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Article(id=1149741765621625798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)02-0161-07, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0420, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1692460800000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-20, revisedDate=1700496000000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-21, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049398092, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1709049600000, pubDateStr=2024-02-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049398092, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049398092, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049398092, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741761771258326, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='2', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049397175, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468934610, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440971, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278645379440972, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741761771258326, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=161, endPage=167, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741766598898642, articleId=1149741765621625798, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Correlation analysis between combustion of underground residual coal and surface carbon flux in goaf, columnId=1149733269173878863, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety engineering technology, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

In order to explore the response mechanism of spontaneous combustion of underground coal and surface carbon flux under complex conditions，the surface CO2 flux，soil temperature，fissure，environmental wind velocity and soil humidity in Fuxin Haizhou open-pit mine were monitored for a long time. Field tests，data analysis and other methods were applied to study the correlation between the underground coal spontaneous combustion and surface CO2 flux. The influence of surface fissure，environmental wind velocity and soil humidity on the response mechanism of underground coal spontaneous combustion-surface carbon flux were analyzed. The results show that underground coal combustion is the fundamental factor triggering the abnormal surface carbon flux response. The surface CO2 flux is positively correlated with the surface soil temperature distribution. Surface fissure is the main factor affecting the surface CO2 flux distribution. The environmental wind speed is positively correlated with the surface CO2 flux. The surface CO2 flux response is generally not affected by soil humidity，but it is greatly affected by rainfall.

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为探究复杂条件下地表碳通量对地下遗煤自燃的响应机制，通过长期监测阜新海州露天矿采空区上覆地表碳通量、土壤温度、地表裂缝、环境风速、土壤湿度等数据，并结合现场试验，研究遗煤燃烧与地表碳通量的相关性，分析地表裂缝、环境风速、土壤湿度等因素对地下煤自燃-地表碳通量的影响特征。结果表明：地下遗煤燃烧是触发地表碳通量异常响应的根本因素，碳通量与土壤温度分布呈正相关；裂缝是影响地表碳通量分布的主要因素，环境风速与地表碳通量基本呈正相关，地表碳通量一般不受土壤湿度影响，但受降雨影响较大。

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王永军 (1985—)，男，山东临沂人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事煤炭自燃、矿井通风等方面的研究。E-mail：。

张河猛 讲师

张晓明 教授

佐佐木久郞 教授

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2 辽宁工程技术大学 矿山热动力灾害与防治教育部重点实验室，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105, bio={"img":"d3aFpNxgTAgkiCHHPgeglw==","content":"

王永军 (1985—)，男，山东临沂人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事煤炭自燃、矿井通风等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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王永军 (1985—)，男，山东临沂人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事煤炭自燃、矿井通风等方面的研究。E-mail：。

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张河猛 讲师

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张河猛 讲师

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4 辽宁工程技术大学 工程与环境研究所，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105, bio={"content":"

张晓明 教授

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张晓明 教授

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佐佐木久郞 教授

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采空区地下遗煤燃烧-地表碳通量相关性分析
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王永军 1, 2 , 郑倩 1 , 张河猛 1, 2 , 董伟 3 , 张晓明 1, 4 , 佐佐木久郞 3
中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024,34(2): 161-167
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中国安全科学学报 | 安全工程技术 2024, 34(2): 161-167
采空区地下遗煤燃烧-地表碳通量相关性分析
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王永军1, 2 , 郑倩1, 张河猛1, 2, 董伟3, 张晓明1, 4, 佐佐木久郞3
作者信息
  • 1 辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 2 辽宁工程技术大学 矿山热动力灾害与防治教育部重点实验室，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
  • 3 九州大学 工学府，日本 福冈 819-0385
  • 4 辽宁工程技术大学 工程与环境研究所，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105

