Article(id=1149739133200937375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)03-0117-12, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0393, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1693497600000, receivedDateStr=2023-09-01, revisedDate=1701878400000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752048770475, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1711555200000, pubDateStr=2024-03-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752048770475, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752048770475, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752048770475, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149739129056969102, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='3', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752048769486, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468931593, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950282, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278632783950283, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149739129056969102, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=117, endPage=128, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149739133423235488, articleId=1149739133200937375, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Review of fire smoke flow characteristics and early warning prevention and control of mine belt conveyor, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To effectively prevent and control coal mine underground belt conveyor fire accidents and ensure the safety of lives and property of coal mine workers,the fire causes,combustion characteristics,smoke flow characteristics,monitoring and early warning technologies,and prevention measures of mine belt conveyor fires were systematically analyzed. Then,further prospects were proposed based on the current research status. The results showed that the main causes of belt conveyor fire were friction temperature rise,electrical equipment failure,and open flame. There were some limitations for the tunnel fire model and corresponding numerical simulation parameters used to study the fire combustion and smoke flow characteristics of belt conveyors,the actual working conditions and environmental parameters of the transportation tunnel should be comprehensively considered. Although there were monitoring and early warning systems for belt conveyor fires in China,they had some limitations. It was necessary to introduce emerging technologies such as 5G,big data,and artificial intelligence,and combine them with hardware detection and personnel management to improve the coal mine belt conveyor fire prevention and control system,and then comprehensively promote the construction of safety and intelligent in coal mine.

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为有效防控煤矿井下带式输送机火灾事故,保障煤矿工作人员的生命财产安全,系统分析矿井带式输送机火灾的起火原因、燃烧特性、烟流特性、监测预警技术及防治措施,并基于当前研究现状提出展望。结果表明:引发带式输送机火灾的主要原因是摩擦温升、电气设备故障及明火;研究带式输送机火灾燃烧和烟流特性采用的巷道火灾模型及数值模拟相关参数具有一定局限性,需综合考虑运输巷道实际工况及环境等参数;国内虽有针对带式输送机火灾的监测预警系统,但其尚有不足,需引入5G、大数据及人工智能等新兴技术予以完善,并结合硬件探测及人员管理等方面,健全煤矿带式输送机火灾防治体系,进而全面推动煤矿安全智能化建设。

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徐永亮 (1983—),男,河南上蔡人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防护理论与技术、矿井火灾防治及消防理论与技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

王兰云,副教授。

王云刚,教授。

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Huainan: Anhui University of Science and Technology, 2011., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null)], funds=[Fund(id=1168130499718423241, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, awardId=52074108, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074108), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130499785532106, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, awardId=52274189, language=CN, fundingSource=国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274189), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130499844252363, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, awardId=22HASTIT012, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划项目(22HASTIT012), fundOrder=null, country=null), Fund(id=1168130499907166924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, awardId=212102310007, language=CN, fundingSource=河南省科技攻关项目(212102310007), fundOrder=null, 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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130499286409924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, language=CN, label=图8, caption=带式输送机火灾防治体系框架, figureFileSmall=UJhf2ErBSFTsPPYzpxP9tA==, figureFileBig=O6v6nIDcnSh5lOge9R/FnA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168130499345130181, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Hazard of belt conveyor fire smoke to personnel

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危害形式 特征表现 后果
缺氧
窒息
输送带燃烧过程中会消耗大量氧气,产生大量CO2及其他气体,使得火区氧浓度降低 被困人员缺氧窒息导致死亡
中毒、刺
激腐蚀
呼吸道
带式输送机火灾产生的大多是CO、H2S、HCL、SO2等有毒有害气体 被困人员会出现呼吸不畅、头痛、眩晕、恶心呕吐等症状,甚至会导致死亡
高温烟
气灼烧
带式输送机火灾产生的高温烟流随着巷道扩散,会导致更多的区域受到高温的影响 被困人员吸入高温烟气,呼吸系统会被灼伤,轻则导致慢性支气管炎、重则死亡
), ArticleFig(id=1168130499412239046, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

