.7 450 [13]
PS(水炮)20型 27.50 0.75 25.33 [8]
PS30型 41.20 0.75 31.25
PS100型 116.20 0.75 52.48
PS180型 191.50 0.75 67.36
PS200型 212 0.75 70.89
), ArticleFig(id=1168130198437376302, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

各类型水枪、水炮具体参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
水枪(炮)
类型
出口流量/
(kg·s-1)
离地高
度/m
出口等效
直径/mm
文献
来源
加装YST-4NN
型炮头
94.63 0.61 57.15 [11]
加装MST-4NJ
型炮头
75.08 0 50.8
Elkhart Brass(埃
尔克哈特黄铜)型
18.95 0.75 14.36 [12]
Akron Brass
(阿密龙黄铜)型
18.95 0.75 14.71
MLQD型水枪 1.895 0.75 5.68
新海龙艏喷 6 263.12 15.7 450 [13]
PS(水炮)20型 27.50 0.75 25.33 [8]
PS30型 41.20 0.75 31.25
PS100型 116.20 0.75 52.48
PS180型 191.50 0.75 67.36
PS200型 212 0.75 70.89
), ArticleFig(id=1168130198529650993, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Comparison between calculated range and shot height and actual situation

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消防枪(炮)类型 仰角/(°) 计算射程/m 实际射程/m 误差/% 计算射高/m 实际射高/m 误差/%
加装YST-4NN
型炮头
30 72.29 79.85 9.47 14.47 15.73 8.10
45 74.85 72.54 3.18 26.47 26.60 0.49
60 64.88 62.50 3.81 38.80 39.44 1.62
75 42.24 40.40 4.55 49.66 51.52 3.61
加装MST-4NJ
型炮头
30 68.10 72.80 6.46 13.48 15.51 13.09
45 70.34 68.20 3.14 24.98 27.01 7.52
60 60.98 56.20 8.51 36.81 37.42 1.63
75 40.00 38.30 4.44 47.37 45.88 3.25
Elkhart Brass型 20 68.19 62.48 9.14
Akron Brass型 20 67.13 61.26 9.58
MLQD型水枪 20 27.46 27.28 0.66
新海龙艏喷 45 164.04 155.2 5.70 54.78 50.5 8.48
PS20型 30 62.93 63.00 0.11
PS30型 30 71.40 72.00 0.83
PS100型 30 97.62 97.20 0.43
PS180型 30 112.59 107.0 5.22
PS200型 30 115.77 113.0 2.45
), ArticleFig(id=1168130198592565557, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

计算射程、射高与实际对比

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消防枪(炮)类型 仰角/(°) 计算射程/m 实际射程/m 误差/% 计算射高/m 实际射高/m 误差/%
加装YST-4NN
型炮头
30 72.29 79.85 9.47 14.47 15.73 8.10
45 74.85 72.54 3.18 26.47 26.60 0.49
60 64.88 62.50 3.81 38.80 39.44 1.62
75 42.24 40.40 4.55 49.66 51.52 3.61
加装MST-4NJ
型炮头
30 68.10 72.80 6.46 13.48 15.51 13.09
45 70.34 68.20 3.14 24.98 27.01 7.52
60 60.98 56.20 8.51 36.81 37.42 1.63
75 40.00 38.30 4.44 47.37 45.88 3.25
Elkhart Brass型 20 68.19 62.48 9.14
Akron Brass型 20 67.13 61.26 9.58
MLQD型水枪 20 27.46 27.28 0.66
新海龙艏喷 45 164.04 155.2 5.70 54.78 50.5 8.48
PS20型 30 62.93 63.00 0.11
PS30型 30 71.40 72.00 0.83
PS100型 30 97.62 97.20 0.43
PS180型 30 112.59 107.0 5.22
PS200型 30 115.77 113.0 2.45
), ArticleFig(id=1168130198663868728, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Calculation parameters of ordinary fire cannon and high-pressure fire cannon

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消防炮名称 出口压力/
MPa
质量流量/
(L·s-1)
流速
系数
普通 0.7 30 0.95
高压喷雾 4.0 6 0.9
), ArticleFig(id=1168130198743560506, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739131896512926, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