    • 王永军 (1985—)，男，山东临沂人，博士，讲师，硕士生导师，主要从事煤炭自燃、矿井通风等方面的研究。E-mail：。

    张河猛 讲师

    张晓明 教授

    佐佐木久郞 教授

Correlation analysis between combustion of underground residual coal and surface carbon flux in goaf
Yongjun WANG1, 2 , Qian ZHENG1, Hemeng ZHANG1, 2, Wei DONG3, Xiaoming ZHANG1, 4, Kyuro SASAKI3
Affiliations
  • 1 College of Safety Science and Engineering，Liaoning Technical University，Huludao Liaoning 125105，China
  • 2 Key Laboratory of Mine Thermodynamic Disasters and Control of Ministry of Education，Liaoning Technical University，Huludao Liaoning 125105，China
  • 3 Faculty of Engineering，Kyushu University，Fukuoka 819-0385，Japan
  • 4 Institute of Engineering and Environment，Liaoning Technical University，Huludao Liaoning 125105，China
出版时间: 2024-02-28 doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0420
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摘要
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为探究复杂条件下地表碳通量对地下遗煤自燃的响应机制，通过长期监测阜新海州露天矿采空区上覆地表碳通量、土壤温度、地表裂缝、环境风速、土壤湿度等数据，并结合现场试验，研究遗煤燃烧与地表碳通量的相关性，分析地表裂缝、环境风速、土壤湿度等因素对地下煤自燃-地表碳通量的影响特征。结果表明：地下遗煤燃烧是触发地表碳通量异常响应的根本因素，碳通量与土壤温度分布呈正相关；裂缝是影响地表碳通量分布的主要因素，环境风速与地表碳通量基本呈正相关，地表碳通量一般不受土壤湿度影响，但受降雨影响较大。

采空区  /  遗煤燃烧  /  地表碳通量  /  相关性分析  /  地表裂缝  /  环境风速  /  土壤湿度

In order to explore the response mechanism of spontaneous combustion of underground coal and surface carbon flux under complex conditions，the surface CO2 flux，soil temperature，fissure，environmental wind velocity and soil humidity in Fuxin Haizhou open-pit mine were monitored for a long time. Field tests，data analysis and other methods were applied to study the correlation between the underground coal spontaneous combustion and surface CO2 flux. The influence of surface fissure，environmental wind velocity and soil humidity on the response mechanism of underground coal spontaneous combustion-surface carbon flux were analyzed. The results show that underground coal combustion is the fundamental factor triggering the abnormal surface carbon flux response. The surface CO2 flux is positively correlated with the surface soil temperature distribution. Surface fissure is the main factor affecting the surface CO2 flux distribution. The environmental wind speed is positively correlated with the surface CO2 flux. The surface CO2 flux response is generally not affected by soil humidity，but it is greatly affected by rainfall.

