Article(id=1149741819031897004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, articleNumber=1003-3033(2024)01-0027-08, orderNo=null, doi=10.16265/j.cnki.issn1003-3033.2024.01.0195, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1691769600000, receivedDateStr=2023-08-12, revisedDate=1699977600000, revisedDateStr=2023-11-15, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1752049410826, onlineDateStr=2025-07-09, pubDate=1706371200000, pubDateStr=2024-01-28, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1752049410826, onlineIssueDateStr=2025-07-09, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1752049410826, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1752049410826, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1149741815273800564, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, year='2024', volume='34', issue='1', pageStart='1', pageEnd='252', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=0, createTime=1752049409931, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1756468937446, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430156, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1168278657316430157, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, issueId=1149741815273800564, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=27, endPage=34, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1149741819258389427, articleId=1149741819031897004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=EN, title=Comparative study on definition of cause factors between 24Model and LCM, columnId=1149735801703023337, journalTitle=China Safety Science Journal, columnName=Safety science theory and safety system science, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
In order to explore the similarities and differences,advantages and disadvantages between the definition of cause factors in LCM and the 24Model,a review of the definition of causes and results at various levels for both models was conducted. The definition content and its guidance role in safety practices,focusing on accident causation analysis,were compared. An empirical analysis was conducted using a coal mine gas explosion accident as an example to identify differences in the analysis results between the two models. The research shows that LCM is the first one-dimensional event sequence model that incorporates management factors into accident causation analysis. It provides clear definitions of cause factors at various levels and their logical relationships. However,LCM has issues with overlapping and repetitive definitions of causal factors and fails to reveal deeper accident cause factors such as guiding principles for safety work. 24Model,as a systematic accident causation model,predominantly defines various factors in terms of the organization. It describes the concepts of events,accidents,and safety,categorizing individual safety acts,safety capabilities,and organizational safety management systems,providing meanings and explanations. It explores organizational safety culture and reflects it with 32 elements. Both models' accident causation analysis methods are built on the definitions of cause factors at different levels and are applicable to their respective theoretical frameworks.