带式输送机火灾烟气对人员的危害

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
危害形式 特征表现 后果
缺氧
窒息
输送带燃烧过程中会消耗大量氧气,产生大量CO2及其他气体,使得火区氧浓度降低 被困人员缺氧窒息导致死亡
中毒、刺
激腐蚀
呼吸道
带式输送机火灾产生的大多是CO、H2S、HCL、SO2等有毒有害气体 被困人员会出现呼吸不畅、头痛、眩晕、恶心呕吐等症状,甚至会导致死亡
高温烟
气灼烧
带式输送机火灾产生的高温烟流随着巷道扩散,会导致更多的区域受到高温的影响 被困人员吸入高温烟气,呼吸系统会被灼伤,轻则导致慢性支气管炎、重则死亡
), ArticleFig(id=1168130499470959303, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Belt conveyor fire detection object and monitoring technologies

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 监测对象 监测技术
带式输送
机自身可
能发生的
故障
输送带打滑故障 速度传感器
输送带跑偏故障 矿用跑偏传感器
输送带纵撕故障 矿用撕裂传感器
输送带断裂故障 矿用张力传感器
带式输送机的撒料 堆煤传感器
带式输送机异常噪声 热噪声传感器
托辊表面温度及其他
轴承表面温度
记忆合金型
托辊超温传感器
运输巷道
内的环境
因素
温度和湿度 温湿度传感器
CO浓度 CO传感器
煤尘浓度 粉尘传感器
异常烟气及其浓度 离子烟雾传感器
异常火星或火苗 红外传感器
电缆线路 线路热监测器
), ArticleFig(id=1168130499571622600, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149739133200937375, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

带式输送机火灾监测对象及监测技术

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
类别 监测对象 监测技术
带式输送
机自身可
能发生的
故障
输送带打滑故障 速度传感器
输送带跑偏故障 矿用跑偏传感器
输送带纵撕故障 矿用撕裂传感器
输送带断裂故障 矿用张力传感器
带式输送机的撒料 堆煤传感器
带式输送机异常噪声 热噪声传感器
托辊表面温度及其他
轴承表面温度
记忆合金型
托辊超温传感器
运输巷道
内的环境
因素
温度和湿度 温湿度传感器
CO浓度 CO传感器
煤尘浓度 粉尘传感器
异常烟气及其浓度 离子烟雾传感器
异常火星或火苗 红外传感器
电缆线路 线路热监测器
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矿井带式输送机火灾烟流特性及其预警防控综述
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徐永亮 1, 2, 3 , 孙萌 1 , 王兰云 1, 2, 3 , 王云刚 1, 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(3): 117-128
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(3): 117-128
矿井带式输送机火灾烟流特性及其预警防控综述
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徐永亮1, 2, 3 , 孙萌1, 王兰云1, 2, 3, 王云刚1, 3
作者信息
  • 1 河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,河南 焦作 454003
  • 2 常州大学 安全科学与工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
  • 3 煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,河南 焦作 454003
  • 徐永亮 (1983—),男,河南上蔡人,博士,副教授,主要从事火灾防护理论与技术、矿井火灾防治及消防理论与技术等方面的研究。E-mail:

    王兰云,副教授。

    王云刚,教授。

Review of fire smoke flow characteristics and early warning prevention and control of mine belt conveyor
Yongliang XU1, 2, 3 , Meng SUN1, Lanyun WANG1, 2, 3, Yungang WANG1, 3
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Safety Science and Engineering,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454003,China
  • 2 School of Safety Science and Engineering,Changzhou University,Changzhou Jiangsu 213164,China
  • 3 Collaborative Innovation Center of Coal Work Safety and Clean High Efficiency Utilization,Henan Polytechnic University,Jiaozuo Henan 454003,China
出版时间: 2024-03-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0393
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为有效防控煤矿井下带式输送机火灾事故,保障煤矿工作人员的生命财产安全,系统分析矿井带式输送机火灾的起火原因、燃烧特性、烟流特性、监测预警技术及防治措施,并基于当前研究现状提出展望。结果表明:引发带式输送机火灾的主要原因是摩擦温升、电气设备故障及明火;研究带式输送机火灾燃烧和烟流特性采用的巷道火灾模型及数值模拟相关参数具有一定局限性,需综合考虑运输巷道实际工况及环境等参数;国内虽有针对带式输送机火灾的监测预警系统,但其尚有不足,需引入5G、大数据及人工智能等新兴技术予以完善,并结合硬件探测及人员管理等方面,健全煤矿带式输送机火灾防治体系,进而全面推动煤矿安全智能化建设。

