Article(id=1149741766317880271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0022-09, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0995, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692115200000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-16, revisedDate=1700236800000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398258, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398258, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398258, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398258, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=22, endPage=30, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741766527595473, articleId=1149741766317880271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Numerical study on safety cognition of cavern constructors from perspective of complex system, columnId=1149733271128420907, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety social science and safety management, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

To propose effective safety cognition strategies and reduce safety accident occurrence,it is urgent to investigate the safety cognition evolution process and characteristics of cavern constructors. Firstly,factors affecting safety cognition were identified based on a complex sociotechnical system and the 24Model,then a safety cognition index system of cavern constructors was proposed. Subsequently,the weight coefficient was calculated by the Super Decisions software. Then,system dynamic (SD) theory was used to determine the interrelationship between factors. SD numerical model was developed including organizational safety management and other three subsystems,and a cognitive correction mechanism based on safety investments was applied to the SD numerical model. Finally,numerical simulations and sensitive analysis were performed by the SD model based on actual engineering examples. The results indicated that the overall safety cognition of cavern constructors changed from a downward trend to an upward trend by increasing safety investments and exerting the role of cognitive correction mechanisms with project processes. Organizational safety management has the greatest influence on the safety cognition of carve constructors,which was consistent with the assumption of 24Model. Therefore,the scientific performance of the SD numerical model was validated.

, correspAuthors=Tengfei ZHANG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Xin JIANG, Tengfei ZHANG, Jing CHEN, Li ZHAO, Guokun QIU, Hui WANG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741790191858662, articleId=1149741766317880271, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=复杂系统视角下洞室施工人员安全认知仿真研究, columnId=1149733271296193071, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全社会科学与安全管理, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为制定有效的安全认知提升策略及减少安全事故的发生,需深入探究洞室施工人员安全认知的演化过程和特征。首先,基于复杂社会技术系统和“2-4”模型(24Model)等相关知识,识别安全认知影响因素,构建洞室施工人员安全认知指标体系;然后,通过Super Decisions软件计算指标权重;随后利用系统动力学(SD)理论,明确各因素间的相互关系,建立包含组织安全管理等4个子系统的SD仿真模型,将以安全投入为基础的认知纠偏机制应用到SD仿真模型;最后,结合实际工程算例开展SD仿真以及敏感性分析。研究表明:随着工程进展,通过增加安全投入,并发挥认知纠偏机制作用,施工人员的整体安全认知由下降趋势转变为缓慢上升趋势;组织安全管理对洞室施工人员安全认知影响程度最大,结果与24Model的基本假设一致,从而验证了SD仿真模型的科学性和有效性。

, correspAuthors=张腾飞, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 张腾飞(1999—),男,河南开封人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程项目群管理、系统决策理论及安全评价。E-mail:
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江 新 (1966—),男,安徽寿县人,硕士,教授,主要从事工程项目群管理、系统决策理论及安全评价等方面研究。E-mail:

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江 新 (1966—),男,安徽寿县人,硕士,教授,主要从事工程项目群管理、系统决策理论及安全评价等方面研究。E-mail:

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Index weight of safety cognition index system of cavern constructors

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一级指标 综合权重 二级指标 综合权重 三级指标 综合权重 一级指标 综合权重 二级指标 综合权重 三级指标 综合权重
A 0.165 18 A1 0.067 54 A11 0.023 95 C 0.161 37 C1 0.073 97 C11 0.026 39
A12 0.024 29 C12 0.024 89
A13 0.019 29 C13 0.022 69
A2 0.076 55 A21 0.031 21 C2 0.059 28 C21 0.009 66
A22 0.023 91 C22 0.024 23
A23 0.021 43 C23 0.013 16
A3 0.021 10 A31 0.021 10 C24 0.012 23
B 0.396 27 B1 0.091 57 B11 0.022 21 C3 0.028 12 C31 0.028 12
B12 0.017 37 D 0.277 18 D1 0.080 46 D11 0.024 73
B13 0.020 29 D12 0.028 15
B14 0.031 71 D13 0.027 59
B2 0.118 56 B21 0.021 61 D2 0.074 36 D21 0.032 42
B22 0.020 71 D22 0.025 00
B23 0.020 02 D23 0.016 94
B24 0.019 17 D3 0.122 35 D31 0.025 46
B25 0.037 05 D32 0.024 14
B3 0.186 14 B31 0.066 43 D33 0.021 14
B32 0.059 86 D34 0.029 02
B33 0.059 85 D35 0.022 59
), ArticleFig(id=1168128976552734765, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741766317880271, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

