Article(id=1149741768389866468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0239-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0556, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691596800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-10, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398753, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398753, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398753, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398753, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=239, endPage=246, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741768603775974, articleId=1149741768389866468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=International comparison of quantitative analysis of occupational health policies and recommendations, columnId=1149735805633081985, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Occupational health, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to analyze the content characteristics of international occupational health policies and promote the high-quality development of China's occupational health career,the occupational health policy texts of five countries,namely China,the United States,Japan,Australia,and Sweden,were taken as the research object. Relying on theory of policy tools and PMC index model,a quantitative analysis of the occupational health policies of the five countries was conducted under the international comparative perspective,and suggestions for optimizing China's occupational health policies were then put forward. The study shows that the five countries tend to shape the macro-environment and human and material resources of occupational health governance through environmental and supply-side tools and neglect the pulling role of demand-side tools. Compared with other countries,China has an excellent performance in terms of policy nature,policy recipients,policy focus,and incentives and constraints,and there is still some room for development in terms of policy effectiveness,policy perspectives,and policy subjects. Enhanced comprehension of the issue concerning the imbalanced allocation of occupational health policy tools is imperative. In light of the intricate and dynamic characteristics inherent in managing occupational health for workers,the imperative lies in providing enhanced guidance and support,particularly to those susceptible to mental health hazards.

, correspAuthors=Ruipeng TONG, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Lulu WANG, Xin ZENG, Jixiang HAN, Xianpeng LIU, Qiang HAO, Ruipeng TONG), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741776199659659, articleId=1149741768389866468, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=国际比较视域下职业健康政策的量化分析及政策建议, columnId=1149735805817631364, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=职业卫生, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

为剖析国际职业健康政策的内容特征,推动我国职业健康事业高质量发展,以中国、美国、日本、澳大利亚、瑞典5国的职业健康政策文本为研究对象,依托政策工具理论及政策一致性(PMC)指数模型,在国际比较视域下开展5国职业健康政策的量化分析,继而提出我国职业健康政策优化建议。结果表明:5国倾向于通过环境型、供给型政策工具塑造职业健康治理的宏观发展环境与人力物力资源,较为忽视需求型政策工具的牵引作用;与其他国家相比,我国在政策性质、政策受体、政策重点与激励约束方面表现出色,在政策效力、政策视角与政策主体方面仍存在一定的发展空间;应当加强对职业健康政策工具配置不均衡问题的重视,对易遭受心理健康危害的人群给予更多的引导与帮扶,考虑劳动者在职业健康治理过程中的复杂性与动态性。

, correspAuthors=佟瑞鹏, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
** 佟瑞鹏(1977—),男,黑龙江穆棱人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全管理、职业心理健康、环境风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=O3fFEt8+d47I+oF7XN0Ibw==, magXml=4osUm8AnPMZ0zW+lCs34SQ==, pdfUrl=null, pdf=FtkCX9zY+YAkwimWQVGhMA==, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=c5kQlU1pUxcx9+kVCpT7pQ==, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=

王露露 (1998—),女,山东菏泽人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为行为安全管理、职业心理健康等。E-mail:

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王露露 (1998—),女,山东菏泽人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为行为安全管理、职业心理健康等。E-mail:

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Included policy samples from five countries

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
国家 政策编号 政策名称 颁布年份 颁布机构
中国 A1 国家职业病防治规划(2021—2025年) 2021 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会
美国 B1 A national agenda to advance Total Worker Health® research,practice,policy,and capacity 2016 美国卫生与公众服务部
B2 Recommended practices for safety and health programs 2016 美国职业安全与健康管理局
日本 C1 第14次労働災害防止計画 2023 日本厚生劳动省
C2 事業場における労働者の健康保持増進のための指針 2023 日本厚生劳动省
C3 労働者の心の健康の保持増進のための指針 2020 日本厚生劳动省
澳大
利亚
D1 Australian work health and safety (WHS) strategy 2023-2033 2023 澳大利亚安全工作署
D2 Mental health strategy 2022-2024 2022 澳大利亚安全工作署
D3 National return to work strategy 2020-2030 2019 澳大利亚安全工作署
瑞典 E1 En god arbetsmiljö för framtiden-regeringens arbetsmiljöstrategi 2021-2025 2021 瑞典劳动部
), ArticleFig(id=1168128601640674067, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768389866468, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