带式输送机火灾  /  烟流特性  /  监测预警  /  起火原因  /  燃烧特性  /  防治措施

To effectively prevent and control coal mine underground belt conveyor fire accidents and ensure the safety of lives and property of coal mine workers,the fire causes,combustion characteristics,smoke flow characteristics,monitoring and early warning technologies,and prevention measures of mine belt conveyor fires were systematically analyzed. Then,further prospects were proposed based on the current research status. The results showed that the main causes of belt conveyor fire were friction temperature rise,electrical equipment failure,and open flame. There were some limitations for the tunnel fire model and corresponding numerical simulation parameters used to study the fire combustion and smoke flow characteristics of belt conveyors,the actual working conditions and environmental parameters of the transportation tunnel should be comprehensively considered. Although there were monitoring and early warning systems for belt conveyor fires in China,they had some limitations. It was necessary to introduce emerging technologies such as 5G,big data,and artificial intelligence,and combine them with hardware detection and personnel management to improve the coal mine belt conveyor fire prevention and control system,and then comprehensively promote the construction of safety and intelligent in coal mine.

belt conveyor fire  /  fire smoke flow characteristics  /  monitoring and early warning  /  fire causes  /  combustion characteristics  /  prevention and control measures
徐永亮, 孙萌, 王兰云, 王云刚. 矿井带式输送机火灾烟流特性及其预警防控综述. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (3) : 117 -128 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0393
