Article(id=1228805368537613081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.019, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1713628800000, receivedDateStr=2024-04-21, revisedDate=1717689600000, revisedDateStr=2024-06-07, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899629958, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899629958, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899629958, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899629958, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805359561802007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='6', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1362', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899627819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901542852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1305, endPage=1316, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805368793465643, articleId=1228805368537613081, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Research on vibration measurement point optimization and vibration monitoring in gear transmission systems, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

The optimized layout of sensor measuring points is of significant importance for the condition monitoring, fault diagnosis and health management of mechanical equipment. Focusing on gear transmission systems, this paper investigates a method for optimizing vibration sensor placement based on the effective independent analysis of gearbox modes and frequency response functions. This method uses the fused signals from the optimized measuring points to monitor the vibration of the gear transmission system. A dynamic model of the gearbox is established, and modal analysis is performed to obtain the mode shapes of the gearbox. These mode shapes are utilized for effective independent analysis to determine an initial sensor layout. Harmonic response analysis is conducted to obtain the frequency response functions of these initial measuring points relative to the main bearing seats. The measuring points are further optimized using principal component analysis and effective independent analysis. The optimized measuring points most sensitive to gear fault excitation are selected. Spectral weighted fusion is performed based on the importance weights of the optimized measuring points. The fused spectrum then enables vibration monitoring of the gear transmission. Analysis of measured data from a bevel gear transmission test rig demonstrates that, compared to the fused spectra from arbitrarily selected measuring point groups, the fused spectrum from the optimized measuring point group exhibits a larger overall response amplitude. This indicates a superior monitoring effect for the oprational status of gear transmission.

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传感器测点优化布局对于机械设备状态监测、故障诊断及健康管理具有重要意义。聚焦于齿轮传动系统,研究一种基于箱体模态及频响函数有效独立分析的振动测点优化布局方法,并采用优化测点融合的信号进行齿轮传动系统振动监测。建立齿轮传动箱体动力学模型,进行模态分析获取箱体模态振型,利用模态振型进行有效独立分析得到初始测点布局;通过谐响应分析获取初始测点关于主要轴承座处的频响函数,基于主成分分析及有效独立分析进一步优化测点,并选取对齿轮故障激励更加敏感的优化测点;基于优化测点重要性权重进行频谱加权融合,利用融合频谱实现对齿轮传动的振动监测。通过对锥齿轮传动试验台实测数据分析表明,相比任意测点组的融合频谱,优化测点组的融合频谱整体响应幅值较大,对齿轮传动的运行状态监测效果更好。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
曹宏瑞(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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李昊諝(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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李昊諝(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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李昊諝(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

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tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805378671050966, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Bevel gear box simulation and experimental modal data

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次
1阶模态2阶模态3阶模态4阶模态5阶模态6阶模态
仿真振型
仿真频率/Hz779.82866.921401.92219.62274.02880.6
试验振型
试验频率/Hz796.93898.651346.762257.522830.65
频率误差/%2.153.534.100.731.77
), ArticleFig(id=1228805378759131351, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

锥齿轮箱仿真及试验模态数据

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
模态阶次
1阶模态2阶模态3阶模态4阶模态5阶模态6阶模态
仿真振型
仿真频率/Hz779.82866.921401.92219.62274.02880.6
试验振型
试验频率/Hz796.93898.651346.762257.522830.65
频率误差/%2.153.534.100.731.77
), ArticleFig(id=1228805378851406040, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=EN, label=Tab.2, caption=

Bevel gear box bearing seat support reaction

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴承座水平径向竖直径向轴向
轴承座113Fa13Fc0
轴承座223Fa23FcFb
轴承座32Fb2Fc0
轴承座4FbFcFa
), ArticleFig(id=1228805378926903513, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=CN, label=表2, caption=

锥齿轮箱各轴承座支承反力

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
轴承座水平径向竖直径向轴向
轴承座113Fa13Fc0
轴承座223Fa23FcFb
轴承座32Fb2Fc0
轴承座4FbFcFa
), ArticleFig(id=1228805378989818074, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Optimal test point group and initial test point group

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点组测点及方向
优化测点组145x、49x、25y、88y、93y
初始测点组225x、64x、2y、45x、21y
初始测点组33y、21y、25y、90z、2y
初始测点组488y、83z、90z、64x、93y
), ArticleFig(id=1228805379094675675, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=CN, label=表3, caption=

优化测点组及初始测点组

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测点组测点及方向
优化测点组145x、49x、25y、88y、93y
初始测点组225x、64x、2y、45x、21y
初始测点组33y、21y、25y、90z、2y
初始测点组488y、83z、90z、64x、93y
), ArticleFig(id=1228805379157590236, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=EN, label=Tab.4, caption=

The average amplitude of each measuring point group in different frequency bands

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点组各频带内频谱幅值平均值/g
400~700 Hz1000~1300 Hz1500~1800 Hz0~2000 Hz
优化测点组10.29330.59320.20340.3633
初始测点组20.21450.57750.13930.3104
初始测点组30.20790.42490.10580.2462
初始测点组40.19810.36400.16060.2409
), ArticleFig(id=1228805379220504797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=CN, label=表4, caption=

各测点组不同频带下的幅值平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点组各频带内频谱幅值平均值/g
400~700 Hz1000~1300 Hz1500~1800 Hz0~2000 Hz
优化测点组10.29330.59320.20340.3633
初始测点组20.21450.57750.13930.3104
初始测点组30.20790.42490.10580.2462
初始测点组40.19810.36400.16060.2409
), ArticleFig(id=1228805379283419358, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805368537613081, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Optimal test point group and other test point groups