所纳入的5国职业健康政策样本

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国家 政策编号 政策名称 颁布年份 颁布机构
中国 A1 国家职业病防治规划(2021—2025年) 2021 中华人民共和国国家卫生健康委员会
美国 B1 A national agenda to advance Total Worker Health® research,practice,policy,and capacity 2016 美国卫生与公众服务部
B2 Recommended practices for safety and health programs 2016 美国职业安全与健康管理局
日本 C1 第14次労働災害防止計画 2023 日本厚生劳动省
C2 事業場における労働者の健康保持増進のための指針 2023 日本厚生劳动省
C3 労働者の心の健康の保持増進のための指針 2020 日本厚生劳动省
澳大
利亚
D1 Australian work health and safety (WHS) strategy 2023-2033 2023 澳大利亚安全工作署
D2 Mental health strategy 2022-2024 2022 澳大利亚安全工作署
D3 National return to work strategy 2020-2030 2019 澳大利亚安全工作署
瑞典 E1 En god arbetsmiljö för framtiden-regeringens arbetsmiljöstrategi 2021-2025 2021 瑞典劳动部
), ArticleFig(id=1168128601732948756, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768389866468, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Variables in the PMC model of occupational health policy

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一级变量 一级变量名称 二级变量及名称
X1 政策性质 X11预测;X12建议;X13引导;X14监督;X15描述
X2 政策效力 X21短期;X22中期;X23长期
X3 政策领域 X31经济;X32社会;X33科技;X34政治;X35环境
X4 政策视角 X41宏观;X42中观;X43微观
X5 政策主体 X51政府部门;X52企业;X53 科研院所
X6 政策受体 X61政府部门;X62企业;X63 科研院所;X64社会组织
X7 政策重点 X71 目标规划;X72科技创新;X73 体制机制建设;X74 宣传引导;X75 公共服务
X8 激励约束 X81 教育支持;X82 资金支持;X83 市场或社会参与;X84 法规管制;X85 监督考核
X9 政策评价 X91依据可靠;X92目标明确;X93方案科学;X94规划翔实;X95鼓励创新
), ArticleFig(id=1168128601795863317, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768389866468, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

职业健康政策PMC模型的变量

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一级变量 一级变量名称 二级变量及名称
X1 政策性质 X11预测;X12建议;X13引导;X14监督;X15描述
X2 政策效力 X21短期;X22中期;X23长期
X3 政策领域 X31经济;X32社会;X33科技;X34政治;X35环境
X4 政策视角 X41宏观;X42中观;X43微观
X5 政策主体 X51政府部门;X52企业;X53 科研院所
X6 政策受体 X61政府部门;X62企业;X63 科研院所;X64社会组织
X7 政策重点 X71 目标规划;X72科技创新;X73 体制机制建设;X74 宣传引导;X75 公共服务
X8 激励约束 X81 教育支持;X82 资金支持;X83 市场或社会参与;X84 法规管制;X85 监督考核
X9 政策评价 X91依据可靠;X92目标明确;X93方案科学;X94规划翔实;X95鼓励创新
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Statistics on the number and percentage of occupational health policy tools utilized in 5 countries