洞室施工人员安全认知体系指标权重

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一级指标 综合权重 二级指标 综合权重 三级指标 综合权重 一级指标 综合权重 二级指标 综合权重 三级指标 综合权重
A 0.165 18 A1 0.067 54 A11 0.023 95 C 0.161 37 C1 0.073 97 C11 0.026 39
A12 0.024 29 C12 0.024 89
A13 0.019 29 C13 0.022 69
A2 0.076 55 A21 0.031 21 C2 0.059 28 C21 0.009 66
A22 0.023 91 C22 0.024 23
A23 0.021 43 C23 0.013 16
A3 0.021 10 A31 0.021 10 C24 0.012 23
B 0.396 27 B1 0.091 57 B11 0.022 21 C3 0.028 12 C31 0.028 12
B12 0.017 37 D 0.277 18 D1 0.080 46 D11 0.024 73
B13 0.020 29 D12 0.028 15
B14 0.031 71 D13 0.027 59
B2 0.118 56 B21 0.021 61 D2 0.074 36 D21 0.032 42
B22 0.020 71 D22 0.025 00
B23 0.020 02 D23 0.016 94
B24 0.019 17 D3 0.122 35 D31 0.025 46
B25 0.037 05 D32 0.024 14
B3 0.186 14 B31 0.066 43 D33 0.021 14
B32 0.059 86 D34 0.029 02
B33 0.059 85 D35 0.022 59
), ArticleFig(id=1168128976657592366, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741766317880271, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Initial value of safety cognition index influence degree

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指标/数据 影响程度初值
指标 A11 A12 A13 A21 A22 A23 A31 B11 B12 B13 B14 B21 B22
数据 1.7 3.4 6.3 5.5 3.2 7.6 4.5 2.8 8.5 3.6 3.3 5.3 4.2
指标 B23 B24 B25 B31 B32 B33 C11 C12 C13 C21 C22 C23 C24
数据 5.3 5.1 6.3 8.4 8.6 7.8 2.5 2.6 2.1 2.5 4.6 3.1 6.2
指标 C31 D11 D12 D13 D21 D22 D23 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35
数据 5.8 3.5 6.1 7.4 5.8 8.6 9.1 3.2 6.3 5.4 3.1 4.8
), ArticleFig(id=1168128976720506927, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741766317880271, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