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点组测点及方向
优化测点组145x、49x、25y、88y、93y
其余测点组510x、31x、86y、16y、45x
其余测点组686y、88y、18x、95z、25y
其余测点组716y、79z、95z、31x、93y
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优化测点组及其余测点组

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测点组测点及方向
优化测点组145x、49x、25y、88y、93y
其余测点组510x、31x、86y、16y、45x
其余测点组686y、88y、18x、95z、25y
其余测点组716y、79z、95z、31x、93y
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The average amplitude of each measuring point group in different frequency bands

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测点组各频带内频谱幅值平均值/g
400~700 Hz1000~1300 Hz1500~1800 Hz0~2000 Hz
优化
测点组1
0.28340.55800.17380.3384
其余
测点组5
0.24430.54920.10660.3001
其余
测点组6
0.20860.47230.10480.2619
其余
测点组7
0.23400.34130.12540.2336
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各测点组不同频带下的幅值平均值

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
测点组各频带内频谱幅值平均值/g
400~700 Hz1000~1300 Hz1500~1800 Hz0~2000 Hz
优化
测点组1
0.28340.55800.17380.3384
其余
测点组5
0.24430.54920.10660.3001
其余
测点组6
0.20860.47230.10480.2619
其余
测点组7
0.23400.34130.12540.2336
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齿轮传动系统振动测点优化布局及振动监测方法研究
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李昊諝 2 , 曹宏瑞 1, 2 , 杨阳 3 , 杜明刚 3 , 乔百杰 1, 2 , 史江海 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(6): 1305-1316
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(6): 1305-1316
齿轮传动系统振动测点优化布局及振动监测方法研究
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李昊諝2 , 曹宏瑞1, 2 , 杨阳3, 杜明刚3, 乔百杰1, 2, 史江海1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.西安交通大学航空动力系统与等离子体技术全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
  • 2.西安交通大学机械工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
  • 3.中国兵器工业集团中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072
  • 李昊諝(2000—),男,硕士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

曹宏瑞(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Research on vibration measurement point optimization and vibration monitoring in gear transmission systems
Haoxu LI2 , Hongrui CAO1, 2 , Yang YANG3, Minggang DU3, Baijie QIAO1, 2, Jianghai SHI1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.National Key Lab of Aerospace Power System and Plasma Technology,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China
  • 2.School of Mechanical Engineering,Xi’an Jiaotong University,Xi’an 710049,China
  • 3.China North Vehicle Research Institute,China North Industries Group Corporation Limited,Beijing 100072,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.019
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传感器测点优化布局对于机械设备状态监测、故障诊断及健康管理具有重要意义。聚焦于齿轮传动系统,研究一种基于箱体模态及频响函数有效独立分析的振动测点优化布局方法,并采用优化测点融合的信号进行齿轮传动系统振动监测。建立齿轮传动箱体动力学模型,进行模态分析获取箱体模态振型,利用模态振型进行有效独立分析得到初始测点布局;通过谐响应分析获取初始测点关于主要轴承座处的频响函数,基于主成分分析及有效独立分析进一步优化测点,并选取对齿轮故障激励更加敏感的优化测点;基于优化测点重要性权重进行频谱加权融合,利用融合频谱实现对齿轮传动的振动监测。通过对锥齿轮传动试验台实测数据分析表明,相比任意测点组的融合频谱,优化测点组的融合频谱整体响应幅值较大,对齿轮传动的运行状态监测效果更好。

故障诊断  /  测点优化  /  有效独立分析  /  频响函数  /  频谱融合  /  振动监测

The optimized layout of sensor measuring points is of significant importance for the condition monitoring, fault diagnosis and health management of mechanical equipment. Focusing on gear transmission systems, this paper investigates a method for optimizing vibration sensor placement based on the effective independent analysis of gearbox modes and frequency response functions. This method uses the fused signals from the optimized measuring points to monitor the vibration of the gear transmission system. A dynamic model of the gearbox is established, and modal analysis is performed to obtain the mode shapes of the gearbox. These mode shapes are utilized for effective independent analysis to determine an initial sensor layout. Harmonic response analysis is conducted to obtain the frequency response functions of these initial measuring points relative to the main bearing seats. The measuring points are further optimized using principal component analysis and effective independent analysis. The optimized measuring points most sensitive to gear fault excitation are selected. Spectral weighted fusion is performed based on the importance weights of the optimized measuring points. The fused spectrum then enables vibration monitoring of the gear transmission. Analysis of measured data from a bevel gear transmission test rig demonstrates that, compared to the fused spectra from arbitrarily selected measuring point groups, the fused spectrum from the optimized measuring point group exhibits a larger overall response amplitude. This indicates a superior monitoring effect for the oprational status of gear transmission.