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工具类型 工具名称 中国 美国 日本 澳大利亚 瑞典
供给型 公共服务 12(8%) 12(9%) 14(11%) 5(3%) 7(5%)
基础设施 13(8%) 5(4%) 3(2%) 3(2%) 5(3%)
技术信息 23(15%) 10(7%) 12(9%) 21(13%) 9(6%)
教育培训 11(7%) 15(11%) 17(13%) 16(10%) 20(14%)
资金支持 2(1%) 5(4%) 3(2%) 2(1%) 6(4%)
小计 61(39%) 47(34%) 49(37%) 47(29%) 47(32%)
环境型 法规管制 16(10%) 11(8%) 10(8%) 14(9%) 25(17%)
监督考核 18(11%) 16(12%) 5(4%) 15(9%) 10(7%)
金融税收 2(1%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(1%) 6(4%)
目标规划 16(10%) 16(12%) 17(13%) 26(16%) 14(10%)
体制机制建设 19(12%) 11(8%) 13(10%) 11(7%) 11(8%)
宣传引导 4(3%) 10(7%) 19(14%) 12(7%) 10(7%)
小计 75(48%) 64(46%) 64(48%) 79(49%) 76(52%)
需求型 国际交流 1(1%) 2(1%) 2(2%) 1(1%) 1(1%)
激励策略 3(2%) 13(9%) 6(5%) 14(10%) 10(7%)
市场或社会参与 5(3%) 11(8%) 12(9%) 16(10%) 8(5%)
试点建设 11(7%) 2(1%) 0(0%) 3(2%) 3(2%)
政府采购 1(1%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(1%) 1(1%)
小计 21(13%) 28(20%) 20(15%) 35(22%) 23(16%)
), ArticleFig(id=1168128602018161431, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768389866468, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

5国职业健康政策工具的运用次数与占比统计

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工具类型 工具名称 中国 美国 日本 澳大利亚 瑞典
供给型 公共服务 12(8%) 12(9%) 14(11%) 5(3%) 7(5%)
基础设施 13(8%) 5(4%) 3(2%) 3(2%) 5(3%)
技术信息 23(15%) 10(7%) 12(9%) 21(13%) 9(6%)
教育培训 11(7%) 15(11%) 17(13%) 16(10%) 20(14%)
资金支持 2(1%) 5(4%) 3(2%) 2(1%) 6(4%)
小计 61(39%) 47(34%) 49(37%) 47(29%) 47(32%)
环境型 法规管制 16(10%) 11(8%) 10(8%) 14(9%) 25(17%)
监督考核 18(11%) 16(12%) 5(4%) 15(9%) 10(7%)
金融税收 2(1%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(1%) 6(4%)
目标规划 16(10%) 16(12%) 17(13%) 26(16%) 14(10%)
体制机制建设 19(12%) 11(8%) 13(10%) 11(7%) 11(8%)
宣传引导 4(3%) 10(7%) 19(14%) 12(7%) 10(7%)
小计 75(48%) 64(46%) 64(48%) 79(49%) 76(52%)
需求型 国际交流 1(1%) 2(1%) 2(2%) 1(1%) 1(1%)
激励策略 3(2%) 13(9%) 6(5%) 14(10%) 10(7%)
市场或社会参与 5(3%) 11(8%) 12(9%) 16(10%) 8(5%)
试点建设 11(7%) 2(1%) 0(0%) 3(2%) 3(2%)
政府采购 1(1%) 0(0%) 0(0%) 1(1%) 1(1%)
小计 21(13%) 28(20%) 20(15%) 35(22%) 23(16%)
), ArticleFig(id=1168128602114630424, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768389866468, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

PMC index statistics for occupational health policy

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变量名称 A1 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 E1 均值
X1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.98
X2 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.64
X3 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.86
X4 0.67 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.90
X5 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 1.00 0.87
X6 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
X7 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
X8 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
X9 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.94
PMC指数 7.69 8.67 8.14 8.67 7.60 8.47 8.67 6.84 8.67 8.67
政策等级 良好 优秀 优秀 优秀 良好 优秀 优秀 良好 优秀 优秀
PMC指数均值 7.69 8.4 8.11 8.06 8.67
), ArticleFig(id=1168128602215293721, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741768389866468, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

