Article(id=1228805367577112716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.007, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1746460800000, receivedDateStr=2025-05-06, revisedDate=1748966400000, revisedDateStr=2025-06-04, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899629730, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899629730, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899629730, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899629730, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805359561802007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='6', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1362', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899627819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901542852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1190, endPage=1198, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805367849742494, articleId=1228805367577112716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Method for predicting the high-cycle fatigue remaining useful life of aero-engine blades based on physics-informed neural networks, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

As a core component of an aero-engine, the structural integrity of a blade directly determines the engine’s performance and flight safety. Under extreme working conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, and high-speed rotation, blades are prone to generating micro-cracks under the action of complex stress fields. Once cracks propagate and cause blade fracture, they will trigger chain damage, posing significant safety hazards. Based on the damage tolerance concept, the critical duration during which a blade can still operate safely after crack initiation is defined as the remaining useful life (RUL).To address this, this study proposes a mechanism-data dual-driven RUL prediction method integrating the Paris crack propagation law and physics-informed neural networks (PINN). By constructing a loss function that incorporates physical constraints, this method regularizes and constrains the gradients of the neural network. It enables inverse identification of crack propagation parameters while effectively improving the model’s prediction accuracy under limited monitoring data. For aero-engine blades and CT (compact tension) specimens, compared with traditional physical models and data-driven methods, the proposed method dynamically updates characteristic parameters to adapt to system changes, significantly reducing prediction errors under limited sample conditions. Additionally, the PINN model developed in this study features lightweight architecture and fast inference capabilities, meeting the requirements of online monitoring and predictive maintenance. This method provides a new technical pathway for health management and intelligent operation and maintenance of aero-engines.

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=null, copyrightStatement=null, copyrightOwner=null, extLink=null, articleAbsUrl=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, pdfUrl=null, pdf=null, pdfFileSize=null, pdfExtLink=null, richHtmlUrl=null, mobilePdfUrl=null, reviewReport=null, pdfFirstPage=null, abstractGraph=null, abstractGraphContent=null, abstractVideo=null, citation=null, cebUrl=null, magXmlContent=null, mapNumber=null, authorCompany=null, fund=null, authors=null, authorsList=Yu ZHANG, Pei LIU, Qingcheng LIU, Kexin HAN, Weimin WANG, Jinji GAO), CN=ArticleExt(id=1228805369883980084, articleId=1228805367577112716, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=CN, title=基于物理信息神经网络的航空发动机叶片高周疲劳剩余寿命预测方法, columnId=0, journalTitle=振动工程学报, columnName=, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

叶片作为航空发动机核心部件,其结构完整性直接决定发动机的性能与飞行安全。在高温、高压及高速旋转等极端工况下,叶片易在复杂应力场作用下产生微裂纹,一旦裂纹扩展、叶片发生断裂,将引发连锁破坏,构成重大安全隐患。基于损伤容限理念,叶片在出现裂纹后仍能维持安全运行的临界时长被界定为剩余寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)。为此,本文提出一种基于Paris裂纹扩展定律与物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network,PINN)融合的机理-数据双驱动的剩余寿命预测方法。该方法通过构建包含物理约束的损失函数,对神经网络梯度进行正则化约束,在实现裂纹扩展参数逆向辨识的同时,有效提升了模型在有限监测数据条件下的预测准确性。针对航发叶片与CT试样,相较于传统物理模型与数据驱动方法,本文方法动态更新特征参数以适应系统的变化,在有限样本条件下的预测误差显著降低。此外,本文所构建的PINN模型具有轻量化特性与快速推理能力,可以满足在线监测与预测性维护的需求,为航空发动机健康管理和智能运维提供了一种技术路径。

, correspAuthors=null, authorNote=null, correspAuthorsNote=
王维民(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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张羽(1998—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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张羽(1998—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