fault diagnosis  /  measuring points optimization  /  effective independent analysis  /  frequency-response function  /  spectrum fusion  /  vibration monitoring
李昊諝, 曹宏瑞, 杨阳, 杜明刚, 乔百杰, 史江海. 齿轮传动系统振动测点优化布局及振动监测方法研究. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1305 -1316 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.019
Haoxu LI, Hongrui CAO, Yang YANG, Minggang DU, Baijie QIAO, Jianghai SHI. Research on vibration measurement point optimization and vibration monitoring in gear transmission systems[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1305 -1316 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.019
齿轮传动系统是机械设备的核心组成部分,由于其结构复杂,运行工况多变,是机械设备运行安全保障的薄弱环节。为能更早发现齿轮传动系统故障,对其进行有效的振动监测及诊断有着重要意义。由于内部结构紧凑,目前针对齿轮传动系统的振动监测多通过在传动系统箱体表面安装振动传感器来实现。安装难度及成本等因素使得可布传感器的数量及位置受限,合理进行振动传感器布局对于齿轮传动系统故障监测至关重要。
对于齿轮传动系统的振动测点布局,有学者基于振动信号的统计学分析来优选测点。文献[1-2]采用局域均值分解、集成经验模态分解及相关性分析对初始测点振动信号进行处理及分析,从而根据相关性指标筛选得到优化测点。江鹏程等[3]基于统计学分析初始测点振动仿真信号的特征参数,并通过局部线性嵌入算法对特征参数进行降维,基于降维特征矩阵进行测点敏感性排序,最终得到优化测点。PICHIKA等[4]采用变分模态分解及Spearman相关性分析对声信号及振动信号进行处理,并基于灰狼优化算法进行测点优化布局。这类测点优化是基于初始测点的振动信号分析来进行的,而初始测点选取一般根据工程经验来选择,并不一定可靠。同时,在大量初始测点位置布置传感器对于传感器成本也有着较高要求。
对于齿轮传动系统的振动监测主要通过在传动系统箱体表面安装振动传感器来实现,因而可以考虑以传动系统箱体结构自身的振动特性为基础进行测点优化布局。目前以结构自身振动特性为基础进行测点优化的经典方法包括有效独立法[5]、模态动能法[6]、模态置信法[7]等,这类方法基于结构模态振型等结构固有属性构造目标函数,以保证传感器优化布局的模态独立性;以模态动能最大为目标进行优化布局,优化所得测点主要分布在结构整体模态振幅较大的区域。JI等[8]针对高速插秧机工作过程中的振动问题,开发了基于模态分析有效独立法的机械变形预测系统,使得通过有限的传感器可以获得更多振动模态信息。吴向余等[9]基于有效独立法、模态置信法等进行了面向矩形舵面模态测试的测点优化布局,并通过模态试验验证了传感器优化布局的必要性。王杰等[10]基于模态动能法进行了行星变速箱的测点优化,并通过试验验证了测点选择的科学性。还有学者通过将模态动能法、有效独立法等组合从而提出基于能量加权的有效独立法[11-12]。还有采用遗传算法[13-14]、粒子群优化算法[15]、萤火虫算法[16]等进行测点优化的方法,其本质还是以经典方法为基础进行的。但对于齿轮传动系统的振动监测,由于齿轮故障作用在传动系统箱体上的激励位置及频率均会对测点优化布局的结果产生影响,因而单纯依靠传动系统箱体自身结构特性优化所得测点并非最优。
当齿轮传动箱体结构约束不变时,频响函数是其响应点与激励点间的固有特性,可以描述结构振动响应关于不同位置及频带激励的映射关系。因而可以基于频响函数进行测点优化布局。欧阳运芳等[17]基于频响函数制定了幅值均值、振动峰值和振动敏感度的测点布局原则,并对航空发动机进行了振动测点优化布局。NIMITYONGSKUL等[18]将基于频响函数的POD分解应用到了传感器布局的方案中,并通过简单梁和通用航天器数值模型验证了方法的高效性。LI等[19]基于主成分分析简化频响函数矩阵,采用频响函数聚类实现测点优化布局,并用于大型空间相机结构振动试验规划中。通过提取不同激励位置及不同频带下各测点的频响函数,并基于频响函数进行测点优化分析,优化得到对故障激励位置及频带较敏感的测点分布。但基于频响函数进行测点优化时,测点数目过多会导致频响函数采集及获取过程繁琐,降低了测点优化效率。因此可以基于结构模态振型优化得到一定数量的初始测点,这些测点分布在更能反映箱体结构整体振动特性的振动敏感区域;进而基于初始测点关于各激励位置及频带的频响函数进一步优化,从而得到对典型激励更敏感的优化测点,实现了可以同时考虑结构振动特性及所受激励形式的测点优化布局。
基于以上分析,本文提出一种基于传动系统箱体模态及频响函数有效独立分析的齿轮传动振动测点优化布局方法,并基于优化测点融合的信号进行齿轮传动振动监测。首先构建传动系统箱体结构动力学模型,获取箱体主要振动模态;基于传动箱体主要模态,通过有效独立分析得到初始测点布局;同时分析齿轮故障的主要激励轴承座及方向,获取初始测点关于主要激励轴承座方向的频响函数;然后通过主成分分析及有效独立分析得到对不同频带及位置激励最敏感的测点;并通过测点敏感性分析得到所需优化测点,同时计算各优化测点重要性权重,对各测点振动响应频谱进行融合;基于融合频谱实现齿轮传动振动监测。最后通过锥齿轮传动试验台实测数据对比分析了基于优化测点进行齿轮传动系统振动监测的有效性。