职业健康政策的PMC指数统计

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变量名称 A1 B1 B2 C1 C2 C3 D1 D2 D3 E1 均值
X1 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.80 1.00 1.00 0.98
X2 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.33 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.67 0.64
X3 0.80 1.00 0.80 1.00 0.60 0.80 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.86
X4 0.67 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.90
X5 0.67 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.67 1.00 1.00 0.33 1.00 1.00 0.87
X6 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
X7 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
X8 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00
X9 0.80 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 0.60 1.00 1.00 0.94
PMC指数 7.69 8.67 8.14 8.67 7.60 8.47 8.67 6.84 8.67 8.67
政策等级 良好 优秀 优秀 优秀 良好 优秀 优秀 良好 优秀 优秀
PMC指数均值 7.69 8.4 8.11 8.06 8.67
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国际比较视域下职业健康政策的量化分析及政策建议
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王露露 1 , 曾欣 2 , 韩吉祥 1 , 刘贤鹏 1 , 郝强 3 , 佟瑞鹏 1, **
中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2024,34(2): 239-246
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中国安全科学学报 | 职业卫生 2024, 34(2): 239-246
国际比较视域下职业健康政策的量化分析及政策建议
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王露露1 , 曾欣2, 韩吉祥1, 刘贤鹏1, 郝强3, 佟瑞鹏1, **
作者信息
  • 1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
  • 2 中国石油天然气股份有限公司天然气销售湖北公司,湖北 武汉 430077
  • 3 华能煤炭技术研究有限公司,北京 100071
  • 王露露 (1998—),女,山东菏泽人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为行为安全管理、职业心理健康等。E-mail:

通讯作者:

** 佟瑞鹏(1977—),男,黑龙江穆棱人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全管理、职业心理健康、环境风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
International comparison of quantitative analysis of occupational health policies and recommendations
Lulu WANG1 , Xin ZENG2, Jixiang HAN1, Xianpeng LIU1, Qiang HAO3, Ruipeng TONG1, **
Affiliations
  • 1 School of Emergency Management and Safety Engineering,China University of Mining and Technology-Beijing,Beijing 100083,China
  • 2 Petro China Company Limited Natural Gas Sales Hubei Branch,Wuhan Hubei 430077,China
  • 3 Huaneng Coal Technology Research Co.,Ltd.,Beijing 100071,China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0556
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为剖析国际职业健康政策的内容特征,推动我国职业健康事业高质量发展,以中国、美国、日本、澳大利亚、瑞典5国的职业健康政策文本为研究对象,依托政策工具理论及政策一致性(PMC)指数模型,在国际比较视域下开展5国职业健康政策的量化分析,继而提出我国职业健康政策优化建议。结果表明:5国倾向于通过环境型、供给型政策工具塑造职业健康治理的宏观发展环境与人力物力资源,较为忽视需求型政策工具的牵引作用;与其他国家相比,我国在政策性质、政策受体、政策重点与激励约束方面表现出色,在政策效力、政策视角与政策主体方面仍存在一定的发展空间;应当加强对职业健康政策工具配置不均衡问题的重视,对易遭受心理健康危害的人群给予更多的引导与帮扶,考虑劳动者在职业健康治理过程中的复杂性与动态性。

职业健康  /  政策工具  /  政策一致性(PMC)指数  /  政策文本  /  量化分析

In order to analyze the content characteristics of international occupational health policies and promote the high-quality development of China's occupational health career,the occupational health policy texts of five countries,namely China,the United States,Japan,Australia,and Sweden,were taken as the research object. Relying on theory of policy tools and PMC index model,a quantitative analysis of the occupational health policies of the five countries was conducted under the international comparative perspective,and suggestions for optimizing China's occupational health policies were then put forward. The study shows that the five countries tend to shape the macro-environment and human and material resources of occupational health governance through environmental and supply-side tools and neglect the pulling role of demand-side tools. Compared with other countries,China has an excellent performance in terms of policy nature,policy recipients,policy focus,and incentives and constraints,and there is still some room for development in terms of policy effectiveness,policy perspectives,and policy subjects. Enhanced comprehension of the issue concerning the imbalanced allocation of occupational health policy tools is imperative. In light of the intricate and dynamic characteristics inherent in managing occupational health for workers,the imperative lies in providing enhanced guidance and support,particularly to those susceptible to mental health hazards.