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Beijing: China Aero-Polytechnology Establishment, 2021., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228805378448749336, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805367577112716, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=33, issue=20, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=24, authorNames=张俊红, 杨硕, 刘海, journalName=振动与冲击, refType=null, unstructuredReference=张俊红,杨硕, 刘海,等.裂纹参数对航空发动机叶片频率转向特性影响研究[J]. 振动与冲击, 2014, 33(20):7-11., articleTitle=裂纹参数对航空发动机叶片频率转向特性影响研究, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228805378524246813, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805367577112716, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2014, volume=33, issue=20, pageStart=7, pageEnd=11, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[21], rfOrder=25, authorNames=ZHANG Junhong, YANG Shuo, LIU Hai, journalName=Journal of Vibration and Shock, refType=null, unstructuredReference=ZHANG Junhong, YANG Shuo, LIU Hai, et al.Influence of crack parameters on frequency veering characteristic of aero-engine blade[J]. 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China Aeronautical Materials Handbook[M]. Beijing:Tsinghua University Press, 2013., articleTitle=null, refAbstract=null), Reference(id=1228805378813653797, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805367577112716, doi=null, pmid=null, pmcid=null, year=2021, volume=241, issue=null, pageStart=null, pageEnd=null, url=null, language=null, rfNumber=[23], rfOrder=28, authorNames=MA X R, HE X F, TU Z C, journalName=Engineering Fracture Mechanics, refType=null, unstructuredReference=MA X R, HE X F, TU Z C. Prediction of fatigue-crack growth with neural network-based increment learning scheme[J]. 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caption=

The PINN hyper-parameters

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参数取值
神经网络隐藏层层数5
神经网络隐藏层的神经元数128
训练轮次30000
学习率0.001
λdλp1、100
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PINN超参数

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参数取值
神经网络隐藏层层数5
神经网络隐藏层的神经元数128
训练轮次30000
学习率0.001
λdλp1、100
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Pseudo-code of the PINN training method

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法1: 裂纹产生及扩展试验
输入: 早期监测数据、arednred
 1:  repeat
 2:   /*前向预测*/
 3:    npre=NN(ared)
 4:    Ld=MSELoss(npre,nred)
 5:   ap=random sampling∈[a0,aC]
 6:   np=NN(ap)
 7:    NNap=AD(np,ap)
 8:    dadN=10mlg(ΔK)+lgC
 9:    Lp=MSELoss(NNa,C(ΔK)m)
 10:   Losstotal=λdLd+λpLp
 11:   Losstotal·backend(·)
 12:   Optimizer.step(Wi,bi,C,m)
 13:   until 损失函数收敛
 14:  return NNCm
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物理信息神经网络(PINN)训练伪代码

, figureFileSmall=null, figureFileBig=null, tableContent=
算法1: 裂纹产生及扩展试验
输入: 早期监测数据、arednred
 1:  repeat
 2:   /*前向预测*/
 3:    npre=NN(ared)
 4:    Ld=MSELoss(npre,nred)
 5:   ap=random sampling∈[a0,aC]
 6:   np=NN(ap)
 7:    NNap=AD(np,ap)
 8:    dadN=10mlg(ΔK)+lgC
 9:    Lp=MSELoss(NNa,C(ΔK)m)
 10:   Losstotal=λdLd+λpLp
 11:   Losstotal·backend(·)
 12:   Optimizer.step(Wi,bi,C,m)
 13:   until 损失函数收敛
 14:  return NNCm
), ArticleFig(id=1228805375533707924, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805367577112716, language=EN, label=Tab.3, caption=

Material properties of TC4

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密度/(kg·m−3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa屈服强度/MPa
44401.1×1050.34895825
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TC4材料性能

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密度/(kg·m−3)弹性模量/MPa泊松比抗拉强度/MPa屈服强度/MPa
44401.1×1050.34895825
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The crack propagation test data

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裂纹长度/mm循环次数
70
81.37×107
9.54.34×107
10.54.83×107
121.13×108
141.74×108
162.18×108
182.81×108
193.17×108
20.53.60×108
224.15×108
234.55×108
255.23×108
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裂纹扩展试验数据

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裂纹长度/mm循环次数
70
81.37×107
9.54.34×107
10.54.83×107
121.13×108
141.74×108
162.18×108
182.81×108
193.17×108
20.53.60×108
224.15×108
234.55×108
255.23×108
), ArticleFig(id=1228805375877640865, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805367577112716, language=EN, label=Tab.5, caption=

Comparison of evaluation indicators of each method

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模型R²RMSEMAEMAPE/%
PINN模型0.903.11×1072.79×1078.08
传统物理模型0.451.68×1081.62×10841.20
数据驱动方法0.072.17×1082.11×10853.77
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各方法的评价指标对比