Yongliang XU, Meng SUN, Lanyun WANG, Yungang WANG. Review of fire smoke flow characteristics and early warning prevention and control of mine belt conveyor[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (3) : 117 -128 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0393
煤炭作为我国重要能源,2022年煤炭消费量占能源消费总量的56.2%,比2021年上升0.3%[1]。受地质条件的影响,我国煤炭主要采用井工方式开采,因此,会出现瓦斯、顶板、水、煤尘、火及冲击地压等自然灾害,其中,矿井火灾因其火情迅猛、难以控制、破坏范围大、突发性强、继发性灾害多、救援难度大等特点,成为煤矿井下6大灾害中威胁煤矿安全生产最大的事故[2]。矿井火灾分为内因火灾和外因火灾,其中,我国外因火灾引起的重大煤矿安全事故占90%,造成死亡人数占总数的60%[3]。带式输送机火灾是煤炭主要外因火灾之一,可烧毁大量的材料和设备,导致极大的经济损失,而且带式输送机火灾产生的大量CO、HCl、CO2等有毒有害气体不仅严重危害矿工的健康和安全,还会威胁到救援人员的生命安全[4]。此外,带式输送机火灾还可能引发瓦斯爆炸、煤尘爆炸等事故,严重威胁煤矿的生产安全。
近年来,煤矿井下带式输送机火灾事故频频发生,例如:2015年11月20日,黑龙江龙煤集团鸡西矿业公司杏花煤矿因输送带燃烧导致重大火灾事故,造成22人死亡[5]。2020年9月27日,重庆能投渝新能源有限公司松藻煤矿井下2号大倾角因输送带燃烧造成CO超限,导致16人死亡,42人受伤,直接经济损失达2 501万元[6]。这些事故不仅使人们认识到矿井火灾的危害,还进一步引发学者们对带式输送机火灾的关注。目前,国内研究了矿井带式输送机火灾的起火原因[7]、燃烧特性及烟流特性[8]、预警防控[9]等。
鉴于此,笔者将通过研究大量文献,论述带式输送机火灾的起火原因,分析这类火灾的燃烧特性及烟流特性,以及火灾监测预警系统,总结带式输送机火灾防治措施,并基于当前研究现状,对我国矿井带式输送机火灾的预警防控研究提出建议,旨在为煤矿井下带式输送机火灾防治提供参考。
在煤矿生产中,煤及矸石等固体物料的运输都需要带式输送机运输。它主要由输送带、机架、托辊、驱动装置、清扫装置、拉紧装置、及保护装置构成[10]。煤矿井下环境恶劣,运输巷道内充满了粉尘、水汽、噪声、有害气体和液体,且带式输送机在工作过程中存在高速、重载、振动、冲击、摩擦和润滑不良等情况[11],因此,带式输送机火灾事故发生通常是多因素综合作用的结果。
笔者通过查阅文献资料分析带式输送机火灾事故案例,总结并统计带式输送机火灾事故起火原因[12],如图1所示,其中,带式输送机火灾起火原因要分为输送带摩擦和非输送带摩擦2大类。
1) 输送带摩擦导致的带式输送机火灾。带式输送机在工作过程中会出现输送带撕裂、滚筒打滑、堵转、跑偏、带式输送机局部故障、危险托辊[7]、托辊高温等故障,以上故障都会使输送带摩擦升温引发火灾。此外运输过程中输送带与煤摩擦生热引燃煤尘也会引发带式输送机火灾。
2) 非输送带摩擦导致的带式输送机火灾。如电缆断裂着火引发火灾、堆煤自燃引燃带式输送机、电焊或遗留火星引发火灾,此外工作人员的烟头、电缆短路、电缆老化、井下变电所失火等都会引发带式输送机火灾。
带式输送机火灾灾情隐蔽,火情发展迅猛,且井下环境恶劣,工况复杂,设备隐患与环境因素相互诱导,需研究分析煤尘自燃、电缆短路、外部热源、设备故障等因素之间的耦合作用。
目前,煤矿井下带式输送机所用输送带均要求使用阻燃胶带,矿用阻燃胶带主要分为织物芯阻燃胶带和阻燃橡胶胶带。阻燃胶带受热过程中,其表面的阻燃剂可一定程度上阻止橡胶受热、分解、燃烧、加剧受热分解燃烧的循环过程,抑制高聚物分解产生的自由基,隔绝氧气扩散至聚合物燃烧表面,同时可在高聚物表面形成隔离膜,隔绝热能传递至聚合物内部,抑制其温度升高[13]。带式输送机火灾的燃烧特性主要分为宏观特性和微观特性2个方面。