, correspAuthors=Gui FU, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Chenhui YUAN, Gui FU, Zhirong WU, Jinkun ZHAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1149741828712349908, articleId=1149741819031897004, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, language=CN, title=24Model与LCM原因因素定义对比研究, columnId=1149735801837241068, journalTitle=中国安全科学学报, columnName=安全科学理论与安全系统科学, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=
为探究损失致因模型(LCM)原因因素定义与事故致因“2-4”模型(24Model)存在的异同和优缺点,梳理2个模型各层面原因和结果的定义,对比定义内容及其对事故原因分析等安全实务的指导作用,并以一起瓦斯爆炸事故为例加以实证分析,获得二者分析结果之间的差异。研究结果表明:LCM是首个将管理因素纳入事故致因分析的一维事件序列模型,可明确各层面原因因素的定义和因素间的逻辑关系,但部分定义存在交叉重复的问题,并没有揭示安全工作指导思想等深层次事故致因因素;24Model作为系统性事故致因模型,对各类因素的定义均以组织为主体,描述事件、事故、安全的概念内涵,划分个体安全动作、安全能力和组织安全管理体系的类别并给出含义解析,探究组织安全文化层面的问题并以32个元素体现;2个模型的事故原因分析方法均建立在对各层级原因因素定义的基础上,并适用于模型理论体系本身。
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**傅贵(1961—),男,吉林九台人,博士,教授,博士生导师,主要从事事故致因理论、行为安全、安全文化、安全管理等方面的研究。E-mail:
fugui66@126.com。
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袁晨辉 (1999—),男,山东枣庄人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为事故致因理论、安全管理等。E-mail:y1138600245@163.com。
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袁晨辉 (1999—),男,山东枣庄人,博士研究生,主要研究方向为事故致因理论、安全管理等。E-mail:y1138600245@163.com。
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LCM, figureFileSmall=upAoq+KYsIrxs6eV9t6r5g==, figureFileBig=kqIQTY7PjZ85yjlaIoq8nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122718298845494, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=CN, label=图1, caption=
LCM[3], figureFileSmall=upAoq+KYsIrxs6eV9t6r5g==, figureFileBig=kqIQTY7PjZ85yjlaIoq8nQ==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122718386925881, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=EN, label=Fig.2, caption=
Event causation model-24Model of its 6th version, figureFileSmall=14Srel+m8qjilS0SuFeTyg==, figureFileBig=2xT670G0qPtB34jMTjX9Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122718470811963, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=CN, label=图2, caption=
24Model(第6版)—事件致因模型[6], figureFileSmall=14Srel+m8qjilS0SuFeTyg==, figureFileBig=2xT670G0qPtB34jMTjX9Bw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122718558892348, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=EN, label=Fig.3, caption=
Accident causation model-24Model of its 6th version, figureFileSmall=1MD2hiMjcvcjVSoc70D+wg==, figureFileBig=zDMCdnAJVxLDcGOV0YC1DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122718642778429, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=CN, label=图3, caption=