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模型R²RMSEMAEMAPE/%
PINN模型0.903.11×1072.79×1078.08
传统物理模型0.451.68×1081.62×10841.20
数据驱动方法0.072.17×1082.11×10853.77
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基于物理信息神经网络的航空发动机叶片高周疲劳剩余寿命预测方法
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张羽 1 , 刘佩 1, 2 , 刘庆成 1 , 韩可欣 1 , 王维民 1, 2 , 高金吉 1, 2
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(6): 1190-1198
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(6): 1190-1198
基于物理信息神经网络的航空发动机叶片高周疲劳剩余寿命预测方法
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张羽1 , 刘佩1, 2, 刘庆成1, 韩可欣1, 王维民1, 2 , 高金吉1, 2
作者信息
  • 1.北京化工大学高端压缩机及系统技术全国重点实验室,北京 100029
  • 2.北京化工大学高端机械装备健康监控与自愈化北京市重点实验室,北京 100029
  • 张羽(1998—),女,博士研究生。E-mail:

通讯作者:

王维民(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
Method for predicting the high-cycle fatigue remaining useful life of aero-engine blades based on physics-informed neural networks
Yu ZHANG1 , Pei LIU1, 2, Qingcheng LIU1, Kexin HAN1, Weimin WANG1, 2 , Jinji GAO1, 2
Affiliations
  • 1.State Key Laboratory of High-End Compressor and System Technology,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
  • 2.Beijing Key Laboratory of Health Monitoring and Self-Recovery for High-End Mechanical Equipment,Beijing University of Chemical Technology,Beijing 100029,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.007
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叶片作为航空发动机核心部件,其结构完整性直接决定发动机的性能与飞行安全。在高温、高压及高速旋转等极端工况下,叶片易在复杂应力场作用下产生微裂纹,一旦裂纹扩展、叶片发生断裂,将引发连锁破坏,构成重大安全隐患。基于损伤容限理念,叶片在出现裂纹后仍能维持安全运行的临界时长被界定为剩余寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)。为此,本文提出一种基于Paris裂纹扩展定律与物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network,PINN)融合的机理-数据双驱动的剩余寿命预测方法。该方法通过构建包含物理约束的损失函数,对神经网络梯度进行正则化约束,在实现裂纹扩展参数逆向辨识的同时,有效提升了模型在有限监测数据条件下的预测准确性。针对航发叶片与CT试样,相较于传统物理模型与数据驱动方法,本文方法动态更新特征参数以适应系统的变化,在有限样本条件下的预测误差显著降低。此外,本文所构建的PINN模型具有轻量化特性与快速推理能力,可以满足在线监测与预测性维护的需求,为航空发动机健康管理和智能运维提供了一种技术路径。

剩余寿命  /  疲劳寿命预测  /  疲劳裂纹扩展  /  物理信息神经网络  /  航空发动机叶片

As a core component of an aero-engine, the structural integrity of a blade directly determines the engine’s performance and flight safety. Under extreme working conditions such as high temperature, high pressure, and high-speed rotation, blades are prone to generating micro-cracks under the action of complex stress fields. Once cracks propagate and cause blade fracture, they will trigger chain damage, posing significant safety hazards. Based on the damage tolerance concept, the critical duration during which a blade can still operate safely after crack initiation is defined as the remaining useful life (RUL).To address this, this study proposes a mechanism-data dual-driven RUL prediction method integrating the Paris crack propagation law and physics-informed neural networks (PINN). By constructing a loss function that incorporates physical constraints, this method regularizes and constrains the gradients of the neural network. It enables inverse identification of crack propagation parameters while effectively improving the model’s prediction accuracy under limited monitoring data. For aero-engine blades and CT (compact tension) specimens, compared with traditional physical models and data-driven methods, the proposed method dynamically updates characteristic parameters to adapt to system changes, significantly reducing prediction errors under limited sample conditions. Additionally, the PINN model developed in this study features lightweight architecture and fast inference capabilities, meeting the requirements of online monitoring and predictive maintenance. This method provides a new technical pathway for health management and intelligent operation and maintenance of aero-engines.