安全认知指标影响程度初值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
指标/数据 影响程度初值
指标 A11 A12 A13 A21 A22 A23 A31 B11 B12 B13 B14 B21 B22
数据 1.7 3.4 6.3 5.5 3.2 7.6 4.5 2.8 8.5 3.6 3.3 5.3 4.2
指标 B23 B24 B25 B31 B32 B33 C11 C12 C13 C21 C22 C23 C24
数据 5.3 5.1 6.3 8.4 8.6 7.8 2.5 2.6 2.1 2.5 4.6 3.1 6.2
指标 C31 D11 D12 D13 D21 D22 D23 D31 D32 D33 D34 D35
数据 5.8 3.5 6.1 7.4 5.8 8.6 9.1 3.2 6.3 5.4 3.1 4.8
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复杂系统视角下洞室施工人员安全认知仿真研究
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江新 1, 2 , 张腾飞 2, ** , 陈婧 2 , 赵力 2 , 邱国坤 2 , 王辉 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024,34(2): 22-30
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全社会科学与安全管理 2024, 34(2): 22-30
复杂系统视角下洞室施工人员安全认知仿真研究
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江新1, 2 , 张腾飞2, ** , 陈婧2, 赵力2, 邱国坤2, 王辉3
作者信息
  • 1 三峡大学 水电工程施工与管理湖北省重点实验室,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 2 三峡大学 水利与环境学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
  • 3 长江水利水电开发集团(湖北)有限公司 扬子江工程咨询公司,湖北 武汉 430014
  • 江 新 (1966—),男,安徽寿县人,硕士,教授,主要从事工程项目群管理、系统决策理论及安全评价等方面研究。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 张腾飞(1999—),男,河南开封人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程项目群管理、系统决策理论及安全评价。E-mail:
Numerical study on safety cognition of cavern constructors from perspective of complex system
Xin JIANG1, 2 , Tengfei ZHANG2, ** , Jing CHEN2, Li ZHAO2, Guokun QIU2, Hui WANG3
Affiliations
  • 1 Hubei Key Laboratory of Construction and Management in Hydropower Engineering,China Three Gorges University,Yichang Hubei 443002,China
  • 2 College of Hydraulic & Environmental Engineering,China Three Gorges University,Yichang Hubei 443002,China
  • 3 Yangtze River Engineering Consultation Company,Changjiang Water Resources and Hydropower Development Group Co.,Ltd.,Wuhan Hubei 430014,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0995
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为制定有效的安全认知提升策略及减少安全事故的发生,需深入探究洞室施工人员安全认知的演化过程和特征。首先,基于复杂社会技术系统和“2-4”模型(24Model)等相关知识,识别安全认知影响因素,构建洞室施工人员安全认知指标体系;然后,通过Super Decisions软件计算指标权重;随后利用系统动力学(SD)理论,明确各因素间的相互关系,建立包含组织安全管理等4个子系统的SD仿真模型,将以安全投入为基础的认知纠偏机制应用到SD仿真模型;最后,结合实际工程算例开展SD仿真以及敏感性分析。研究表明:随着工程进展,通过增加安全投入,并发挥认知纠偏机制作用,施工人员的整体安全认知由下降趋势转变为缓慢上升趋势;组织安全管理对洞室施工人员安全认知影响程度最大,结果与24Model的基本假设一致,从而验证了SD仿真模型的科学性和有效性。

复杂系统  /  洞室施工人员  /  安全认知  /  “2-4”模型(24Model)  /  系统动力学(SD)

To propose effective safety cognition strategies and reduce safety accident occurrence,it is urgent to investigate the safety cognition evolution process and characteristics of cavern constructors. Firstly,factors affecting safety cognition were identified based on a complex sociotechnical system and the 24Model,then a safety cognition index system of cavern constructors was proposed. Subsequently,the weight coefficient was calculated by the Super Decisions software. Then,system dynamic (SD) theory was used to determine the interrelationship between factors. SD numerical model was developed including organizational safety management and other three subsystems,and a cognitive correction mechanism based on safety investments was applied to the SD numerical model. Finally,numerical simulations and sensitive analysis were performed by the SD model based on actual engineering examples. The results indicated that the overall safety cognition of cavern constructors changed from a downward trend to an upward trend by increasing safety investments and exerting the role of cognitive correction mechanisms with project processes. Organizational safety management has the greatest influence on the safety cognition of carve constructors,which was consistent with the assumption of 24Model. Therefore,the scientific performance of the SD numerical model was validated.