对于多自由度线性不变结构,根据模态叠加原理可知,结构各待布测点处的位移响应xn(t)可以表示为模态向量的线性组合:
xn(t)=Φnq(t)
式中,xn(t)=[x1(t)x2(t)xn(t)]T表示结构n个待布测点处的位移响应;Φn=[ϕn1ϕn2ϕnm]表示所截取的各测点前m阶位移模态振型矩阵,ϕnm表示n个测点的第m阶位移模态振型向量; q(t)=[q1(t)q2(t)qm(t)]T表示前m阶模态的位移模态贡献量矩阵。
根据加速度响应与位移响应的微分关系可得各待布测点的加速度响应an(t)为:
an(t)=Φnq¨(t)
式中,an(t)=[a1(t)a2(t)an(t)]T表示结构n个待布测点处的加速度响应;q¨(t)=[q¨1(t)q¨2(t)q¨m(t)]T表示前m阶模态的加速度模态贡献量矩阵。
则基于最小二乘法可以得到q¨(t)的有效无偏估计表示为:
q¨(t)=(ΦnΦn)1Φnan(t)
式中,Φn表示矩阵Φn的转置。分析可知Φn是满秩的,因此保证了ΦnΦn的非奇异性。
q¨(t)的协方差矩阵为s2[q¨(t)]an(t)的协方差矩阵为s2[an(t)],则其协方差矩阵之间的关系可表示为:
s2[q¨(t)]=(ΦnΦn)1Φns2[an(t)]Φn(ΦnΦn)1
当所采集的各测点加速度响应的方差已知时,由上述方程可以确定加速度模态贡献量矩阵的方差。一般认为加速度响应的测量误差是独立分布的,且各个测量误差的标准差为σ,则可以得到如下表达式:
s2[q¨(t)]=σ2(ΦnΦn)1
s2[q¨(t)]的对角项表示加速度模态贡献量矩阵的方差,其与(ΦnΦn)1成正比。对于给定的加速度响应测量方差,最小化(ΦnΦn)1将使得加速度模态贡献量矩阵的方差最小化,从而保证将加速度响应投影到模态向量空间的独立性。根据有效独立法[5]可进一步构造得到基于位移模态振型矩阵Φn的有效独立迭代矩阵Ed为:
Ed=Φn(ΦnΦn)1Φn
Ed是一个幂等矩阵,对角线上各元素值在0~1之间,表示对应测点对模态振型矩阵的贡献量大小,对角线元素值越接近1,表示对应测点对各阶模态振型矩阵贡献量越大,即该测点的振动响应投影到正交模态空间的独立性越高,则对于结构整体振动响应更加敏感。进行基于模态振型的有效独立分析,即通过迭代依次筛除有效独立迭代矩阵对角线数值最小的元素对应的测点,最终保留对模态振型矩阵贡献量较大的点,从而得到分布在结构振动敏感区域的传感器初始测点。
设基于模态振型进行有效独立分析所得初始测点数目为r个,则基于有限元谐响应分析可以得到在关注频带[ωa,ωb]内各初始测点关于结构某一激励位置的频响函数,进而构造频响函数矩阵为:
hr×s(ω)=[h1(ω1)h1(ω2)h1(ωs)h2(ω1)h2(ω2)h2(ωs)hr(ω1)hr(ω2)hr(ωs)]
式中,r表示初始测点数量;hr(ωs)表示第r个初始测点关于结构该激励位置在频率ωs处对应的频率响应幅值;s表示在[ωa,ωb]频带内的频率采样点数。
主成分分析可以将一组频响函数数据降维到主成分空间中,是从大量频响函数数据中提取主要特征的有效方法。设对频响函数矩阵进行主成分分析所得的主成分向量为ψr×s=[φ1φ2φs],对应的特征值为λ=[λ1λ2λs],其中λ1λ2λs0。最大特征值对应的特征向量所具有的能量最大,表示频响函数数据的重要信息主要集中在该方向。
选择满足下式的前g个最大特征值为主特征值:
y=λ1+λ2++λgλ1+λ2++λs90%
基于其对应的主特征向量可以构造得到主成分向量矩阵ψr×g=[φ1φ2φg]
基于主成分分析,可看作将[ωa,ωb]频带内各初始测点关于结构该激励位置的频响函数矩阵投影到由主成分向量支撑的正交空间中,并且保留了原始频响函数数据的主要特征。
根据主成分分析原理可知,[ωa,ωb]频带内各初始测点关于结构某一激励位置的频响函数数据可以降维到主成分向量支撑的向量空间内,可以表示为:
hr×s=ψr×gAg×s
式中,hr×s表示频响函数数据矩阵;ψr×g表示r个测点的主成分向量矩阵;Ag×s表示频响函数数据矩阵投影在主成分向量空间的贡献量矩阵。
对比式(2)和(9)可以注意到其相似性,因而参考基于模态振型的有效独立分析方法推导过程,可构造得到基于[ωa,ωb]频带内的频响函数主成分向量矩阵ψr×g的有效独立迭代矩阵Ep为:
Ep=ψr×g(ψr×gψr×g)1ψr×g
进行基于频响函数的有效独立分析,即基于有效独立方法对矩阵Ep进行迭代计算,得到对于[ωa,ωb]频带内的频响函数主成分向量矩阵贡献量最大的测点,则该测点的频响函数数据投影到正交的主向量空间的独立性最高,对于[ωa,ωb]频带内在该位置激励下的结构振动响应最敏感。
设基于模态振型进行有效独立分析所得初始测点数目为r,结构所受主要激励位置数目为k,结构所受激励频率主要分布在h个频带。基于r个初始测点关于第h个频带第k个激励位置的频响函数矩阵进行主成分分析及有效独立分析,可以得到对主成分向量矩阵贡献量最大的测点,即对第h个频带第k个激励位置激励下的结构振动响应最敏感的测点。记录该测点敏感性得分为1,其余r−1个测点敏感性得分为0。则r个初始测点关于第h个频带第k个激励位置的激励的振动响应敏感性得分向量表示为:
gr(h,k)=[gr1(h,k)gr2(h,k)grr(h,k)]
式中,grr(h,k)表示第r个初始测点关于第h个频带第k个激励位置的激励的振动响应敏感性得分。
进一步将r个初始测点关于h个频带和k个激励位置的激励敏感性得分向量求和得到r个测点的关于结构所受激励的敏感性总得分为:
gz=[gz1gz2gzr]
式中,gzr=h=1hk=1kgrr(h,k)表示第r个测点关于h个频带和k个激励位置激励的敏感性总得分。
基于敏感性分析可以得到r个测点关于h个频带和k个激励位置激励的敏感性总得分,选择敏感性总得分最高的前e个测点作为优化测点,则每个优化测点的重要性权重按下式计算:
ae=gzegz1+gz2++gze
e个优化测点处采集的振动响应信号进行快速傅里叶变换,可以得到e个优化测点处的振动响应频谱,则按照下式可计算得到基于优化测点组所得的融合频谱:
pz=a1p1+a2p2++aepe