普通消防炮和高压消防炮计算参数

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
消防炮名称 出口压力/
MPa
质量流量/
(L·s-1)
流速
系数
普通 0.7 30 0.95
高压喷雾 4.0 6 0.9
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基于欧拉法的消防水炮射流轨迹模型
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白杨阳 1 , 刘长春 1 , 李存英 1 , 艾国栋 2 , 刘思齐 1 , 宋方智 1
中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024,34(3): 200-205
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中国安全科学学报 | 公共安全 2024, 34(3): 200-205
基于欧拉法的消防水炮射流轨迹模型
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白杨阳1 , 刘长春1, 李存英1, 艾国栋2, 刘思齐1, 宋方智1
作者信息
  • 1 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
  • 2 三一汽车制造有限公司,湖南 长沙 410100
  • 白杨阳 (1998—),男,陕西延安人,硕士,主要研究方向为清洁灭火理论与技术。E-mail:

    刘长春,副教授。

Jet trajectory model of fire water cannon based on Euler method
Yangyang BAI1 , Changchun LIU1, Cunying LI1, Guodong AI2, Siqi LIU1, Fangzhi SONG1
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety Science and Engineering,Xi'an University of Science and Technology,Xi'an Shaanxi 710054,China
  • 2 Sany Automobile Manufacturing Co.,Ltd.,Changsha Hunan 410100,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1161
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为提高消防水炮射流轨迹预测精度,克服基于传统抛体理论描述“初速度不变,射流流量增加致使射程增加现象”所存在的困难,首先采用欧拉法,沿空气中水射流轨迹建立一维的质量守恒方程、轴向动量守恒方程和径向动量守恒方程;然后假设水柱和空气柱的轴向速度分布形状为“礼帽”形,并据此推导分析建立的守恒方程,进而建立消防水炮水射流轨迹计算模型;最后基于3个守恒方程,给出射流轨迹模型的数值计算流程,并与收集的试验数据进行比较验证,结果表明:所建模型的误差不超过10%。

欧拉法  /  射流轨迹  /  消防水炮  /  射程  /  卷吸空气

In order to improve the accuracy of fire water cannon jet trajectory prediction and overcome the difficulty of traditional parabolic theory to describe the phenomenon that "when the initial velocity is constant,the range increases with the increase of jet flow",first of all,the Euler method was used to establish a one-dimensional mass conservation equation along the trajectory of the water jet in the air,axial momentum conservation equations and the radial momentum conservation equations. Then,assuming that the axial velocity distribution of the water column and air column was in the shape of "bowler hat",the established conservation equations were derived and analyzed,and the fire water cannon water jet trajectory calculation model was established. Finally,based on three conservation equations,the numerical computation process of the jet trajectory model was given and verified with the collected experimental data. The results show that the error of this model is less than 10%.