goaf  /  combustion of residual coal  /  soil surface CO2 flux  /  correlation analysis  /  surface fissure  /  environmental wind velocity  /  soil humidity
王永军, 郑倩, 张河猛, 董伟, 张晓明, 佐佐木久郞. 采空区地下遗煤燃烧-地表碳通量相关性分析. 中国安全科学学报, 2024 , 34 (2) : 161 -167 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0420
Yongjun WANG, Qian ZHENG, Hemeng ZHANG, Wei DONG, Xiaoming ZHANG, Kyuro SASAKI. Correlation analysis between combustion of underground residual coal and surface carbon flux in goaf[J]. China Safety Science Journal, 2024 , 34 (2) : 161 -167 . DOI: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0420
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0 引言
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随着我国能源结构转型工作的推进，关闭/废弃矿井地下空间和遗煤量不断增加[1]，采空区遗煤自燃现象频繁发生。遗煤自燃不但会造成地质灾害加剧、制约地下空间资源利用，还会排放大量以CO2为主的温室气体[2⇓-4]。由于地下关闭/废弃矿井环境十分复杂，导致利用地下煤火释放温室气体分析火区位置及发展趋势方面的研究难以开展。因此，研究采空区上覆地表碳通量(也称地表CO2通量)与地下煤自燃之间的关系，对合理判定地下煤火范围、发展趋势以及评估煤田火区碳排放量具有重要意义。
IDE等[5]采用裂缝监测、地表测温和铯蒸气磁强计探测等方法，分别测量地下煤火活跃区域的燃烧率，得到相近的CO2排放速率值；刘生根等[6]通过自开发环境数据采集系统，评估了内蒙古典型煤火裂隙区的CO2排放量；张晓明等[7]对采空区地表CO2通量和土壤温度开展长期监测，验证了地表CO2通量与土壤温度的关联性，并评估了采空区遗煤燃烧产生的CO2年涌出量；MARK等[8]应用动态封闭气室法监测了地下煤火及地表CO2通量，并利用序贯高斯模拟法绘制了地表碳分布云图；王海燕[9]汇总了不同煤田火区温室气体通量测量方法，研究了未来煤田火区温室气体通量监测设备研发的趋势。
然而，露天矿边坡下部采空区地质条件复杂、影响煤火因素众多，目前关于这类遗煤自燃所导致的温室气体释放及其影响因素的研究较少。因此，笔者拟选定海州露天矿边坡下部采空区作为研究对象，针对地表裂缝及周围区域开展综合性地表CO2通量监测，研究地下遗煤燃烧与地表碳通量的相关性，以及现场其他因素对地表碳通量的影响，探究复杂条件下的地下遗煤燃烧-地表CO2通量影响特征。
1 现场概况及试验方法
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海州露天煤矿位于辽宁省阜新市，存在滑坡、煤自燃、地面塌陷变形等诸多环境灾害[10-11]。试验区域紧邻海州露天矿东北侧边坡，面积为24 000m2(60 m×400 m)，处于原高海矿井田范围内，图1为测定区域地质剖面图，由图可知：该区域下方存在4层采空区、2层未开采煤层，采空区埋深为150~250 m。
试验区域测点布置及试验设备如图2所示，露天矿东北、东南、西南边坡和底面均存在冒烟现象，且东南和西南边坡出现明火。根据地表条件，将试验区域划分为西北区域(Westnorth，WN)、中心区域(Center，CT)和东南区域(Eastsouth，ES)3个区块。试验区域内存在6条地表裂缝(Ⅰ—Ⅵ)，其中裂缝 Ⅰ—Ⅲ 的长度分别为18、12和17 m，宽度均为10 cm 左右，裂缝 Ⅳ 长5 m，宽度约5 cm。地表裂缝距离露天矿边坡15~25 m。裂缝Ⅰ—Ⅳ为既有裂缝，常年释放高温烟气，而裂缝Ⅴ、Ⅵ为监测期间出现的新增裂缝。试验区域内布置49个地表CO2通量测点，应用自主研发的碳通量监测系统、皮托管、土壤温度针、风速仪、SF6激光检漏仪等仪器，分别监测试验区域地表CO2通量、土壤温度、土壤湿度、风速、地下裂隙渗流。
为消除其他因素干扰，在无自燃采空区上覆地表布置参考点R1，在无采空区地表设置参考点R0。
1.1 地表CO2 通量监测
在试验区域内选取19个主要测点，监测原位地表CO2通量，在高通量的主测点附近布置30个辅助测点，辅助测点与主测点距离不超过15 m。无裂缝地表CO2释放主要通过自由扩散形式，碳通量监测系统可通过气室内置传感器获得CO2体积分数随时间变化曲线，经过压力与温度修正，输出地表CO2通量值，计算公式如下[7]:
F p i = 86.617 ρ H d C t d t T 0 T P P 0
式中：Fpi为i测点气体通量，g/(m2·d)；ρ为标准状态下气体密度，kg/m3；H为气室高度，m;t为时间，s;Ct为t时刻仪器气室内气体的体积分数，10-6；P为测点的气压，Pa;P0为标准状况下气压，Pa;T为测点的温度，K;T0为标准状况下的温度，K。