式中,pe表示第e个优化测点处的振动响应频谱。
基于优化测点的融合频谱,可以有效实现对结构在h个频带和k个激励位置激励下的振动响应监测。
图1所示为基于测点优化的齿轮传动系统振动监测流程。基于优化测点进行齿轮传动系统振动监测,首先建立传动系统箱体结构动力学模型并进行模态分析,基于箱体模态进行有效独立分析得到分布在箱体结构整体振动敏感区域的初始测点;进一步通过静力学分析推断齿轮传动故障激励的主要激励轴承座及方向;通过谐响应分析采集各初始测点关于各主要激励轴承座方向的加速度频响函数,并根据齿轮传动故障的振动分布频带截取频响函数;依次将各频带下各初始测点关于各主要激励轴承座方向的频响函数组成频响函数矩阵,进行主成分分析及有效独立分析,得到各频带下各主要激励轴承座方向激励最敏感的测点;根据测点敏感性分析方法计算各测点关于多个频带下多个主要激励轴承座方向的敏感性总得分,并基于敏感性总得分筛选得到所需数量的优化测点,组成优化测点组;根据敏感性总得分计算各优化测点重要性权重,对各优化测点处的振动响应频谱进行加权融合;最终基于融合频谱实现齿轮传动系统的振动监测。
为验证基于测点优化的齿轮传动系统振动监测的有效性,本文通过某锥齿轮传动系统试验台进行验证。如图2(a)所示为锥齿轮箱体实物,图2(b)所示为锥齿轮箱三维模型,模型中红色节点即锥齿轮箱表面的95个振动传感器待布测点。图3所示为锥齿轮传动系统结构简图。锥齿轮箱体材料为S45C,材料密度为8000 kg/m3,杨氏模量为210 GPa,泊松比为0.29。锥齿轮传动系统中主动轮齿数为16,从动轮齿数为21,材料均为40Cr,材料密度为7850 kg/m3,主动轮及从动轮的轴系质量分别为1.3及2.86 kg。锥齿轮传动系统运行输入转速为2100 r/min,则计算可得输入轴转频fi为35 Hz,输出轴转频fo为26.67 Hz,锥齿轮啮合频率f为560 Hz。
根据锥齿轮箱体结构尺寸及材料参数,基于ANSYS软件建立其有限元模型。采用单元类型为Solid186的实体单元,网格尺寸为10 mm,如图4(a)所示。参考锥齿轮箱实际约束情况,设置有限元模型边界条件为4个螺栓孔邻近区域全约束,并计算2个锥齿轮轴系重量及重心位置,在ANSYS中通过施加远程力的方式在2个锥齿轮轴系的重心位置对锥齿轮箱的4个轴承座施加锥齿轮轴系重力对于锥齿轮箱的预应力,如图4(b)所示。
对锥齿轮箱进行预应力下的模态分析,获得锥齿轮箱结构前6阶模态振型及固有频率。采用脉冲激励法对锥齿轮箱进行试验模态分析,验证所建立锥齿轮箱动力学模型的准确性。模态试验使用PCB力锤施加脉冲激励,使用三轴加速度传感器及LMS Test.Lab数据采集系统采集锥齿轮箱上各节点的加速度信号。基于LMS Test.Lab系统内置PolyMAX方法进行模态参数识别,获取箱体前6阶试验模态振型及模态频率。所得锥齿轮箱仿真及试验模态数据对比如表1所示。
分析可知,由于实际锥齿轮箱存在加工制造误差及安装误差,并且采用力锤激励及安装加速度传感器时存在人为干扰,因而导致模态实验结果与仿真结果存在误差。同时,可以看出基于模态实验未能识别出锥齿轮箱的第4阶模态,分析原因可能是模态实验时力锤敲击位置未能激发锥齿轮箱第4阶模态。但从表1可以看出,锥齿轮箱其余各阶模态固有频率相对误差均小于5%,具有较高的模态一致性,因而验证了所建立的锥齿轮箱动力学模型的准确性。
首先基于锥齿轮箱体模态振型通过有效独立分析进行初始测点优化,得到分布在锥齿轮箱体整体振动敏感区域的初始测点。
分析锥齿轮传动系统可知锥齿轮传动的啮合频率f=560 Hz。根据齿轮故障频率特征可知,齿轮故障频率主要表现为啮合频率及其倍频并伴随转频调制,则锥齿轮故障频率主要分布在啮合频率及其倍频所在的多个频带。因此选择关注的故障频带为h1=400~700 Hz、h2=1000~1300 Hz及h3=1500~1800 Hz,分别包含了其啮合频率f、二倍频2f及三倍频3f的调制频带。
根据试验模态分析结果可知,锥齿轮箱第5阶模态固有频率为2257.52 Hz,大于所关注的锥齿轮故障频率分布频带的最大值1800 Hz,因而认为对于锥齿轮传动在h1h2h3三个频带内的振动,锥齿轮箱的主要参与模态为前5阶模态。提取齿轮箱表面的95个待布测点位置在xyz三个自由度的前5阶位移模态振型,并基于有效独立分析进行初始测点优化,当设置优化初始测点数目为12个时,优化所得12个初始测点的位置及自由度如图5所示。
根据齿轮故障特征可知,锥齿轮故障时,其故障激励主要作用在锥齿轮啮合位置,故障激励在主动轮上的轴向分力与从动轮上的径向分力大小相等、方向相反,记为Fa;径向分力与从动轮上的轴向分力大小相等、方向相反,记为Fb;周向分力与从动轮上的周向分力大小相等、方向相反,记为Fc;参考图3锥齿轮传动系统结构简图可知,从动轮到轴承座1的距离为从动轮到轴承座2的距离的2倍,主动轮到轴承座3的距离和轴承座3到轴承座4的距离相等。因此,基于静力学分析得到锥齿轮传动故障激励力在箱体各轴承座上的支承反力如表2所示。
分析表2中各轴承座受力,根据锥齿轮传动系统结构安装特点可知,主动轮施加到从动轮上的轴向力Fb由从动轮小端面指向大端面,根据从动轮轴系安装情况可知,主要由轴承座2提供从动轮轴系的轴向支承反力Fb,因而轴承座1的轴向力近似为0;同理从动轮作用到主动轮上的轴向力Fa的支承反力Fa主要由轴承座4提供,因而轴承座3的轴向力近似为0;进一步分析可知,轴承座1的水平径向受力仅为13Fa,竖直径向受力仅为13Fc,因而不作为主要激励轴承座方向。因此,基于上述分析可推断得到8个主要激励轴承座方向,分别为:轴承座2的水平径向(k2hr)、轴承座2的竖直径向(k2vr)、轴承座2的轴向(k2ad)、轴承座3的水平径向(k3hr)、轴承座3的竖直径向(k3vr)、轴承座4的水平径向(k4hr)、轴承座4的竖直径向(k4vr)以及轴承座4的轴向(k4ad)。