remaining useful life (RUL)  /  fatigue life prediction  /  fatigue crack propagation  /  PINN  /  aero-engine blade
张羽, 刘佩, 刘庆成, 韩可欣, 王维民, 高金吉. 基于物理信息神经网络的航空发动机叶片高周疲劳剩余寿命预测方法. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1190 -1198 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.007
Yu ZHANG, Pei LIU, Qingcheng LIU, Kexin HAN, Weimin WANG, Jinji GAO. Method for predicting the high-cycle fatigue remaining useful life of aero-engine blades based on physics-informed neural networks[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1190 -1198 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.007
叶片作为航空发动机能量转换系统的核心气动部件,其结构完整性直接决定发动机的整体性能。在高温高压的工作环境下,叶片承受着离心力、气动力及振动激励等载荷作用,其复杂的几何结构不可避免地造成应力集中现象,诱发产生微裂纹并最终引发疲劳失效[1-4]。为了保障飞行安全,航空发动机在设计、使用和维修等环节普遍留有一定的安全裕度。在实际服役过程中,叶片寿命通常在105以上,此循环次数范围内的疲劳被定义为高周疲劳(high cycle fatigue,HCF)。值得注意的是,高周疲劳裂纹直接影响航空发动机的工作安全,瞬时断裂的叶片飞出后能够打断相邻的前后级叶片,引发级间叶片连锁断裂甚至击穿机匣,造成重大事故。因此,确保叶片的结构完整性和稳定运行对于航空发动机的安全、高效运行至关重要。
随着损伤容限思想的发展,如果叶片发生材料疲劳或外物打击等事件后,在规定的期限(如发动机的设计寿命或检查周期)内仍能安全运行,则可定义该段寿命为叶片的剩余寿命(remaining useful life,RUL)[5]。RUL预测是预测与健康管理(prognostics and health management,PHM)的核心技术,其预测方法主要分为三大类,基于物理模型的方法、基于数据驱动的方法以及融合两者的混合方法[6]。基于物理模型的预测方法需要根据材料的失效机理建立物理模型,通过大量数据建立在特定应力水平下的失效模型。然而,由于个体差异性和实际运行条件的多变性,该类方法在实际预测RUL时存在较大偏差[7]。近年来,随着深度学习技术的迅猛发展和算力的大幅提升,基于数据驱动的故障诊断方法在PHM领域得到广泛应用。然而,此类方法高度依赖大规模高质量的训练数据[8],在小样本条件下,其泛化能力显著下降且预测不确定性加剧,严重影响预测的稳定性与可靠性。尤其在涡轮叶片的失效分析中,受限于故障样本的稀缺性与试验成本,难以构建满足需求的高质量断裂失效数据库。ZHU等[9]使用CNN卷积神经网络进行叶片裂纹故障诊断,针对匀速条件下的裂纹位置及深度进行识别,相比于其他的机器学习方法效果明显,但分析中采用的是长而薄的直叶片,结论缺少普适性。文献[10-11]均提出机器学习模型的准确性在很大程度上依赖于试验数据的预处理、训练数据的选择以及与模型相关的超参数选择。混合方法则在物理模型与数据驱动模型之间寻求融合,结合物理模型和历史数据来预测RUL,通过数据对模型中的参数进行调整,保证模型与实际退化特征的一致性。基于物理信息神经网络(physics-informed neural network,PINN)的数据驱动预测方法,是一种结合了物理规律和数据驱动方法的机器学习技术,适用于解决包含复杂物理过程的非线性问题[12]。KIM等[13]使用Paris定律预测裂纹扩展过程,并添加随机噪声来模拟实际测量环境。相比于ANN方法,PINN方法显示出对于测试数据变化的鲁棒性。LIAO等[14]提出的PINN模型在MT和CT试件上均取得了良好的剩余寿命预测效果。ZHAO等[15]采用PINN方法预测齿轮的剩余寿命,该方法融合了有限元模型进行应力分析、齿轮动力学模型计算动态载荷,以及基于Paris定律的裂纹扩展模型。然而,由于有限元模型和动力学模型的计算复杂度较高,导致模型更新迭代速度缓慢,难以满足实时性要求。此外,该方法对传感器测量精度要求较高,可能在实际应用中因数据噪声或误差影响预测准确性。