24Model(第6版)—事故致因模型, figureFileSmall=1MD2hiMjcvcjVSoc70D+wg==, figureFileBig=zDMCdnAJVxLDcGOV0YC1DA==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1168122718718275902, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=
Definition and classification of direct causes in 24Model
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因素 名称 | 违章 | 不违章但曾引 发事故 | 不违章,未曾引发 事故,但高风险 |
| 不安全操作 | 违章操作 | 引发事故操作 | 高风险操作 |
| 不安全行动 | 违章行动 | 引发事故行动 | 高风险行动 |
| 不安全指挥 | 违章指挥 | 引发事故指挥 | 高风险指挥 |
| 不安全物态 | 违章物态 | 引发事故物态 | 高风险物态 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168122718802161983, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=CN, label=表1, caption=
24Model直接原因的定义与分类
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因素 名称 | 违章 | 不违章但曾引 发事故 | 不违章,未曾引发 事故,但高风险 |
| 不安全操作 | 违章操作 | 引发事故操作 | 高风险操作 |
| 不安全行动 | 违章行动 | 引发事故行动 | 高风险行动 |
| 不安全指挥 | 违章指挥 | 引发事故指挥 | 高风险指挥 |
| 不安全物态 | 违章物态 | 引发事故物态 | 高风险物态 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168122718865076544, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=
Classification of root causes in 24Model
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 号码 | 元素名称 | 元素 号码 | 元素名称 |
| 1 | 安全的重要程度 | 17 | 安全会议需求程度 |
| 2 | 事故可预防程度 | 18 | 安全制度形成方式 |
| 3 | 安全创造经济效 益的认识 | 19 | 安全制度执行一致性 |
| 4 | 安全融入管理的程度 | 20 | 调查事故类型的认识 |
| 5 | 安全主要决定于 安全意识 | 21 | 安全检查类型的认识 |
| 6 | 安全生产主体责 任的认识 | 22 | 对受伤职工关 爱的认识 |
| 7 | 安全投入的认识 | 23 | 业余安全管理 |
| 8 | 安全法规作用的认识 | 24 | 安全业绩的对待 |
| 9 | 安全价值观形成程度 | 25 | 设施的满意程度 |
| 10 | 管理层负责程度的认识 | 26 | 安全业绩的掌握程度 |
| 11 | 安全部门作用的认识 | 27 | 安全业绩与人力 资源关系的认识 |
| 12 | 员工参与安全的程度 | 28 | 子公司与合同单位 安全管理方式 |
| 13 | 安全培训需求程度 | 29 | 安全组织的作用 |
| 14 | 各部门负责安全的程度 | 30 | 安全部门的工作 |
| 15 | 社区安全影响的认识 | 31 | 总体安全期望值 |
| 16 | 管理体系作用的认识 | 32 | 应急能力 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168122718944768321, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=CN, label=表2, caption=
24Model根源原因分类
, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
元素 号码 | 元素名称 | 元素 号码 | 元素名称 |
| 1 | 安全的重要程度 | 17 | 安全会议需求程度 |
| 2 | 事故可预防程度 | 18 | 安全制度形成方式 |
| 3 | 安全创造经济效 益的认识 | 19 | 安全制度执行一致性 |
| 4 | 安全融入管理的程度 | 20 | 调查事故类型的认识 |
| 5 | 安全主要决定于 安全意识 | 21 | 安全检查类型的认识 |
| 6 | 安全生产主体责 任的认识 | 22 | 对受伤职工关 爱的认识 |
| 7 | 安全投入的认识 | 23 | 业余安全管理 |
| 8 | 安全法规作用的认识 | 24 | 安全业绩的对待 |
| 9 | 安全价值观形成程度 | 25 | 设施的满意程度 |
| 10 | 管理层负责程度的认识 | 26 | 安全业绩的掌握程度 |
| 11 | 安全部门作用的认识 | 27 | 安全业绩与人力 资源关系的认识 |
| 12 | 员工参与安全的程度 | 28 | 子公司与合同单位 安全管理方式 |
| 13 | 安全培训需求程度 | 29 | 安全组织的作用 |
| 14 | 各部门负责安全的程度 | 30 | 安全部门的工作 |
| 15 | 社区安全影响的认识 | 31 | 总体安全期望值 |
| 16 | 管理体系作用的认识 | 32 | 应急能力 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168122719175455042, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=
Results of accident cause analysis using LCM and 24Model