complex system  /  cavern constructors  /  safety cognition  /  "2-4" model(24Model)  /  system dynamics (SD)
江新, 张腾飞, 陈婧, 赵力, 邱国坤, 王辉. 复杂系统视角下洞室施工人员安全认知仿真研究. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 22 -30 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0995
Xin JIANG, Tengfei ZHANG, Jing CHEN, Li ZHAO, Guokun QIU, Hui WANG. Numerical study on safety cognition of cavern constructors from perspective of complex system[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 22 -30 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0995
“双碳”目标下,到2030年,抽水蓄能的总装机容量约为1.2亿kW。洞室群施工作为抽水蓄能电站建设的关键环节,各个施工要素之间相互作用,形成了一个复杂的社会技术系统。此外,由于施工人员规模庞大、素质参差不齐,加之施工安全事故时有发生,致使洞室群施工成为电站施工安全管理的关注重点[1]。人的不安全行为是导致事故发生的直接原因,然而行为是个体对内在信息认知的表现,而且认知的产生和运行是一个繁杂的系统[2],目前尚无手段准确测量施工过程中工人的安全认知水平。因此,从复杂系统的角度探究安全认知的影响因素和动态演化特征,提高工人安全认知水平,预防施工安全事故的发生,对于高质量完成抽水蓄能电站建设具有重要意义。
在现代认知心理学中,认知是一个重要的概念,相关的心理学和神经科学研究已经证实了工作记忆和领域知识[3]、情绪[4]以及团队成员之间的认知交互[5]在个体认知行为中起到了关键作用。在建筑工程施工等相关研究领域,MA Hui等[6]指出,个体与社会环境的相互作用是导致安全认知波动的根本原因;YANG Jingjing等[7]发现,建筑噪声通过负面情绪影响工人的安全认知;仇国芳等[8]认为,施工人员个体状况直接影响工人对安全作业的认知和理解能力。在针对人员安全水平的模型仿真方面,YU Kai等[9]采用系统动力学(System Dynamics,SD)分析了煤矿工人安全行为的动态演化特征;王中邮等[10]运用SD工具构建了分析模型,以探究个体风险感知水平和客观风险水平差值的拟合过程。
上述研究相对分散,尚未明确分析施工人员安全认知随时间的变化特征,且往往仅关注风险感知或危险识别等安全认知的某个阶段,缺乏研究施工人员安全认知的系统性结构化问题。鉴于此,笔者拟从复杂系统视角,利用SD理论探究洞室施工人员安全认知演化特征,找出影响安全认知的主要因素,制定切实可行的安全认知提升策略。
基于复杂社会技术系统理论,结合安全风险管理框架可知:系统的稳定性和原有秩序会随着社会技术环境的动态变化产生波动,进而导致组织和个人行为的失败[11]。同时,人的行为是个体认知和环境相互作用的结果。因此,可以运用该安全风险管理框架解释安全认知的形成过程。此外,结合“2-4”模型(24Model)在行为演化关系、事故原因追溯和事故预防对策制定方面的优势[12],作为该框架的补充,用以识别底层的影响因素,如图1所示;还可以利用24Model的最基本假设,即任何事故都是组织事故,来验证后续计算或仿真结果。决策阶梯模型和人类信息加工模型等都是经典认知模型,主要涉及信息获取、信息理解、响应选择和执行阶段。第1阶段是信息获取,施工人员通过感官感知和记忆来获取外部环境中的信息;第2阶段是信息理解,将获得的信息与已有的记忆信息进行比较、整合和理解,形成一种固定的思维模式;第3阶段是选择响应,即选择将要执行的具体响应策略;第4阶段是执行,也就是采取实际行动。