基于以上分析得到了12个初始测点及8个主要激励轴承座方向。在ANSYS中通过施加远程力的方式分别在锥齿轮箱的8个主要激励轴承座方向施加单位扫频激励,设置分析频带为0~2500 Hz,频率分辨率为1 Hz,基于有限元谐响应分析依次分析并采集12个初始测点关于8个主要激励轴承座方向的加速度频响函数。如图6所示为测点25的x自由度方向关于轴承座2的水平方向激励的加速度频响函数。
图6所示,截取12个初始测点关于8个主要激励轴承座方向在h1h2h3三个频带内的频响函数。构造在不同频带内,12个初始测点关于各主要激励轴承座方向的频响函数矩阵。基于频响函数矩阵进行主成分分析及有效独立分析,优化筛选出不同频带内关于各主要激励轴承座方向的最敏感测点,记录该测点敏感性得分为1,其余r−1个测点敏感性得分为0。得到在h1h2h3三个频带下12个初始测点关于各激励位置的激励敏感性得分向量如下式所示,向量中各敏感性得分对应测点顺序分别为25x、45x、49x、64x、2y、3y、21y、25y、88y、93y、83z、90z
gr(h1,k2hr)=[010000000000],gr(h1,k2vr)=[000000100000],gr(h1,k2ad)=[000000000100],gr(h1,k3hr)=[000000000100],gr(h1,k3vr)=[001000000000],gr(h1,k4hr)=[000000000100],gr(h1,k4vr)=[001000000000],gr(h1,k4ad)=[100000000000],gr(h2,k2hr)=[001000000000],gr(h2,k2vr)=[000000001000],gr(h2,k2ad)=[000000000100],gr(h2,k3hr)=[000000010000],gr(h2,k3vr)=[010000000000],gr(h2,k4hr)=[000000010000],gr(h2,k4vr)=[010000000000],gr(h2,k4ad)=[010000000000],gr(h3,k2hr)=[000100000000],gr(h3,k2vr)=[000000000010],gr(h3,k2ad)=[000000010000],gr(h3,k3hr)=[000000001000],gr(h3,k3vr)=[000000000100],gr(h3,k4hr)=[000000001000],gr(h3,k4vr)=[000000000001],gr(h3,k4ad)=[001000000000]
将12个初始测点关于各频带各激励位置的激励敏感性得分向量求和,得到12个测点在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带内关于8个主要激励轴承座方向的敏感性总得分向量为:
gz=[144100133511]
所得敏感性总得分向量表示当锥齿轮箱体受到锥齿轮传动故障激励时,锥齿轮箱上各初始测点处的振动响应在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带内的整体敏感性得分。敏感性越高的测点更容易监测得到锥齿轮传动故障激励所引起的在三个频带内的振动响应。因此根据敏感性总得分可以筛选得到对锥齿轮传动故障激励敏感的优化测点。
当设置优化测点数目为5个时,则根据以上敏感性总得分筛选5个敏感性得分最高的测点即优化测点,分别为:45号测点x方向、49号测点x方向、25号测点y方向、88号测点y方向及93号测点y方向。基于以上5个优化测点可以组成用于锥齿轮传动振动监测的优化测点组。
图7所示,锥齿轮传动试验台由驱动电机、锥齿轮箱、电涡流制动器、水箱、编码器、扭矩传感器和电控系统组成。试验中通过调节驱动电机转速和电涡流制动器负载,控制工作台在不同转速和不同负载模拟工况下工作。因此,设置驱动电机转速为2100 r/min,电涡流制动器额定负载为7.4 N·m,给定负载为额定负载的10%。待试验台达到稳定工作状态时,采用12个加速度传感器拾取箱体各测点的加速度响应,使用LMS Test.Lab数据采集系统采集各传感器信号,振动信号采集时长为30 s,采样频率为8192 Hz。
首先使用加速度传感器采集12个初始测点位置的振动响应,对比并分析所采集的12个初始测点中5个优化测点及其余7个初始测点对于锥齿轮传动的振动响应的敏感性。对所采集的振动响应加速度信号进行快速傅里叶变换得到振动响应的频域表达。选择各测点频域响应幅值的平均值来评价各测点振动敏感性的大小。为避免不同频率成分的噪音对计算结果产生干扰,仅计算不同频带内锥齿轮啮合特征频率所对应频谱幅值的平均值。在400~700 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率f、其邻近的6个输入转频调制频率(f±fif±2fif±3fi)和6个输出转频调制频率(f±fof±2fof±3fo)所对应的频谱幅值的平均值;在1000~1300 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率二倍频及其邻近的6个输入转频和6个输出转频调制频率所对应的频谱幅值的平均值;在1500~1800 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率三倍频及其邻近的6个输入转频和6个输出转频调制频率所对应的频谱幅值的平均值;计算得到3个频带内各测点锥齿轮传动特征频率对应频谱幅值的平均值并绘图,如图8所示。
分析图8可知,5个优化测点在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带内的振动响应频谱幅值整体大于其余各个测点。根据图8(a)可知,在400~700 Hz频带内,49号测点x方向、88号测点y方向及93号测点y方向的振动响应幅值较大,对于该频带内的振动响应更敏感;根据图8(b)可知,在1000~1300 Hz频带内,45号测点x方向及25号测点y方向的振动响应幅值较大,对于该频带内的振动响应更敏感;根据图8(c)可知,在1500~1800 Hz频带内,45号测点x方向、88号测点y方向及93号测点y方向的振动响应幅值较大,对于该频带内的振动响应更敏感;可以发现,对于不同频带下的振动,优化测点中均存在对相应频带下的振动响应较敏感的测点;但不同优化测点对于不同频带及位置激励下的振动响应敏感性不同,因而需要进一步通过对各测点处的频谱进行融合来进行齿轮传动振动响应监测。