Euler method  /  jet trajectory  /  fire water cannon  /  range  /  entrained air
白杨阳, 刘长春, 李存英, 艾国栋, 刘思齐, 宋方智. 基于欧拉法的消防水炮射流轨迹模型. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 200 -205 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1161
Yangyang BAI, Changchun LIU, Cunying LI, Guodong AI, Siqi LIU, Fangzhi SONG. Jet trajectory model of fire water cannon based on Euler method[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 200 -205 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1161
由于大型商场、展览馆和体育馆等大空间人员密集场所[1]发生火灾时情况复杂、火源位置难以确定,因此,精准预测消防水炮(简称消防炮)射流轨迹显得尤为重要。
目前,对于消防炮射流轨迹的研究主要有基于计算流体动力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD)软件、计算机图像技术和数学计算模型等3种方式。MIYASHITA等[2]采用移动粒子半隐式法,模拟大流量消防炮的射流运动过程,发现射流运动轨迹与射流流量和工作压力有密切关系。PONZIANI等[3]用火灾动力模拟软件构建了水炮射流轨迹模型,发现其射流形状与试验结果基本吻合,并表明合适的网格尺寸更有利于准确描述射流运动轨迹。HATTON等[4]考虑风力对海上消防炮射流运动轨迹的影响,进行多次三维模拟,并建立了运动轨迹模型。虽然仿真模型对水射流的形态轨迹有较为准确的描述,但这种方法对计算机资源要求高,耗费周期长。基于计算机图像技术的水射流轨迹研究是指以摄像头作为传感器,将摄像头采集的水射流图像、视频信息进行计算机处理,进而预测水射流轨迹[5]。这种方法仅适用于已经存在的水射流装置,不适用于装置设计初始阶段使用。XU Qiang等[6]基于局部最大平均速度建立了指数形式的射流中心线轨迹方程,预测结果的误差在30%以内。胡国良等[7]对炮口初速度较低的水射流,将空气阻力与空气阻力系数和速度乘积看成正比关系,并通过积分运算得出射流轨迹曲线方程。史兴堂等[8]探讨了消防炮的射程及其与仰角、压力、流量等影响因素之间的关系,建立了射程计算公式。
以上基于数学计算的传统水射流轨迹研究,克服了基于CFD和基于计算机图像技术的水射流轨迹研究所存在的不足,但是,这种基于抛体理论的数学计算方法,在描述射流初速度不变的前提下,解释流量增加致使射程增加现象时存在困难,且预测精度难以满足要求。鉴于此,笔者将采用欧拉法,沿空气中水射流轨迹建立一维的质量守恒方程、轴向动量守恒方程和径向动量守恒方程,考虑水射流卷吸空气的作用,同时引入“礼帽”型速度分布假设,继而获得水射流的运动轨迹模型。
假设在无风条件下,水流从直径为D的喷嘴喷射到空气中,初始仰角为θ0,在整个流场中,采用欧拉法,沿射流运动轨迹建立质量守恒、动量守恒方程[9]
质量守恒方程:
( ρ u r ) s + ( ρ v r ) r = 0
射流轴向动量守恒方程:
ρ u r u s + ρ v r u r = r ρ ϑ r u r + r ( ρ - ρ ) g s i n θ
射流径向动量守恒方程:
d θ d s 0 ρ u 2 r d r = 0 ( ρ - ρ ) r d r g c o s θ
式中:s为射流轨迹中心线坐标,m;r为射流轨迹中心线垂直方向坐标(射流径向方向坐标),m;u为射流轴向速度,m/s;v为射流径向速度,m/s;ρ为水密度,kg/m3;ϑ为运动黏度,m2/s;ρ为空气密度,kg/m3; g为重力加速度,m/s2;θ为射流轨迹方向与水平方向的夹角,(°)。
式(1)乘以u,与式(2)相加后,积分得:
s 0 ρ u 2 r d r + l i m r ( ρ v r u ) = 0 r ( ρ - ρ ) g s i n θ d r
水流射入空气中,在r趋近于无穷远处u为0,则:
s 0 ρ u 2 r d r = 0 r ( ρ - ρ ) g s i n θ d r
假设在流场横截面上射流轴向速度分布呈”礼帽“型[10],即水柱和空气柱的速度分布均为均匀分布,如图1所示。b1为水柱半径,m;b2为水柱加卷吸空气柱的半径,m;ve为卷吸入空气的速度,m/s。当rb1时,u=u1;当b1rb2时,u=u2
对式(5)进行分段积分可得:
s 0 b 1 ρ u 1 2 r d r + s b 1 b 2 ρ u 2 2 r d r = 0 b 1 r ( ρ - ρ ) g s i n θ d r
将式(6)沿s方向进行积分,并将右侧积分项采用分段离散求解,则:
b 1 2 ρ u 1 2 + ( b 2 2 - b 1 2 ) ρ u 2 2 = R 2 ρ U 2 + i = 1 n b 1 i 2 ( ρ - ρ ) g s i n θ i d s
式中:R为喷嘴出口半径,m;U为喷嘴出口流速,m/s; i为射流轨迹线离散化为n段射流段的第i段射流段, b 1 i表示第i段射流段的水柱半径b1,m;θi为第i段射流段与水平方向的夹角,(°)。
卷吸空气量与u2密切相关,分析可知:u2越大卷吸空气量也越大,引进入卷吸系数a0,得到简化计算空气卷吸量。
v e = a 0 u 2
式中a0为水射流卷吸系数。
依礼帽速度分布假设,加之在整个流场中液相质量守恒,对式(1)进行分段积分,则有:
d d s [ ( b 2 2 - b 1 2 ) ρ u 2 i ] = 2 ρ v e b 2
式中 u 2 i为第i段射流的空气柱速度,m/s。
将式(8)代入式(9),积分后可得:
( b 2 2 - b 1 2 ) u 2 = i = 1 n 2 a 0 b 2 i u 2 i d s
根据液相质量守恒:
b 1 2 i u 1 i = r 0 2 u 0
式中 u 1 i为第i段射流的水柱速度,m/s。
为简化模型,假设u1u2存在线性关系:
u 2 i = β u 1 i
式中β为空气柱与水柱的气液速度比。
对式(3)进行分段积分,则有:
d θ d s 1 2 b 1 2 ρ u 1 2 + 1 2 ( b 2 2 - b 1 2 ) ρ u 2 2 = 1 2 b 1 2 ( ρ - ρ ) g c o s θ
由于径向动量变化的主要原因是受重力的影响,因此可得:
d θ = b 1 2 ( ρ - ρ ) g c o s θ d s b 1 2 ρ u 1 2
由牛顿运动定律,射流运动的轨迹可表示为:
θ i = θ i - 1 + d θ i x i = x i - 1 + d s c o s θ i y i = y i - 1 + d s s i n θ i
式中: θ i - 1为第i-1段射流段与水平方向的夹角,(°);xi为第i段射流段的水平距离,m; x i - 1为第i-1段射流段的水平距离,m;yi为第i段射流段的垂直距离,m; y i - 1为第i-1段射流段的垂直距离,m。需求解的8个变量分别为u1u2b1b2、dθθxy;联立式(7)、式(10)—式(15),输入边界条件,求解上述方程即可获得空气中水射流的运动轨迹。
射流轨迹计算流程如图2所示。首先输入流体和环境的物性参数,确定流动参数空气柱与水柱的速度比β以及卷吸系数a0,经过不断的与多组试验数据进行试算对比,最终确定这2个待定系数分别取0.1和0.15较为合适。然后再输入离地高度y0、喷嘴与地面的夹角θ0和迭代步长ds;输入喷嘴的出口直径D,根据D和水射流质量流量m0求得出口流速U
确定边界条件即:i=1时,u1=Ub1=D/2,b2= D/2,u2=0,θ=θ0x=0,y=y0。然后将 b 1 i - 1 u 2 i - 1等上一步长数据代入式(10)计算得 b 2 i;将得到的 b 2 i代入式(7)计算得到 u 1 i;再将得到的 u 1 i分别代入式(11)、式(12)得到 b 1 i u 2 i;接着将 b 1 i u 1 i代入式(14) 求得dθi;最后将dθi代入式(15),得到xiyi。最后,判断射高yi是否小于等于0,是则停止运算,否则继续求解下一段xiyi,重复上述步骤,直至射高yi小于等于0。
表1为多个文献[811-13]计算模型所需输入的各水枪、水炮的具体参数;各类型水炮、水枪的计算射程、射高与实际的对比见表2
通过分析表2的结果可知:与美国某消防公司公司加装YST-4NN型炮头和加装MST-4NJ型炮头的2种水炮相比,计算射程得到的结果与实际之间误差较小,均在10%以下;计算射高得到的结果除30°时误差大于10%以外,其余均不超过10%。与美国Elkhart Brass型水炮、Akron Brass型水炮相比,其射程误差均不超过10%。与美国空军实验室所用消防枪相比,误差小于1%。与国内“新海龙”轮长江口艏喷试验数据相对比,计算射程、射高误差均不超过10%。与文献[8]中PS系列水炮射程试验相比,计算射程与大部分PS系列水炮误差都在5%以下,只与PS180水炮射程误差在5%以上,为5.22%。
提高消防炮射程的方式主要有提高出口压力和提高出口流量2种。2种工况的计算参数见表3。根据基于欧拉法的射流轨迹计算模型,绘制射流轨迹对比图(图3)。从中可以看出,在小的射流仰角(10°)的情况下,通过提高出口压力从而获得较大初速度提高射程的这种方法优于增大出口流量从而提高射程的方法;在大的射流仰角(30°)的情况下,通过增大出口流量从而提高射程的这种方法比提高出口压力从而增大射程的方法更具优势。从建立的基于欧拉法的射流轨迹预测模型角度分析,在小的射流仰角下,大流量消防炮射程更远的原因主要是单位质量射流水卷吸空气的量减少了。
1) 基于欧拉法建立的模型与多组试验测量数据比对结果表明:该模型模拟实际纯水射流轨迹的误差不超过10%;推荐适用的水射流卷吸系数和气液速度比分别为0.15和0.10。
2) 最远射程相近的普通消防炮(大流量)和高压消防炮(小流量)的射流轨迹特点对比结果表明:在射流仰角为30°、初速度不变的前提下,射流流量增大致使射程增加的原因是单位质量射流水卷吸空气量的减少。
  • 2021年度应急管理部消防救援局科技计划重点研发(2021XFZD01)
  • 陕西省2022年自然科学基础研究计划(2022JM-281)
  • 榆林市2020年科技计划(CXY-2020-032)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.1161
  • 接收时间:2023-09-20
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-20
  • 修回日期:2023-12-23
基金
2021年度应急管理部消防救援局科技计划重点研发(2021XFZD01)
陕西省2022年自然科学基础研究计划(2022JM-281)
榆林市2020年科技计划(CXY-2020-032)
作者信息
    1 西安科技大学 安全科学与工程学院,陕西 西安 710054
    2 三一汽车制造有限公司,湖南 长沙 410100
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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