基于前文提出的安全风险管理框架,采用复杂系统思维,修改安全风险管理框架,将其划分为社会安全环境、施工安全作业、组织安全管理和个体安全特征4个层次,并分别视为一个整体;接下来,结合24Model分析水利水电工程洞室施工事故报告和相关文献资料[13-14],提取出影响洞室施工人员安全认知的因素;然后,对已确定的影响因素进行问卷调查分析,并进行信效度检验,以确保影响因素的合理性和可靠性。在原有安全风险管理框架的基础上,最终形成二级或三级指标,如图2所示。
从复杂系统视角出发,安全认知是在4个子复杂系统的相互作用下形成的,每个子系统都对安全认知产生直接影响。此外,A通过BCD对安全认知产生影响;同样,B通过CD对安全认知产生影响;C则通过D间接影响安全认知,如图3所示。以组织安全管理子系统为例,结合已建立的指标体系和图3,对其展开详细分析。通过安全监督与培训可以增强组织的安全文化氛围,从而提高组织的安全管理水平;而组织的安全管理水平可以通过影响个体的安全特征来间接影响施工人员的安全认知。综合考虑各个影响因素之间的相互联系和作用,可以形成洞室施工人员安全认知的整体因果关系,如图4所示。
1) 边界确定。基于复杂性系统的视角,将洞室施工人员的安全认知系统作为建模对象,在该仿真模型中,包括社会安全环境、组织安全管理、施工安全作业和个体安全特征4个子系统作为模型边界。
2) 基本假设。基于以下假设进行分析。假设1:仅考虑上述4个子系统对洞室施工人员安全认知的影响,不考虑其他变量的影响;假设2:不考虑地震、自然灾害等极端灾害事件导致系统崩溃的情况;假设3:工程建设的管理者对施工人员安全认知的调控作用有限,无法完全消除不良影响。
利用Super Decisions软件计算未加权的超矩阵、加权的超矩阵和极限的超矩阵,得到洞室施工人员安全认知体系指标的权重见表1。其中,组织安全管理指标权重最大,相较于其他指标更为重要,权重计算结果与24Model的最基本假设相契合。
为了解安全投入对施工人员安全认知的作用程度,通过调整安全投入并建立安全认知偏差纠正机制[15],来控制安全认知的衰减过程。基于4个子系统的相互作用特点,利用Vensim DSS软件构建洞室施工人员安全认知的存量流量图,如图5所示。图5中包含了5个状态变量、10个速率变量和 38个常量等要素。
齐丽云等[16]研究发现,在安全管理或安全培训过程中,随着知识获取者对知识掌握程度提高,知识增长速率逐渐减缓,并最终趋向于一个稳定值,在整个过程中,知识一直在不断增长。然而,如果长时间不运用所获得的知识,知识水平将逐渐下降。
根据确定的洞室施工人员安全认知影响因素,结合SD流量图和各指标权重,定义SD模型部分主要变量方程式如下:
I k = D e l a y 1 ( X i × W X i   t )
O k = i f t h e n   e l s e ( X     0 D e l a y 1 I   ( X   × W X + R X + Y X   T   0 )   0 )
S k ( t ) = 0 t ( I k ( x ) - O k ( x ) ) d x
式中:Ik为输入率(Inflow,I);Ok为输出率(Outflow,O);Sk为状态变量(Stock,S),其中,k为状态变量的个数,k=1,2,…,5;X为一级指标;WX为一级指标权重;Xi为二级指标;WXi为二级指标权重,其中,i为二级指标的个数,i=1,2,3;RX为认知纠偏程度;YX为认知衰减程度;T为延迟时间,d;x为横坐标的某一时间点。此外,安全投入为反应指数与安全投入系数乘积的Delay1函数;反应指数为系统安全认知水平的Delay1函数;安全投入系数为时间T的绝对值函数。
以某抽水蓄能电站地下洞室施工为例开展安全认知研究,该电站于2022年7月中旬正式开工,计划于2025年全面投产发电。目前,该电站已完成地下厂房第I层中导洞的开挖支护工作,下一步计划进行大跨度地下洞室和深竖井的施工。洞室全长为 1 377.3 m,位于厂房东南侧,该区域既是地下洞室群的进风通道,也具备安全疏散通道的功能。为确保质量、安全和进度的有效管理,以顺利实现各项合同目标,文中将以施工开始后的100天为时间跨度,利用已建立的模型进行仿真模拟研究。