基于各测点振动响应进行响应频谱融合,并对比讨论基于优化测点组和各初始测点组的融合频谱的锥齿轮传动振动监测效果。设置优化测点组及初始测点组如表3所示。优化测点组由5个优化测点组成,各初始测点组由任意5个初始测点随机组成。
当锥齿轮箱输入转速为2100 r/min时,采集各测点振动加速度响应,并通过快速傅里叶变换得到各测点振动响应频谱。分别基于优化测点组及初始测点组进行振动响应频谱融合。其中,基于优化测点组进行频谱融合时,根据各优化测点重要性权重对频谱进行加权求和得到融合频谱;基于其余初始测点组进行频谱融合时,认为各测点的振动响应重要性权重相同,按照平均加权原则进行频谱融合。所得各测点组融合频谱如图9所示。
图9(a)可知,基于优化测点组1的融合频谱中,锥齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.9778g;由图9(b)可知,基于初始测点组2的融合频谱中,锥齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.7934g;由图9(c)可知,基于初始测点组3的融合频谱中,锥齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.5783g;由图9(d)可知,基于优化测点组4的融合频谱中,锥齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.6293g;可以发现,基于优化测点组1的融合频谱中,锥齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值整体大于各初始测点组,说明基于优化测点组1的融合频谱对于锥齿轮传动的振动信号更加敏感。
为进一步量化对比各测点组融合频谱的振动信息表征能力,分别计算各测点组融合频谱在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带,以及在0~2000 Hz整个频带内锥齿轮啮合特征频率所对应频谱幅值的平均值,如表4所示。其中在400~700 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率f、其邻近的6个输入转频调制频率(f±fif±2fif±3fi)和6个输出转频调制频率(f±fof±2fof±3fo)所对应的频谱幅值的平均值;在1000~1300 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率二倍频及其邻近的6个输入转频和6个输出转频调制频率所对应的频谱幅值的平均值;在1500~1800 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率三倍频及其邻近的6个输入转频和6个输出转频调制频率所对应的频谱幅值的平均值;在0~2000 Hz频带内,计算锥齿轮啮合频率一倍频、二倍频、三倍频及其各自邻近的6个输入转频和6个输出转频调制频率所对应的频谱幅值的平均值。
根据表4分析可知,基于优化测点组1的振动响应融合频谱在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带,以及在0~2000 Hz整个频带内的频谱幅值平均值均大于初始测点组2、3及4。分别计算不同频带内各测点组的幅值平均值相对于优化测点组1的百分比,可以得到各初始测点组关于优化测点组的频谱幅值相对值,从而对比分析各测点组的振动监测效果。在400~700 Hz频带内,初始测点组2、3及4关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值相对值分别为73.11%、70.86%及67.53%;在1000~1300 Hz频带内,初始测点组2、3及4关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值相对值分别为97.35%、71.63%及61.36%;在1500~1800 Hz频带内,初始测点组2、3及4关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值相对值分别为68.47%、52.04%及78.94%;在0~2000 Hz频带内,初始测点组2、3及4关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值相对值分别为85.44%、67.77%及66.30%;综合各测点组的幅值相对值可以看出,优化测点组1的振动信号融合频谱整体幅值较大,表现出更高的频谱能量。说明基于优化测点组的融合频谱对于齿轮传动的振动响应更敏感,相对于其余各初始测点组具有更好的监测效果。
以上分析仅对比了优化测点组与其余初始测点组的融合频谱对于齿轮传动的振动响应监测效果。为进一步验证优化测点组相对于其余非初始测点组的融合频谱振动响应监测效果,保持锥齿轮箱运行工况不变,再次使用加速度传感器采集5个优化测点及其余任意7个非初始测点的振动响应,并进行快速傅里叶变换得到振动响应的频域表达,各测点位置及方向如图10所示。
选择各测点频域响应幅值的平均值来评价各测点振动敏感性的大小。分别计算各测点在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带内的锥齿轮啮合特征频率所对应频谱幅值的平均值并绘图,如图11所示。