occupational health  /  policy tool  /  policy modeling consistency (PMC) index  /  policy text  /  quantitative analysis
王露露, 曾欣, 韩吉祥, 刘贤鹏, 郝强, 佟瑞鹏. 国际比较视域下职业健康政策的量化分析及政策建议. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 239 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0556
Lulu WANG, Xin ZENG, Jixiang HAN, Xianpeng LIU, Qiang HAO, Ruipeng TONG. International comparison of quantitative analysis of occupational health policies and recommendations[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 239 -246 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0556
职业健康是民族昌盛和国家富强的重要标志,事关广大劳动者健康福祉与经济社会发展大局。自改革开放以来,我国产业发展与工业化进程成绩斐然,为国民经济高速增长作出重要贡献[1]。然而,在此背景下,我国新旧职业病危害日益交织叠加、几十年粗放式发展中积累的职业病问题逐渐显现,劳动者日益增长的职业健康需求与职业健康工作发展不平衡不充分的矛盾突出[2]。习近平总书记把维护劳动者职业健康放在突出位置,在全国卫生与健康大会上强调,加强安全生产工作,推进职业病危害源头治理。近年来,我国坚持以劳动者健康为中心,全面实施健康中国战略、攻坚健康中国行动。劳动者是建设中国特色社会主义事业的根本力量之一。伴随着党和国家保障劳动者权益一系列部署的全面实施,改革开放后我国职业健康政策发展的规律性特征及其在新时代下的实践进路愈发成为值得关注的议题。
此前,我国职业健康政策研究主要集中于2方面:①以时间为主线,从概览视角探析职业健康事业的发展历程。此方面研究多聚焦于自新中国成立伊始,我国职业健康相关机构组建、代表性成就、未来挑战与创新方向等一系列问题[3-4]。如梳理新民主主义革命时期至中国特色社会主义新时代以来在党的领导下我国取得的职业健康工作成就,以期为我国职业健康事业守正创新、开创未来提供参考[5]。②以职业群体为划分,探析某类职业的健康风险及政策进展。此方面研究侧重于结合职业特征与时代背景开展政策回溯与进路探析[6]。如以新冠肺炎疫情为切入点,探析我国医务人员职业健康政策的积极进展与未来挑战[7]。亦有学者基于新老蓝领职业健康的考察,提出共享经济就业形态下政策创新需求的立足点需要从劳动权利向健康权利转变的倡议[8]。以往的研究具备丰富的参考价值与实践引领作用,但其主要侧重于概览视角下的历程回溯或单类职业健康政策的变革分析。纵观国际职业健康事业进程,维护广大劳动者的安全与福祉是世界人民共同的期冀,不同国家的职业健康政策亦已陆续出台并执行。相较而言,一些发达国家较早进入工业化时代,其职业健康事业的启蒙与发展在一定程度上早于我国。然而,当前未有研究从国际比较视域下,探析发达国家与我国职业健康政策之间的相似性与差异性。
鉴于此,笔者拟采用政策文献计量法和内容分析法,依托政策工具理论及政策一致性(Policy Modeling Consistency,PMC)指数模型,在国际比较视域下开展中国、美国、日本、澳大利亚、瑞典5国的职业健康政策工具分析与量化评价,继而结合我国国情与职业健康政策文本内容特征提出优化建议,以期为我国职业健康事业提供实践启迪。
为确保样本的透明性、相关性和权威性,遵循以下原则:①政策文件均源自政府官方网站发布的公开文件资料;②所选政策文件明确涵盖职业健康相关内容,避免对职业健康的笼统或模糊指向;③所选政策文件均在国家职业健康政策中最具代表性、时效性及影响力。选取中国、美国、日本、澳大利亚、瑞典5国作为政策量化分析对象。上述4个发达国家在职业健康治理领域处于国际领先水平,相关顶层设计较为科学完善,可为我国职业健康政策规划提供有益借鉴。综上,共选取10份职业健康政策文件作为研究样本。对政策文件进行编码,具体见表1