将初始参数取值范围设定为数字区间[19],其中,1表示对安全认知无影响,9表示对安全认知有巨大影响。通过现场调研和收集工程相关资料,并邀请从事水利工程洞室施工的专家、项目管理人员和施工技术人员等进行3点估值法打分。最终,取算术平均值作为模型的初始值,具体结果见表2
利用Vensim DSS软件进行安全认知仿真模拟,设定初始时间为0天,结束时间为100天,演化步长为0.25。
纠偏作用前后安全认知的对比仿真分析结果如图6所示,结果表明:已建立的认知偏差纠正机制有效避免了工人安全认知的持续下降;纠偏作用后的安全认知仿真值始终略高于纠偏作用前的值,但是二者的拐点均出现在第22天。在前22天内,各单位组织工人进行安全培训和教育,以增强对安全的重视。同时,对工作环境不太熟悉的工人来说,他们对自身的安全更加重视。随着工程建设的推进,工人和管理者对安全重视的双重影响导致安全认知迅速提升,并在第22天达到峰值。在第22天时,处于高认知负荷工作环境的工人群体,开始出现情绪懈怠和工作疲劳等负面影响,加之对已习得安全知识的遗忘,导致洞室施工人员的安全认知在此时间点出现下降,该时间点为关键转折点。在第22天到第100天内,应用认知纠偏机制前,安全认知持续下降;应用认知纠偏机制后,工人安全认知总体趋势由持续下降变为缓慢上升。需要注意的是,安全投入存在边际递减效应,即安全投入超过最优值时,增加安全投入成本,效果也不会显著提高。仿真结果基本符合2.2.4节中所述的知识势能曲线和现实世界中的已知特征,验证了文中所建立SD模型的有效性。
1) 社会安全环境子系统。工程建设过程中,国家、行业和其他安全监管部门对工程的建设极为重视。同时,政府和行业的法律法规要求项目管理人员要加强对新员工的安全教育培训和监督,这导致施工前期工人的安全认知迅速提升。然而,随着工程建设的进展,工人的安全认知开始持续下降。这可能是因为他们在家庭与工作平衡方面未能妥善处理,或受到不和谐的家庭氛围影响,从而严重降低了工人的安全认知水平。仿真结果如图7所示。
2) 组织安全管理子系统。安全教育是一种控制不安全行为的有效途径。安全常识培训和事故案例警示教育等能够提高工人对安全的认识,并使安全认知保持在较高水平。在工程施工前期,大多数企业会针对施工人员进行多次的安全培训和教育。然而,在实践中,安全教育并没有发挥出最大的效用。其原因在于,大部分企业通常只在工程项目前期进行安全教育,而在项目中期很少进行安全教育,导致施工人员在施工过程中的安全认知出现下降。仿真结果如图8所示。
3) 施工安全作业子系统。对于大多数一线施工人员来说,他们面对陌生且危险的施工现场环境时,会极大地增强他们的安全警觉性。前期的高度安全警觉性促使工人的安全认知显著提高。然而,随着施工人员逐渐适应施工现场环境,他们的安全警觉性会有所下降。此外,洞室通常是封闭的狭小空间,工人需要面对地质情况的不确定性,且长期受到工期压力、施工设备噪声以及洞室内通风照明条件不佳等负面影响会分散工人的注意力,增加危险源的识别时间,从而导致工人的安全认知下降。仿真结果如图9所示。
4) 个体安全特征子系统。个体作为组织管理的重要对象,与组织安全管理子系统相似,受到企业安全教育和培训的影响,在施工前期个体的安全认知能够保持较高水平。然而,部分个体存在侥幸心理和乐观认知偏差,对于那些可能引发严重安全事故且后果更为严重的危险情境,这些个体往往具有更高水平的安全认知。但是,在实际的施工现场中,普通工人很少从事特种作业任务,他们更常接触到看似不太可能导致严重事故的危险情境,导致这部分个体的安全认知低于平均水平。此外,由于地缘性和亲缘性的存在,施工企业中存在着大量的非正式工人群体,个体安全特征的动态波动会导致群体规范的不稳定性,从而影响整体安全认知,导致群体内部出现不可预测的不安全行为。仿真结果如图10所示。