同样分析图11可知,5个优化测点在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带内的振动响应幅值整体大于其余各个测点,但不同优化测点对于不同频带及位置激励下的振动响应敏感性不同,因而需要进一步通过对各测点处的频谱进行融合来进行齿轮传动振动响应监测。设置一个优化测点组及多个其余非初始测点组进行频谱融合,并基于锥齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值及不同频段的频谱幅值平均值量化对比优化测点组及其余非初始测点组融合频谱的振动响应监测效果。设置优化测点组及其余测点组如表5所示。
分别基于优化测点组及其余测点组进行振动响应频谱融合。同样,基于优化测点组进行频谱融合时,根据各优化测点重要性权重对频谱进行加权求和得到融合频谱;基于其余初始测点组进行频谱融合时,认为各测点的振动响应重要性权重相同,按照平均加权原则进行频谱融合。所得各测点组融合频谱如图12所示。
分析图12(a)可知,基于优化测点组1的融合频谱中,齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.8684g;根据图12(b)可知,基于其余测点组5的融合频谱中,齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.7184g;根据图12(c)可知,基于其余测点组6的融合频谱中,齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.7517g;根据图12(d)可知,基于其余测点组7的融合频谱中,齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值平均值为0.6031g;同样可以发现,基于优化测点组1的融合频谱中,齿轮啮合频率及其倍频处的响应幅值整体大于各其余测点组。分别计算各测点组融合频谱在400~700 Hz、1000~1300 Hz、1500~1800 Hz三个频带,以及在0~2000 Hz整个频带内锥齿轮啮合特征频率所对应频谱幅值的平均值,如表6所示。
根据表6可以看出,基于优化测点组1前后2次加速度实测信号的融合频谱在各频带内的频谱幅值存在波动,分析原因是由于锥齿轮运行工况为时变工况,2次信号采集不完全相同导致。同样可基于各其余测点组关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值相对值来对比分析各测点组的振动监测效果。计算各其余测点组关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值百分比可得,在400~700 Hz频带内,其余测点组5、6及7关于优化测点组1的频谱幅值相对值分别为86.21%、73.61%及82.58%;在1000~1300 Hz频带内,其余测点组5、6及7的频谱幅值相对值分别为98.42%、84.64%及61.17%;在1500~1800 Hz频带内,其余测点组5、6及7的频谱幅值相对值分别为61.36%、60.32%及72.15%;在0~2000 Hz频带内,其余测点组5、6及7的频谱幅值相对值分别为88.67%、77.40%及69.03%;分析各测点组的幅值相对值,可知优化测点组1的振动信号融合频谱整体幅值较大,表现出更高的频谱能量。说明,基于优化测点组进行齿轮传动振动监测相对于其余非初始测点组也具有更好的监测效果。
本文通过理论推导、有限元仿真以及锥齿轮传动试验台验证,研究了基于箱体模态及频响函数有效独立分析的齿轮传动振动测点优化布局方法,同时基于优化测点的频谱融合进行齿轮传动振动监测。主要结论如下:
(1) 基于齿轮传动系统箱体模态振型进行有效独立分析得到初始测点布局,使得初始测点分布在对齿轮箱振动模态贡献最大的区域,从而保证振动监测初始测点分布在对齿轮传动箱体整体振动特性较敏感的区域。
(2) 分析齿轮传动系统故障激励的主要激励轴承座及方向,并采集初始测点关于各主要激励轴承座方向的频响函数进行主成分分析及有效独立分析,优化得到不同频带下对各主要激励轴承座方向的激励最敏感的测点。通过测点敏感性分析筛选得到多个频带下对齿轮传动振动激励敏感的优化测点。
(3) 由于不同测点对不同频带及位置激励的敏感性不同,基于单一测点振动信号进行振动监测具有一定局限性,因此采用加权融合的方式得到基于优化测点组的振动响应融合频谱,并通过融合频谱进行齿轮传动系统的振动监测。
(4) 为验证基于优化测点组的融合频谱进行齿轮传动系统振动监测的高效性,通过锥齿轮传动试验台实测信号进行分析讨论。结果表明,基于优化测点组的振动响应融合频谱的整体响应幅值相对初始测点组及其余测点组较高。即基于优化测点组的融合频谱对齿轮传动振动响应更敏感,对于齿轮传动具有更好的监测效果。
本文所提齿轮传动系统测点优化布局方法以及基于优化测点的融合频谱进行齿轮传动振动监测的应用,可以为多种机械传动装置内部传动系统的故障监测提供思路,以提高故障监测的高效性及准确性。
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2025年第38卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.019
  • 接收时间:2024-04-21
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2024-04-21
  • 修回日期:2024-06-07
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    1.西安交通大学航空动力系统与等离子体技术全国重点实验室,陕西 西安 710049
    2.西安交通大学机械工程学院,陕西 西安 710049
    3.中国兵器工业集团中国北方车辆研究所,北京 100072

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曹宏瑞(1982—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
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