政策工具是人们为解决某一社会问题或达成一定的政策目标而采用的具体手段和方式,反映了政策制定者的执政理念与干预特征。ROTHWELL等[9]在考虑政府干预手段与干预程度的条件下,将政策工具划分为供给型、环境型和需求型3大类。鉴于该划分的系统性与现实性,其已在我国社区健康促进[10]、公共卫生应急管理[11]等领域的政策研究中得到应用。因此,选择该工具作为职业健康政策量化分析的基础理论框架,结合政策文本具体内容,将政策工具分为3类16种。供给型政策工具包括基础设施、教育培训、资金支持、技术信息和公共服务5种。环境型政策工具包括法规管制、监督考核、体制机制建设、宣传引导、目标规划和金融税收6种。需求型政策工具包括试点建设、市场及社会参与、国际交流、激励策略和政府采购5种。以政策文件的具体条款为分析单元,对筛选出的政策文本按照“政策编号-政策章号/节号-条款编号”的逻辑顺序进行内容编码。最终整理并分析了中国157条、 美国139条、日本133条、澳大利亚161条、瑞典146条,共计736条政策条款。
ESTRADA[12]提出PMC指数,其建立在万事万物均有联系与变化的逻辑基础之上。该指数模型能够基于各政策变量的关联性客观评判特定政策,量化分析具体政策的一致性水平,直观地了解政策的优势和不足。模型的建立具体包括3个步骤:
1) 变量识别与设定。在现有政策变量划定的基础上[13],结合职业健康政策的内容及特点,设定9个一级变量、38个二级变量,职业健康政策PMC模型的变量见表2。所有二级变量均设置为同等权重,采用二进制法则平衡所有变量。若政策内容含二级变量,则赋值为1;若不含二级变量,则该二级变量赋值为0。
2) 计算PMC指数。对于所纳入的各国职业健康政策,开展文本编码与量化分析。按照下式确定一级或二级变量数值:
X ~ N [ 0,1 ] X = { X R : [ 0 ν 1 ] }
式中:X为一级或二级变量;XRX的状态。
一级、二级变量数值计算情况如下:
X t ( j = 1 n X t j T ( X t j ) ) t = 1,2
式中:Xt为一级变量;Xtj为二级变量;T( X t j)为Xt中的二级变量总数;t为一级变量编号。
随后,依据下式计算各国政策的PMC指数,进而划分政策等级:[89]为优秀,[6,8)为良好,[4,6)为一般,[0,4)为不良。
P M C = X 1 j = 1 5 X 1 j 5 + X 2 j = 1 3 X 2 j 3 + X 3 j = 1 5 X 3 j 5 + X 4 j = 1 3 X 4 j 3 + X 5 j = 1 3 X 5 j 3 + X 6 j = 1 4 X 6 j 4 ) + X 7 j = 1 5 X 7 j 5 + X 8 j = 1 5 X 8 j 5 + X 9 j = 1 5 X 9 j 5
3) 绘制PMC曲面。PMC曲面是展示政策评价结果与优劣势的直观立体图像。建立PMC矩阵是构建曲面的前提基础。鉴于文中共纳入9个一级变量,构建三阶矩阵A以建立PMC曲面,具体计算方式如下:
A = X 1 X 2 X 3 X 4 X 5 X 6 X 7 X 8 X 9
5国职业健康政策工具的运用次数与百分比统计结果见表3。各国的职业健康政策兼顾了供给型、环境型及需求型政策工具,但也在其运用程度上表现出显著的差异。在政策共性方面,5国均已建立起支持职业健康发展的基本政策框架,通过运用多元化的政策工具为各国的职业健康事业提供理念支撑、实践指引与监管保障。依托3类政策工具的分布结果,5国政府倾向于通过环境型、供给型政策工具塑造职业健康治理的宏观发展环境与人力物力资源,忽视了需求型政策工具的牵引作用。整体上,资金支持、金融税收、国际交流与政府采购这4类政策工具均未得到较为广泛的重视与运用。