裂纹扩展的实时监测是保障叶片结构完整性的关键环节,其动态演化特征直接影响疲劳寿命评估与故障预警效能。针对这一核心问题,赵炎等[16]采用光纤布拉格光栅传感器构建监测系统,利用该系统轻量化、抗电磁干扰特性成功捕捉裂纹扩展过程中的光谱面积拐点特征,但研究发现传感器布设位置对检测灵敏度存在显著依赖。与此同时,ZHANG等[17]开发的声发射技术通过撞击数-裂纹长度模型实现了扩展过程量化表征,然而实际工程场景中多源噪声的干扰、复杂传递路径及恶劣环境导致信号信噪比急剧劣化。这两类典型方法的应用瓶颈共同表明:裂纹扩展机理与监测技术的协同研究对提升损伤识别精度具有不可替代的工程价值。
尽管物理信息神经网络在疲劳寿命预测领域展现出良好的预测性能,当前针对叶片裂纹扩展剩余寿命的研究仍较为有限。特别是在仅具备少量初始观测信息的情形下,现有预测方法在精度与适应性方面均面临显著挑战。一方面,由于裂纹扩展涉及复杂的物理过程,依赖有限观测数据构建精确的物理模型存在较大困难;另一方面,纯数据驱动的方法在样本稀缺的条件下易产生较大的预测误差,且其“黑箱”特性限制了模型的可解释性与物理一致性。
因此,亟须一种融合物理机制与观测数据的信息物理融合建模方法,以弥补物理模型因简化假设带来的偏差,同时提升数据驱动模型的泛化能力与可解释性。为此,本文提出一种基于PINN的叶片疲劳裂纹剩余寿命预测方法。该方法在网络训练过程中显式嵌入疲劳裂纹扩展的物理规律(Paris定律),以物理损失函数直接约束网络梯度,确保预测结果在满足已有观测数据的同时保持物理一致性。此外,该方法还可借助有限的历史观测数据对模型中未知或难以测量的物理参数进行反向识别,从而提高预测精度和可靠性。
本文的结构安排如下:第1节介绍了所提出的用于预测剩余寿命的物理信息神经网络方法的搭建过程及参数选择;第2节介绍了航空发动机叶片疲劳裂纹产生及扩展的试验;第3节针对两种不同的试验对象,对本文提出的模型进行了验证,即第3.1节介绍对该型航发叶片的裂纹剩余寿命预测,本文所提方法的预测结果和与其他两种方法的对比分析;第3.2节对CT试样疲劳裂纹剩余扩展寿命的公开数据集进行验证,将本文所提方法的预测结果与其他两种方法进行对比分析;第4节对本文进行了总结。
金属材料的疲劳失效通常分为三个阶段:裂纹产生、裂纹稳定扩展和裂纹失稳扩展,对应构成了疲劳总寿命的三个组成部分。本文中所指的剩余寿命为疲劳裂纹稳定扩展的寿命,即适用于Paris公式的裂纹扩展区间。
在裂纹稳定扩展阶段,Paris定律常用于描述裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子之间的关系。其中,应力强度因子幅值ΔK定义为交变应力最大值和最小值所计算的应力强度因子值之差。
dadN=C(ΔK)m
式中,a为裂纹长度;N为载荷循环次数;Cm为材料参数。对于同一材料,m不随构件的形状和载荷性质而改变,C与材料的力学性质如屈服极限及硬化指数等有关。
裂纹从初始长度a0扩展到临界长度aC所经历的载荷循环次数NRUL,称为疲劳裂纹扩展寿命。由于裂纹失稳扩展速度极快,对寿命影响不大,在估算寿命时通常不考虑失稳扩展阶段。因此,疲劳裂纹扩展寿命可表示为:
NRUL=a0aC1C(ΔK)mda
在PINN的构建阶段,通过损失函数将物理知识嵌入神经网络,然后用监测的试验数据对该网络进行训练,在训练过程中,同时更新Paris定律中的参数,最后利用训练好的模型来预测剩余寿命,并对比误差。
在训练阶段,输入数据包括监测到的裂纹长度,通过前馈神经网络进行处理,以预测高周疲劳循环次数。随后,通过BP神经网络的权重和偏差以及物理模型参数,使预测结果与观测数据保持一致,同时遵循裂纹扩展规律。在预测阶段,输入数据包括未来时间的裂纹长度,输出结果为该裂纹长度对应的NRUL。本文设计的基于Paris公式的PINN模型求解网络架构如图1所示,图中ε为人为设定的损失函数阈值,代表模型训练停止的条件,该模型建立的具体步骤为:
(1)设计神经网络,包括输入层、隐藏层和输出层,以及各层神经元。
n=NN(a)=Wiσi1{σ2[W2σ1(W1a+b1)+b2]}+bi