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模型 因素 | LCM | 24Model |
| 结果 | 损失 | 33人死亡、1人受伤,直接经济损失3 682.22万元,对应损失等级为灾难性损害、严重受伤 | 发生瓦斯爆炸、煤尘参与爆炸,造成33人死亡、1人受伤,直接经济损失3 682.22万元,依据组织规定判定为事故,且事故等级为特别重大事故 |
| 事故 | 瓦斯爆炸、煤尘参与爆炸 |
| 能量阈值 | 瓦斯积聚达到爆炸浓度 |
直接 原因 | 不合规动作/实践:未经授权操作—未经授权越界开采;未发出警告、未识别风险—未及时识别并警告通风不良、瓦斯积聚情况;不正确的使用设备、不遵守程序—违章“裸眼”爆破、违法采用“巷道式采煤”工艺、逃避安全监管。 不合规物态:火灾和爆炸危险—瓦斯含量达到爆炸浓度;危险环境条件—现场通风不足瓦斯积聚 | 不安全动作:超层越界违法开采;违法采用“巷道式采煤”工艺;使用一台局部通风机违规同时向多个作业地点供风;违章“裸眼”爆破;利用假图纸、假资料逃避安全监管。 不安全物态:越界区域K13煤层瓦斯含量高、瓦斯释放量增加;未形成全风压通风系统,且风量不足 |
间接 原因 | 个人因素:心理能力不足—存在违法违章的逆反心理、偷工减料的省能心理、忽视安全工作的侥幸心理;缺乏知识、缺乏技能—缺乏爆破、通风、瓦斯检查、开采的知识与技能;错误动机—看重经济效益的提高,忽视安全。 工作/体系因素:监督不足—现场无安全监督;工程缺欠—违法采用“巷道式采煤”工艺;工作条件不适合—通风条件不佳;误用—违章采用“裸眼”爆破 | 安全知识不足:爆破技能知识、通风技能知识、瓦检技能知识,违章开采可能导致后果的理论知识、瓦斯爆炸事故案例知识储备。 安全意识不高:识别瓦斯爆炸风险的风险意识;遵守《安全生产法》、《煤矿安全规程》等法律法规的法规意识。 安全习惯不佳:一线员工习惯性违章放炮通风等;管理层人员习惯性违章指挥越界开采、指挥逃避监管等。 安全心理不佳:违法违章的逆反心理、偷工减料的省能心理、忽视安全工作的侥幸心理。 安全生理不佳:该案例未涉及安全生理问题 |
根本 原因 | 不完善的系统:领导与管理不足—矿长、安全技术负责人均未上岗,现场无安全监管;规程和工作许可—未制定完备的作业规程,勘查和开采资质未得到审核许可;知识技能培训—安全培训制度执行不佳; 不完善的标准:安全规程审查标准未执行,安全规程审核与记录标准未执行。 遵守与执行不充分:以上已陈述 | 矿长、安全技术负责人均未上岗,放炮工、瓦检员、通风员均不具备相应的资质和能力;超层越界区域现场安全管理、技术管理混乱;未按照《矿产资源法》第3条规定执行煤矿勘探和开采程序;未按照《地质勘查资质管理条例》第2条规定执行勘查资质审核程序;未按照《煤矿安全规程》制定作业规程并执行采煤工艺、通风程序、放炮程序、供电程序和瓦斯检查程序;安全培训制度执行不佳 |
根源 原因 | — | 安全文化元素号码:1、2、3、5、6、7、8、10、13、18、19、21、29、32 |
), ArticleFig(id=1168122719271924035, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1146031787341344770, articleId=1149741819031897004, language=CN, label=表3, caption=
LCM与24Model的事故原因分析结果
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模型 因素 | LCM | 24Model |
| 结果 | 损失 | 33人死亡、1人受伤,直接经济损失3 682.22万元,对应损失等级为灾难性损害、严重受伤 | 发生瓦斯爆炸、煤尘参与爆炸,造成33人死亡、1人受伤,直接经济损失3 682.22万元,依据组织规定判定为事故,且事故等级为特别重大事故 |
| 事故 | 瓦斯爆炸、煤尘参与爆炸 |
| 能量阈值 | 瓦斯积聚达到爆炸浓度 |
直接 原因 | 不合规动作/实践:未经授权操作—未经授权越界开采;未发出警告、未识别风险—未及时识别并警告通风不良、瓦斯积聚情况;不正确的使用设备、不遵守程序—违章“裸眼”爆破、违法采用“巷道式采煤”工艺、逃避安全监管。 不合规物态:火灾和爆炸危险—瓦斯含量达到爆炸浓度;危险环境条件—现场通风不足瓦斯积聚 | 不安全动作:超层越界违法开采;违法采用“巷道式采煤”工艺;使用一台局部通风机违规同时向多个作业地点供风;违章“裸眼”爆破;利用假图纸、假资料逃避安全监管。 不安全物态:越界区域K13煤层瓦斯含量高、瓦斯释放量增加;未形成全风压通风系统,且风量不足 |
间接 原因 | 个人因素:心理能力不足—存在违法违章的逆反心理、偷工减料的省能心理、忽视安全工作的侥幸心理;缺乏知识、缺乏技能—缺乏爆破、通风、瓦斯检查、开采的知识与技能;错误动机—看重经济效益的提高,忽视安全。 工作/体系因素:监督不足—现场无安全监督;工程缺欠—违法采用“巷道式采煤”工艺;工作条件不适合—通风条件不佳;误用—违章采用“裸眼”爆破 | 安全知识不足:爆破技能知识、通风技能知识、瓦检技能知识,违章开采可能导致后果的理论知识、瓦斯爆炸事故案例知识储备。 安全意识不高:识别瓦斯爆炸风险的风险意识;遵守《安全生产法》、《煤矿安全规程》等法律法规的法规意识。 安全习惯不佳:一线员工习惯性违章放炮通风等;管理层人员习惯性违章指挥越界开采、指挥逃避监管等。 安全心理不佳:违法违章的逆反心理、偷工减料的省能心理、忽视安全工作的侥幸心理。 安全生理不佳:该案例未涉及安全生理问题 |
根本 原因 | 不完善的系统:领导与管理不足—矿长、安全技术负责人均未上岗,现场无安全监管;规程和工作许可—未制定完备的作业规程,勘查和开采资质未得到审核许可;知识技能培训—安全培训制度执行不佳; 不完善的标准:安全规程审查标准未执行,安全规程审核与记录标准未执行。 遵守与执行不充分:以上已陈述 | 矿长、安全技术负责人均未上岗,放炮工、瓦检员、通风员均不具备相应的资质和能力;超层越界区域现场安全管理、技术管理混乱;未按照《矿产资源法》第3条规定执行煤矿勘探和开采程序;未按照《地质勘查资质管理条例》第2条规定执行勘查资质审核程序;未按照《煤矿安全规程》制定作业规程并执行采煤工艺、通风程序、放炮程序、供电程序和瓦斯检查程序;安全培训制度执行不佳 |
根源 原因 | — | 安全文化元素号码:1、2、3、5、6、7、8、10、13、18、19、21、29、32 |
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