为进一步确定影响安全认知的主要因素,以提高政策制定的有效性,基于前文仿真结果展开敏感性仿真分析。在敏感图中,不同颜色条带代表不同程度的敏感置信区间,条带带宽越大,敏感性越大。纠偏作用后各子系统常量初始值在变化±10%时的敏感性程度如图11所示,图中颜色由深至浅分别代表50%、75%、95%和100%的模拟结果在平面上的投影范围。由于各子系统安全认知在0 ~22天内处于快速增长阶段,各置信区间视觉上相互区分不明显,故选择22~100天为敏感程度主要观察区间。其中,社会安全环境子系统(a)的敏感性带宽约为6.8,组织安全管理子系统(b)的敏感性带宽约为20.3,施工安全作业子系统(c)的敏感性带宽约为11.5,个体安全特征子系统(d)的敏感性带宽约为17.4。最终可得各子系统敏感性排序为:(b)>(d)>(c)>(a),组织安全管理是最敏感的影响因素,敏感性分析结果符合事故致因24Model的最基本假设。
基于洞室施工人员安全认知的全过程以及仿真分析内容,针对洞室施工人员安全认知,绘制提升工人安全认知的管理策略图,如图12所示。
结合图12提出4点对策:
1) 有效运用安全认知偏差纠正机制。从影响安全认知的主要因素出发,关注工人个体认知差异化,强化安全知识培训,加深工人对安全知识的记忆和理解程度;制定应急救援预案并定期组织工人参加应急演练,提高工人的应急能力和安全意识;同时,加大第三方监管力度。
2) 提高施工违规成本,树立施工安全典型。利用工人群体的从众心理,通过规范工人行为,塑造工作典范,建立奖惩制度;在思想和物质上激励工人向先进者看齐,增强安全意识,规范自身行为。
3) 完善不安全行为管理协同机制。在施工管理中,可借助计算机视觉技术对不安全行为进行识别和预警,同时,加强现场监督,早发现早制止;全面分析不安全行为发生动机,建立企业内部员工和员工家属等共同参与的协同管理机制。
4) 分析安全事故原因,识别安全隐患点和工人不安全行为,组织相关单位及时总结经验教训,力求防止类似事故再次发生;丰富安全教育方式,长时间大规模和定期小规模的安全教育相结合,辅以实际事故案例,增强工人安全警觉性。
1) 安全认知随时间变化趋势与现实中的遗忘曲线相似,即先上升后下降。此外,以安全投入为基础的认知纠偏机制可以有效控制下降趋势,但安全投入存在边际效应,即安全投入超过最优值时,纠偏效果并不明显。
2) 安全认知的产生和运行过程中,组织安全管理是影响安全认知的主要因素。尽管个体是影响安全认知的最直接因素,但个体是组织的基础,且个体因素中包含了难以改变的先天性特征,因此,在实际施工过程中,应通过合适的组织管理方法改善个体的后天性特征,提高施工人员安全认知水平。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52179136)
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0995
  • 接收时间:2023-08-16
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-16
  • 修回日期:2023-11-18
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国家自然科学基金资助(52179136)
作者信息
    1 三峡大学 水电工程施工与管理湖北省重点实验室,湖北 宜昌 443002
    2 三峡大学 水利与环境学院,湖北 宜昌 443002
    3 长江水利水电开发集团(湖北)有限公司 扬子江工程咨询公司,湖北 武汉 430014

通讯作者:

** 张腾飞(1999—),男,河南开封人,硕士研究生,主要研究方向为工程项目群管理、系统决策理论及安全评价。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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种数
Number of
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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