为分析矿井带式输送机火灾的发展趋势,美国矿业局基于丰富的试验数据将带式输送机火灾分为阴燃、明火和火灾蔓延3个发展阶段[14]。其中,输送带在燃烧过程中会产生4大类物质[15]:不可燃气体(CO2、H2O、HCl、SO2,NO,NO2等);可燃气体(CO以及其他可燃性烃类气体);炭微粒和炭焦残渣等固体;树脂和焦油等液体[16]。研究表明:火灾蔓延阶段带式输送机火灾发展速率是风速的二次函数,而阴燃和明火阶段火灾的发展速率与风速是一次线性关系[17],因此,火灾蔓延阶段的火灾发展速度极快。
输送带的燃烧过程会产生复杂的化学反应,其燃烧过程[18]图2所示。
在时间上可分为受热、热解、燃烧、扩散、燃尽等阶段[19]。首先,输送带受热后橡胶面会发生热解反应,分解出的可燃性烷烃类物质与氧气结合形成可燃性气体,随着温度不断升高达到燃点,输送带表面开始燃烧出现明火,此时反应达到顶峰,热释放速率达到峰值。热解过程中释放的热量大部分随巷道风流以热辐射和热对流的方式传递给周围环境,剩余热量为后续输送带热解和燃烧提供热量。输送带表面的橡胶面燃烧殆尽后,输送带内部的混合织物逐渐露出并在高温的作用下受热分解燃烧,其中放出的热量不断增加,出现第2个峰值。接着燃烧逐渐扩散,直至输送带的可燃物质逐渐燃尽,明火熄灭[8]
输送带燃烧过程中不同部位的燃烧进程不一致,在空间上可分为固相热分解区、气体产物预热区、气相反应区[19],构成一个“固-气”相可燃体系,如图3所示。受外部热源作用,输送带会发生分解并产生HCl、CO等大量气体,这些可燃性气体向上挥发并受到加热,在输送带热解的表面形成一层气体产物预热区,当可燃性气体达到一定浓度,接触到空气中的氧气便会发生燃烧。其中,气相反应区燃烧最充分,不但完全释放出全部热量,还以热辐射和热对流的方式传递到气体产物预热区加热输送带并加速输送带的热解,且不断分解出大量有毒有害气体。
带式输送机火灾作为矿井巷道火灾,一旦发生会造成重大的人员伤亡,影响救援人员的救援行动,因此,分析总结带式输送机火灾的烟流特性,可为带式输送机火灾的救援行动提供理论指导。
带式输送机火灾会产生大量有毒有害气体,随着火灾不断蔓延,这些有毒有害气体会充斥在整个巷道空间,严重危害井下工作人员的生命安全。带式输送机火灾烟气对人的危害见表1
带式输送机火灾产生的高温烟气随着巷道蔓延形成高温烟流,并不断向四周辐射热量,炙烤巷道内的支护结构、电线电缆及其他设备,导致电气设备损坏,巷道支护变形,同时会破坏井下的通风系统,造成风流紊乱,甚至会引发瓦斯、煤尘爆炸等二次灾害,造成毁灭性的后果[16]。且带式输送机火灾产生大量的烟气会严重阻碍井下的灭火救援。
谭波[20]通过数值模拟研究分析带式输送机火灾烟气蔓延特征。烟气蔓延是指烟气在不受外界影响的条件下在封闭空间发展、形成烟气层、并沉降的过程[21],在机械通风条件下烟气蔓延过程[18]图4所示。
当巷道发生带式输送机火灾时,火源附近释放出大量热量使得周围环境温度逐渐升高,导致燃烧产生的烟气温度升高、密度降低,浮力作用会促使烟流向上运动,且在大气压的作用下会涌入大量的新鲜空气。当烟流向上运动到达巷道顶部时,其会与顶板壁面产生热交换效应,导致部分烟气出现沉降,另一部分转为向顶部四周径向蔓延,出现顶棚射流[22]。在巷道风流的作用下,烟气向四周蔓延一段距离后会出现烟气逆流,随着烟气逐渐蔓延,远离火源区域,烟气温度逐渐降低、密度增大,从而导致浮力减小,当逆流烟气所受浮力作用与巷道风流产生的作用力相同时,烟气逆流停止[23]。随着烟气朝着巷道风流方向继续蔓延,在蔓延过程中烟气会伴随着凝结、聚集、蒸发、吸附作用而不断运动,最终由于自身重力大于浮力作用而逐渐沉降[24]。因此,烟气自由蔓延的过程可以分为羽流上升阶段、羽流撞击顶棚阶段、羽流径向蔓延阶段、径向蔓延过渡至一维蔓延阶段、沿巷道顶棚一维纵向蔓延阶段等阶段[25]
其中,在机械通风条件下,风速对于烟气的蔓延速率具有重要作用[21]。此外,火灾规模[26]、巷道坡度[27]、阻塞物长度[28]等都会影响烟气蔓延速率。