在政策差异性方面,我国的供给型政策占比高于其他4个国家,需求型政策占比则低于其他4国。这是因为我国职业健康事业相较于其他各国起步较晚,对基础设施建设、公共服务、技术信息的现实社会需求与政策关注程度呈正比。供给型政策工具的频繁使用反映着我国政府已有计划地改善劳动条件以保障职工的安全与健康,如配置防护设施与职业病危害因素监测仪器装备、提高机械化作业水平等。需求型政策中,我国的试点建设类政策工具高于其他国家,而市场或社会参与、激励策略类政策工具占比低于其他国家。试点建设涉及煤矿职业危害防治示范企业建设、工矿商贸企业职业健康统计、健康企业特色样板等一系列内容,可为职业健康治理探索实践路径与可复制可推广的经验做法。澳大利亚与日本对市场或社会参与类政策工具应用广泛,如澳大利亚通过加强各辖区、社会合作伙伴、研究人员和高风险部门之间的合作,以更好地了解国家多样化的劳动力特征并解决导致工人群体易受到伤害的结构性因素。澳大利亚与美国重视激励策略对工人职业健康的影响,如美国对达到或超过旨在预防伤害和疾病的安全与健康目标(如报告风险、参加培训、进行检查)的员工给予积极表彰。对环境型政策工具而言,我国最重视体制机制建设,而较为忽视宣传引导的作用。一方面,体制机制建设的重视在一定程度上反映我国仍处于职业健康建设的前期架构阶段。另一方面,尽管我国已在《国家职业病防治规划(2021—2025年)》中设置了主要任务第8条,旨在加强宣传以增强全社会职业健康意识,但在运用新一代新兴信息技术开展宣传引导方面仍需完善与优化。
依托PMC指数的计算流程,通过语义文本挖掘进行二级变量赋值并计算各政策的PMC指数,职业健康政策的PMC指数统计见表4。PMC曲面可以清晰地展现政策的评价得分和缺陷程度,有助于政策评价结果的对比分析。考虑到篇幅限制,文中只列示了PMC指数最低和最高的政策文本A1(中国)和E1(瑞典)的PMC曲面,如图1图2所示。
从政策变量层面出发,政策性质(0.97)、政策受体(1.00)、政策重点(1.00)、激励约束(1.00)与政策评价(0.93)的均值得分较高。这反映出当前各国职业健康政策已较为完善地包括了预测、建议、引导、监督及描述的基本特征与政策工具类型。政策对象包括以政府为代表的公共部门、企业、科研院所与社会组织等相关群体,且具备明确的目标规划、人才培养与科技创新意识,有助于职业健康政策的执行与落实。政策效力(0.63)与政策视角(0.85)的得分较低,这反映出当前各国未充分平衡短期、中期与长期发展过程中的微观、中观和宏观政策之间的协同关系,有待进一步考察和完善政策布局与时间序列的关联。
从政策文本层面出发,每项政策文本的等级均为良好或优秀。所纳入的政策中,澳大利亚与日本的文本数量最多。其在职业心理健康领域制定了单独的政策,但从政策等级来看,其在政策主体、政策领域等方面仍可优化。从国家层面出发,5国的职业健康政策的PMC指数均值皆高于7.0,等级均隶属于良好或优秀。这表明各国的职业健康政策在整体布局规划上具备科学性,可以为各国职业健康治理提供理念指引与实践抓手。根据PMC曲面可知:我国的PMC指数相较于发达国家而言仍存在一定差距。在政策性质、政策受体、政策重点与激励约束方面,我国表现出色。这是因为《国家职业病防治规划》充分贯彻落实了党中央、国务院关于加强职业健康工作的决策部署,政策设计具备整体规划性与引领性。在政策效力、视角与主体方面,我国与其他国家相比仍存在一定的发展空间。
1) 需重视各类职业健康政策工具配置不均衡的问题。结合需求型政策工具,一方面,需促使国内政府、企业、劳动者领悟国际先进职业健康文化,从前瞻性、本土化视角出发厘清我国与国际领先国家之间的区别与差距。对东中西、大中小企业,结合实际制定健康企业建设计划,通过加大宣传引导、推动激励策略等方式塑造劳动者健康技术与人文环境[14]。另一方面,应充分发挥中国特色社会主义制度优势,开拓创新职业健康治理的市场或社会参与路径。实现从政府主导至政府引导、社会组织、企业及劳动者协同治理的跨越,在基础设施配置、职业危害因素治理、职业病诊疗等实践过程中凝聚共建共治共享的职业健康治理合力[15]
2) 在科技革命与产业革命背景下,应关注新技术与新业态带来的挑战。新业态的兴起推动了社会生产力与生产关系的变革,此过程可能会产生新的职业健康危害[16]。环境改变(如全球变暖、工作节奏变化)和社会人口学特征的变化(如劳动力老龄化)亦可能会造成新的职业健康挑战[4]。正如《国家职业病防治规划(2021—2025年)》中提及,“十四五”期间职业病防治工作面临的形势主要表现在新旧职业病危害日益交织叠加。如何应对新业态及新环境下波谲云诡的职业健康危害因素亦是需要在宏观、中观与微观政策制定及落实过程中重点考虑的问题。瑞典在其职业健康政策中提及,精神疾病是一项重大的公共卫生挑战。与社会心理风险有关的工作环境问题,需要同工作场所中的物理风险一样严格对待。澳大利亚及日本针对职业心理健康问题亦制定了单独发行的政策文本。我国重点关注于尘肺病、噪声聋、减压病等职业生理病征的预防与诊疗,在职业心理病征三级预防上缺少高权威性与规范性的政策支持,对易遭受心理健康危害的人群应给予更多的引导与帮扶[17]