分别于2019年5月、2020年1月和10月开展3次地表CO2通量监测，选取2个参考点R0(无采空区)、R1(采空区无自燃)和测点P26(采空区自燃)作为长期地表CO2通量监测点(图2)，监测时间为2周。露天矿边坡受地下开采等因素影响会产生纵向裂缝。纵向裂缝与地下采空区及遗留巷道联通，形成贯通型地表采动裂缝。大量地下遗煤燃烧产生的CO2会通过较强对流作用运移至地表。采用皮托管测流速[12]，结合裂缝CO2体积分数采样检测，确定每条裂缝CO2涌出量，计算如下式：
F l i = C i A V
式中：Fli为i号地表裂缝CO2涌出量，g/s;Ci为检测气体的质量浓度，g/m3；A为裂缝的面积，裂缝Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ的面积分别为0.13、0.62和0.22m2；V为皮托管测量的气体流速，m/s。
1.2 其他相关参数监测
在CO2通量测点及其周围布置155个地表土壤温度测点；为削弱气候环境温度的影响，在通量参考点R1布置1个土壤温度测点，采用土壤温度针测量地表下30cm处的土壤温度。碳通量监测系统可同步记录土壤湿度(49个测点)。采用手持式风速仪采集试验区域的地表风速、风向。在露天矿东北侧边坡下部定时释放示踪气体SF6，裂缝Ⅱ处设置监测点，采用SF6激光检漏仪采集示踪气体S F 6[13-14]，释放点和监测点的垂直和水平距离分别为30和120 m。
2 影响因素相关性分析
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2.1 遗煤燃烧与地表CO2通量相关性分析
图3为不同条件地表CO2通量与土壤温度对比结果(第1次监测)，49个测点(P1—P49)的地表CO2通量范围为5.854~190.08 g/(m2·d)，而参考点R0、R1的地表CO2通量范围分别为0.011~1.634 g/(m2·d)和0.007~4.322 g/(m2·d)，远低于自燃采空区上覆地表的通量值，其他2次监测均表现相同结果。由于露天矿东北侧边坡存在冒烟现象，加之试验区域盛行西南风，通过与以往研究中对地下煤火上覆地表CO2通量监测结果的比较分析[5-6，8]，可推断试验区域高通量CO2主要源于地下遗煤燃烧。而同样处于露天矿东北侧采空区上覆地表，但距边坡较远的参考点R1，其监测到的地表CO2通量较低，说明地下遗煤燃烧可能位于试验区域下方或靠近边坡侧。遗煤燃烧产生的CO2在强制对流作用下沿着阻力较小的地下裂缝通道运移至地表。所以，试验区域地表裂缝周围地表CO2通量较高。
图4为不同时期试验区域地表CO2通量与土壤温度分布云图。通过对比可知：WN区块CO2高通量区域范围随时间呈先扩大后缩小趋势，说明在监测期间，受地下遗煤量、燃烧范围及强度等因素影响，导致该区域地下遗煤燃烧经历增强扩展和缩减的状态；CT区块的高通量范围一直呈现扩大的趋势，并且逐渐向ES区块扩展，涌出强度也逐渐增强，这是由遗煤燃烧发展及新裂缝发育的综合作用造成的。地下煤火形成的空腔及上覆岩层破坏，会引发遗煤燃烧加剧及地表碳通量的强反馈响应。受到CT区块扩展的影响，ES区块与CT区块交界处地表CO2通量增大，其他无明显变化，整体保持较低值(5.55~12.13 g/(m2·d))，可推断此区块基本不存在遗煤自燃现象。3次监测得到的整个区域地表CO2涌出量分别为23.2、41.2和52.8t/月，说明地下遗煤燃烧随时间加剧。地下遗煤燃烧所释放的热量通过传导及对流的方式传递至地表，因此地表高温区的扩张也会反映地下遗煤燃烧范围的扩大。如图4所示，相对土壤温度(测点温度与参考点R1温度差值)与地表CO2通量存在明显的正相关性：高通量区域一般也是高温度区域。所以，地下煤火及发育是触发地表碳通量异常响应的根本因素，遗煤燃烧加剧会导致地表CO2高通量范围扩大。
2.2 地表裂缝与地表CO2通量相关性分析
试验区域的地表裂缝主要是由坡体采动形成的岩石破裂和移动及采空区顶板垮落等向上发展引起的地表下沉和变形造成的，地下遗煤燃烧会加剧裂隙的发育[15-16]。新鲜空气由边坡进入燃烧区，煤体燃烧产生大量热并形成火风压，驱使CO2气体由纵向裂缝运移至地表；吹向边坡的强制风流也会增加裂缝通道内CO2的流动速度。因此，煤氧剧烈反应生成的CO2在风压差的作用下会随着风流运移至地表。采用流速法测得第2次和第3次的地表裂缝CO2涌出量分别为522.88和729.65t/月，远大于无裂缝地表的CO2涌出量。CO2在纵向裂缝内运移的过程中，高体积分数CO2会自由扩散至裂缝周围的土壤。图5所示为地表裂缝与预测潜在裂缝分布，从中可以观察到CT区块的高通量区域沿地表裂缝分布，P26测点(与裂缝Ⅱ距离0.5m)具有最大的地表CO2通量值(150.163 2 g/(m2·d))。第2次监测前，在ES、CT区块出现新增裂缝V和VI，造成附近地表CO2通量的明显增加。第1次监测时，V、VI裂缝位置均已出现高通量现象，说明在地下裂缝发展到地表前，会在其上覆地表形成高通量和高温区。所以，可推断WN区块的高CO2通量由地下隐藏裂缝导致，且裂缝位置应在P2和P38测点连线以及P5和P8测点连线附近。另外，通过裂缝和通量云图发展方向，可推断CT、ES区块地下遗煤燃烧范围向东南发展，CT区块地下遗煤逐渐烧尽可能是导致裂缝I附近地表CO2通量相对较低的原因。