带式输送机火灾产生的有害气体、烟尘和水蒸气等物质会在巷道风流中形成高温烟流[16]。当火源温度不变,巷道风流速度越低,火源下风侧高温烟流越靠近巷道顶部,随着风速增大,烟流逐渐向巷道下方蔓延[29]。在重力的作用下,受热的低密度空气因浮力而上升,未受热的空气而下降,局部形成密度差,引起重力差,在巷道中产生节流效应和浮力效应,扰乱正常的风流流动,严重的甚至会在火风压的作用下发生烟流逆退等风流紊乱现象[16]。其中,增大纵向通风风速可抑制烟气逆流[30]
火羽流是指在燃烧过程中火源上方的火焰及燃烧生成的流动烟气。火羽流基本结构[31]图5所示。
当火羽流处于连续火焰区时,温度不会发生变化,高度越高,上升速率越快;当火羽流处于间歇火焰区时,温度下降,上升速率不会发生变化;当火羽流处于浮力羽流区时,高度增加会造成温度和上升速率下降、质量流量增加[32]
火羽流会使周围环境压力降低,导致周围新鲜空气不断涌入,出现卷吸现象,卷吸是火羽流的重要特性。YAN Zhiguo等[33]通过数值模拟和试验分析发现环境压力的降低会抑制空气的卷吸。国外学者研究发现通风速率[34]、羽流自身浮力[35]、坡度[36]、巷道宽高比[37]和横截面形状[38]对羽流行为均有一定影响。另外,羽流会在强纵向通风的作用下产生强大的横向动量,出现“羽流分岔”现象[39]
烟羽流是指燃烧产生完全由浮力作用控制其流动的烟气。烟羽流在浮力作用的控制下朝着巷道风流的流向蔓延,途中不断卷吸周围空气,且在风流和浮力等的共同作用下,烟流与新鲜风流会出现明显的分层现象,高温热烟流浮于上层,新鲜冷空气浮于下层。由于烟羽流的蔓延逐渐远离火源,使得温度降低、密度减小,浮力作用不足以支撑烟气颗粒自身重力,从而导致烟气沉降,烟气层高度降低,直到蔓延至巷道底部。其中,通风风速[40]、通风模式[41]、阻塞效应[42]均会影响烟流分层。
高温烟气卷吸空气的主要原因是其自身的斜压性和黏性引起的速度剪切,且通风速度越快,卷吸强度越大,烟气分层现象越明显[43]。环境压力的降低会减弱烟气对冷空气的卷吸速度和强度[44],并降低烟气层与下层空气层的热量及质量交换,使得上层热烟气温度升高、热浮力增强、热分层现象明显[45]
运输巷道发生火灾后,火源产生大量的有毒有害气体会受热膨胀,增大了火源附近的风流体积流量,从而对上风向的风流产生阻力效应,使得风流流过火源时的阻力大于无火情巷道中的阻力,造成空气质量流量减少,这样的现象称为节流效应。矿井发生火灾时产生的火区阻力是造成火区巷道节流效应、通风系统紊乱的主要原因[46]。其中,火源强度越大、火区阻力越大、火区温度越高,节流效应越明显[47]
当胶带运输巷道发生火灾时,巷道中风流的温度分布不均,高温烟气受热膨胀,密度减少,在存在高差或者坡度的巷道中,烟流的热能会转化为机械能,巷道回路中的自然风压发生变化,在巷道中产生一种影响矿井通风网络的效应称之为浮力效应。
节流效应主要受巷道始末端的空气温度差、巷道始端风量、巷道原有的风阻、火源生成的热量、以及火源到巷道末端的距离等因素的影响;浮力效应主要受流向火源的风流质量、火源生成的热量或火源处风流的温度、以及火源与巷道初始点的距离等因素的影响[48]
矿井发生火灾时,火灾的热力作用会使空气的温度升高而发生膨胀,密度小的热空气在有高差的巷道中就会产生一种浮升力,这种浮升力就被称为火风压[48-49]。火风压的产生必须具备2个条件:一是火源;二是火的出风侧有垂直或倾斜的巷道。火风压大小主要受火源强度、燃烧范围、烟气流经的巷道倾角、巷道高度、巷道长度、巷道中的风量、火源产生的位置以及烟流温度等因素的影响。其中火风压的大小随着火灾的发展而不断变化[50]。火风压的作用方向向上,当巷道风流为上行通风时,火风压会促进巷道风流流动,风量增大;若巷道风流为下行通风,火风压会抑制风流流动,风量减小。
煤矿井下环境复杂、条件恶劣,一旦发生火灾就会引发一系列连锁破坏效应,甚至会导致瓦斯爆炸和粉尘爆炸。因此,带式输送机火灾的监测及预警是目前的研究重点。
郭键等[51]基于温度、烟雾、一氧化碳等环境参数建立监测预警系统,为数字化矿山奠定坚实的基础。目前带式输送机火灾监测对象主要分为输送带运输及自身可能发生的故障和运输巷道内的环境因素2大类,其具体监测对象和监测技术见表2。其中,选择传感器需要遵循精确度高、测量量程适当、灵敏度好、稳定性强的原则,根据检测目标选择适当型号的传感器进行数据采集[52]