3) 在职业健康领域,澳大利亚发行了《National Return to Work Strategy 2020-2030》,旨在将工伤和疾病的影响降至最低,使工人能够及时、安全、持久地重返工作岗位。日本在其职业健康政策中亦强调了需保障具有职业病史的劳动者安心就业,完善兼顾治疗和工作的相关制度。该类政策指引重返工作岗位的人可以使用一个广泛的循证框架来确定如何最好地优化工人的恢复和工作能力。在此类政策启迪下,我国可进一步推动职业健康工作与以人民为中心的发展思想的结合,考虑劳动者在职业健康治理过程中的复杂性与动态性[18]。另外,不同行业、企业、作业岗位、个体特性的劳动者面临的职业健康问题大相径庭,可在建构主义视角下对个体进行差异化的健康干预。如对于老年人、残疾人、孕妇等弱势群体及女性劳动者,应特别关注并保障其职业健康状况,减少职业健康治理过程中可能产生的结构性不公。
1) 中国、美国、日本、澳大利亚、瑞典5国的政府倾向于通过环境型、供给型政策工具塑造职业健康治理的宏观发展环境与人力物力资源,忽视需求型政策工具的牵引作用。
2) 5国的职业健康政策在整体规划上具备科学性,但仍有待优化政策布局与时间序列的关联。与其他国家相比,我国在政策性质、政策受体、政策重点与激励约束方面表现出色,在政策效力、政策视角与政策主体方面仍存在一定的发展空间。
3) 未来需重视职业健康政策工具配置不均衡的问题,以更全面地发挥政策工具的最大功效。需关注新技术与新业态带来的挑战,对易遭受心理健康危害的人群给予更多的引导与帮扶。推动职业健康工作与以人民为中心的发展思想的结合,考虑劳动者在职业健康治理过程中的复杂性与动态性。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52074302)
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0556
  • 接收时间:2023-08-10
  • 首发时间:2025-07-09
  • 出版时间:2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期:2023-08-10
  • 修回日期:2023-11-15
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52074302)
作者信息
    1 中国矿业大学(北京) 应急管理与安全工程学院,北京 100083
    2 中国石油天然气股份有限公司天然气销售湖北公司,湖北 武汉 430077
    3 华能煤炭技术研究有限公司,北京 100071

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** 佟瑞鹏(1977—),男,黑龙江穆棱人,博士,教授,主要从事行为安全管理、职业心理健康、环境风险评估等方面的研究。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
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Number of
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Number of
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Percentage of total
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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