2.3 环境风速与地表CO2通量相关性分析
图6为裂缝Ⅱ监测点SF6质量浓度、环境风速随时间变化曲线。整个监测过程持续时间为65 min，环境风速稳定在(3.5±0.5)m/s范围内。自释放SF6气体后，在45 min时检测到SF6气体质量浓度开始上升(0.011 g/m3)；随后，在50 min时SF6气体质量浓度达到最大值(0.103 g/m3)。峰值质量浓度是SF6气体通过主要漏风通道运移至地表时的量化表征，由于地下联通裂缝的不规则性，裂缝通道理论长度范围为150~490 m。因此，可计算出主要联通裂缝内的漏风风速范围为0.05~0.15 m/s。
持续的漏风向地下遗煤区域输送氧气，促使遗煤持续燃烧。煤火产生的CO2等气体，在风压差和体积分数差的驱动下，主要经由漏风通道运移至地表。另外，根据当地气候和长期监测数据显示，海州露天矿所在区域盛行西南风，边坡迎风易使漏风通道内形成强制对流。图7为P26测点长期连续(216 h)监测的地表CO2通量及环境风速、风向情况，从中可以看出，环境风速波动与地表CO2通量波动趋势类似，说明两者具有直接相关性。当环境风速较大时，地下裂缝通道内形成的风压差较大，更多氧气由边坡进入燃烧区域，造成地下遗煤燃烧加剧及CO2释放增加。CO2气体在纵向运移过程中，体积分数差驱动CO2气体向裂缝两侧土壤扩散，造成近裂缝范围地表CO2通量增加。而由SF6监测实验可得：漏风流在地下主要裂缝通道内的流动时间约为50 min，因此，可认为环境风速与地表CO2通量的变化同步。另外，当风向为东北风时，漏风通道形成的风压差较小，此阶段CO2通量值整体偏小。
2.4 土壤湿度与地表CO2通量相关性分析
研究[17]表明：自然状态下土壤湿度与地表气体通量成反比。由于所选试验区域地下存在遗煤自燃，本文仅分析有无降雨时土壤湿度与地表CO2通量的关系。图8为地表CO2通量与土壤相对湿度的关系，无降雨时，地表CO2通量与土壤湿度无明显相关性，说明地下存在高体积分数CO2源时，土壤湿度对CO2涌出强度的影响可以忽略不计。
图9为降雨对地表CO2通量的影响，P26测点持续监测期间出现降雨，降雨初期干湿交替激发土壤呼吸[18]，增加土壤中微生物代谢活动，促进CO2的产生；雨水渗入土壤置换土壤孔隙中的气体，导致地表CO2通量的突增。随着降雨持续，大量水分堵塞土壤孔隙，阻碍CO2气体的涌出，造成地表CO2通量快速下降，并在整个降雨期间维持在较低水平(<75 g/(m2·d))。降雨结束后，随着水分的蒸发，降雨堵塞的土壤孔隙再次联通，地下大量被封堵的CO2涌出造成地表CO2通量快速上升，随后，CO2逐渐下降并恢复至降雨前水平。因此，降雨对自燃采空区上覆地表CO2的涌出强度具有短暂影响。
3 结论
收起
1) 经长期、多点监测可知：高碳通量区域位于试验CT和WN区块，碳通量和土壤温度在时空关系上呈正相关性；遗煤燃烧是地表CO2通量异常偏高的根本原因，地表CO2通量波动和高碳通量区域的变化是对地下遗煤燃烧动态变化的量化响应。
2) 裂缝碳涌出量远高于无裂缝地表扩散涌出量，地表高CO2通量范围沿裂缝分布，在一定程度上可根据碳通量值预测潜在裂缝位置；环境风速和风向均会影响地下煤火发展，环境风速与地表碳通量基本呈正相关性；无降雨情况时，土壤湿度对遗煤燃烧上覆地表碳通量无明显影响，但降雨导致的土壤水分激增，会引起地表CO2通量的较大波动，并呈现先减后增的趋势。
基金
收起
  • 国家自然科学基金资助(52304220)
  • 辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220667)
  • 日本JSPS科研费项目(JP-20K21163)
文献
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2024年第34卷第2期
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doi: 10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.02.0420
  • 接收时间：2023-08-20
  • 首发时间：2025-07-09
  • 出版时间：2024-02-28
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  • 收稿日期：2023-08-20
  • 修回日期：2023-11-21
基金
国家自然科学基金资助(52304220)
辽宁省教育厅基本科研项目(LJKMZ20220667)
日本JSPS科研费项目(JP-20K21163)
作者信息
    1 辽宁工程技术大学 安全科学与工程学院，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
    2 辽宁工程技术大学 矿山热动力灾害与防治教育部重点实验室，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
    3 九州大学 工学府，日本 福冈 819-0385
    4 辽宁工程技术大学 工程与环境研究所，辽宁 葫芦岛 125105
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