带式输送机一旦起火,火焰会迅速蔓延,并产生大量有毒气体和烟雾,造成人员伤亡和财产损失[53]。因此,需建立预警系统分析处理采集到的监测信号,并及时报警。目前预警技术主要分为以下2类。
1) 基于传感器技术的预警。一旦检测到故障信号或者火灾信号达到设定阈值,就会触发报警信号。此方法简单实用,但实际应用中会出现报警不及时、报警不准确等问题,具有一定局限性。
2) 基于计算机信号融合技术的预警。即运用PLC控制系统、模糊神经网络、3层前馈反向传播神经网络(Back Propagation Neural Network,BPNN)、证据理论(Dempster-Shafer,D-S理论)、改进的距离矢量跳跃算法(Distance Vector-Hop,DV-Hop)等技术分析处理采集到的火灾信号,实现实时预警功能,信号融合技术可提高预警系统的准确性、自适应性。GUO Jian等[54]结合模糊推理和神经网络技术处理火灾监测信号,建立预警系统。
目前针对带式输送机火灾监测对象、监测技术以及预警技术的研究如图6所示,未来需结合无线传感器及人工智能针对现有技术报警不准确、数据融合问题、抗干扰能力弱、自适应能力差等问题进行改进研究。
煤矿井下运输巷道狭小又相通,一旦发生带式输送机火灾,其燃烧速度要比其他类型的巷道火灾更快,且燃烧产生大量的高温有毒气体会随风流扩散,严重危害井下工作人员的生命安全。因此,健全带式输送机火灾防治措施尤为重要。
煤矿井下一定要使用阻燃胶带,使其具有更强的防火性能[55]。带式输送机各方面必须要检测合格才能下井。对易发生故障的部位设置防护装置,如带式输送机堆煤防护、跑偏防护、卷煤防护、驱动滚筒打滑防护、超负荷防火等装置[56]。电气设备一定要使用绝缘阻燃电缆,安装短路、过负荷、单相短线保护装置。
设置故障监测装置,保障带式输送机正常运行,对输送带打滑、断带、跑偏、纵撕、危险托辊等易引发带式输送机火灾的故障部位设置故障检测装置。在带式输送机周围安装红外、离子感烟、光电感烟、温度、CO等传感器实时监测运输巷道相应参数,通过计算机信号融合技术分析采集到的火灾信号,实现带式输送机火灾的早期预警。
水雾和水幕可减缓、抑制火灾蔓延,对高温火灾烟气颗粒扩散具有阻挡、冷却、吸附和凝聚作用[57-59]。在水源中添加特定的促溶剂可增强吸附和阻挡效果[60]。因此可以在运输巷内设置细水雾喷洒装置,可自动、遥控以及手动洒水,并设置水幕群阻挡火焰和烟气传播,喷头位置对带状火灾的抑制有较大影响,而水流量对带状火灾的抑制作用较小[61]
此外,运输巷道必须安装消防水管和配置充足的消防器材,包括灭火器、沙子、黄土、水等。合理设置防火隔离带和防火门,防止火灾蔓延引发更严重的瓦斯、煤尘爆炸等热动力灾害[62]。一旦发生火灾还可使用阻化剂、惰性气体、凝胶、三相泡沫等技术灭火,其中三相泡沫技术所用泡沫材料流动性和堆积性强,可完全覆盖火区,更好应用到矿井火灾防治中。
煤矿带式输送机火灾一旦发生,火情迅猛,极易导致气流紊乱,破坏通风系统的功能,产生浓烟,造成重大人员伤亡,而建立火灾烟气控制系统可有效预防带状火灾[63]。运输巷发生火灾后,首先要将火灾产生的烟流短路,导入回风巷并排出地面,然后引一路风流进入运输巷,稀释运输巷的烟气,经联络巷回风巷排出,同时从轨道巷引入一路风流为人员逃生提供新鲜风流,最后从回风巷排出[64]
严格管理高温热源和明火,禁止携带易燃易爆等违禁物品下井。定期检查、维修、保养及更换带式输送机等机电设备以及电缆,保证设备安全运行及使用;对工作人员进行安全教育培训,提高专业素质,定期组织防灭火应急预案演练,增强对突发灾害的防范意识和防治措施[65]
带式输送机火灾发生后,井下运输巷充斥着大量有毒有害气体,严重危害井下工作人员和救援人员的生命安全。为此,许多学者研究了带式输送机火灾应急救援方法,张睿等[66]建立带式输送机火灾应急救援系统,通过控制局部通风系统将灾变后的风流短路,使得有毒有害烟雾可以及时排入回风巷,避免井下工作人员中毒死亡。王凯等[67]建立矿井带式输送机火灾的应急救援系统,通过设置并远程操控常开风门和闭锁风门,引导烟流进入回风巷,同时引入新鲜风流,保障撤离人员和灭火救灾人员的安全。目前,国内已建立煤矿火灾救灾信息可视化管理系统、火灾监测及位置识别系统、矿井火灾救灾决策支持系统、矿井火灾救灾专家系统、矿井火灾救护模拟演练系统等矿井火灾应急救援辅助系统[68]
1) 针对有线传感器所需电线电缆增加火灾隐患问题,未来可研究应用无线传感器监测,并应用5G技术传输信号,增强信号传输速度。且未来需研究基于无线传感器、5G技术、大数据、神经网络、机器学习和深度学习算法等技术的新型带式输送机火灾监测预警系统,如图7所示,提高预警技术的准确度,解决多项监测数据融合问题,增强系统的抗干扰能力和自适应能力。
2) 关于带式输送机火灾防治措施的研究,并未建立完整的防治体系,带式输送机火灾一旦发生就会产生极其严重的后果,因此,未来需引入新型监测预警系统、研发高效水基灭火剂、研发灾变智能通风调控系统,从设备本身、实时监测、防灭火技术、风流调控、管理等方面建立一套完善、有效、可实施的防治体系,如图8所示。
1) 带式输送机火灾灾情隐蔽,火情发展迅猛,且井下环境恶劣,工况复杂,设备隐患与环境因素相互诱导,未来亟待研究输送带与井下可燃物耦合状态下的起火原因。
2) 煤矿井下所用输送带虽为阻燃胶带,但仍会发生火灾事故,因此,研究新型阻燃胶带是未来预防带式输送机火灾的关键。此外,建立大型全尺寸井下巷道带式输送机火灾试验平台和仿真模拟是未来研究带式输送机火灾烟流特性的难点,也是防治带式输送机火灾的重点。
3) 目前,煤矿井下主要使用各类传感器与计算机技术结合实现带式输送机火灾监测预警,然而一些传感器无法及时检测到故障或火情信号,且一些疑难故障尚无手段监测,需增强传感器的灵敏度,并研究相应疑难故障的监测手段,增加监测参数和监测节点。此外,目前所使用的信号融合算法也有一定的缺陷,不能完全准确地融合分析监测数据,且抗干扰能力较弱。需进一步推动监测预警系统的智能化,增强其准确度和抗干扰能力。
4) 我国科研人员及相关机构应加强自主创新,结合新兴技术,从改进带式输送机监测预警系统、健全火灾防治体系等方面,加速推动科研成果落实。
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074108)
  • 国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274189)
  • 河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划项目(22HASTIT012)
  • 河南省科技攻关项目(212102310007)
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2024年第34卷第3期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.03.0393
  • 接收时间:2023-09-01
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-03-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-09-01
  • 修回日期:2023-12-07
基金
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52074108)
国家自然科学基金面上项目(52274189)
河南省高校科技创新人才支持计划项目(22HASTIT012)
河南省科技攻关项目(212102310007)
作者信息
    1 河南理工大学 安全科学与工程学院,河南 焦作 454003
    2 常州大学 安全科学与工程学院,江苏 常州 213164
    3 煤炭安全生产与清洁高效利用省部共建协同创新中心,河南 焦作 454003
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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