式中,Wibi分别为权重矩阵和偏置向量;σi为每一层的非线性激活函数。为了防止该神经网络出现过拟合现象,i取值为5。与复杂的神经网络相比,本文模型具有训练速度快、实时性好的特点,契合航空发动机叶片需要实时在线监测的诊断需求。在基于疲劳裂纹扩展的PINN建模中,激活函数的选取需要重点关注裂纹非线性扩展行为、应力强度因子的梯度剧烈波动以及控制方程的数值收敛性。其中,tanh激活函数因其二阶导数具有连续且光滑的数学特性,在求解涉及应力场的高阶偏微分方程时展现出独特优势[18],因此成为首选。该激活函数的表达式如下:
tanh(x)=exexex+ex
式中,x表示待激活神经元的输出。
(2)由全连接网络输出的参数N通过自动微分技术(automatic differentiation),基于链式法则计算节点间的多阶梯度,在确保计算精度的同时优化计算效率。该过程将网络输出直接嵌入损失函数参与参数优化。训练采用多轮迭代策略,在每轮迭代中动态更新采样点分布,通过空间域内的随机采样机制,确保神经网络在计算域内获得全面监督。本文中使用的自动微分公式如下:
1da/dN=dNda=NNa
式中,NN/a表示该神经网络预测的输入a相对于N的梯度。
(3)模型性能评估通过构建损失函数实现,损失函数可以量化神经网络预测值与真实值的偏离程度。通过迭代优化网络参数最小化损失函数,完成对控制方程的渐进式求解,其中损失值下降幅度直接反映预测精度提升程度。本研究建立的基于Paris公式的PINN模型,其损失函数Ltotal包含两个均方误差(MSE)项:数据拟合项Ld表征观测数据匹配度,物理约束项Lp反映裂纹扩展规律吻合程度。与传统数据驱动方法不同,该模型通过耦合物理机理约束,确保裂纹扩展过程的力学一致性。本模型具体损失函数可表示为:
Ld=MSELoss(npre,nred)
Lp=MSELoss(dadN,C(ΔK)m)=MSELoss(NNa,C(ΔK)m)
Ltotal=λdLd+λpLp
式中,npre为模型的预测输出周期数;nred为试验监测并记录得到的周期数;λdλp为用于平衡数据拟合与物理一致性的参数。
(4)由于材料微观结构的差异性以及制造缺陷等原因,Paris公式中的参数Cm极易受到个体差异影响,从而增加预测结果的分散度。为了获得符合叶片特征的材料参数,本文建立的PINN模型也可以通过试验数据来确定C值和m值。即通过输入训练数据部分的裂纹长度,预测对应的循环次数,以此得到数据拟合项误差Ld。随后,在[a0,aC]范围内随机采样一系列假定的裂纹长度作为神经网络的输入值,即可得到网络梯度NN/a,从而得到物理约束项Lp。由于C值和m值也参与了物理约束项Lp的计算,当通过优化器最小化总损失函数时,不仅神经网络的权重(Wi)和偏置(bi)会通过反向传播算法(backpropagation,BP)更新,材料参数Cm也作为可训练变量,同样通过反向传播算法进行更新,以更好地拟合监测数据并遵循物理规律。
通过试验数据测得裂纹长度a和循环次数N,则da/dN可以通过如下公式进行转换:
dadN=aj+1ajnj+1nj
式中,j为试验记录的节点时间。应力强度因子ΔK的计算可表示为[14]
ΔK=ΔFBπα2wsecπα2
式中,ΔF为交变应力的最大值与最小值之差,ΔF=FmaxFminw表示试样的宽度;B表示试样的厚度;α为形状系数,α=2a/w。在训练过程中,a-N曲线中60%的数据作为训练数据,40%的数据用于评估预测性能,训练终止条件为Ltotal小于设定的阈值。
为促进神经网络的收敛,对相关数据和参数进行了归一化处理,使其缩放到相同的数值范围,以避免因数值差异过大而导致的模型失真问题。本文中的神经网络均基于PyTorch深度学习框架,每1000个迭代次数记录一次损失函数,保存训练损失最小的模型,用于预测剩余寿命。表1为物理信息神经网络(PINN)的超参数,表2给出了训练及模型参数辨识的主要流程。
与标准试件不同,本文采用真实的航空发动机扭叶片进行疲劳寿命试验,有如下难点:首先,航发叶片服役环境极为严苛,常处于高温、高压和高转速条件下,其在正常运行过程中承受的循环载荷次数通常超过107次,甚至可达1010次。相较之下,在实验室环境下进行的疲劳试验所获得的寿命往往偏长[19];其次,为了提高效率,涡轮叶片的表面形状通常设计成扭曲的变截面曲面,极易形成应力集中现象,从而显著提升了试验难度;为延长服役时间,叶片通常采用高温合金锻造及表面强化方法提高其可靠性,但同时也增加了材料的各向异性,提高了疲劳试验结果的分散度。
此外,在航空发动机实际运行工况中,转子叶片处于动态旋转状态,承受准静态离心载荷与高频振动激励的共同作用。其中,低周疲劳损伤主要由离心载荷主导,而高周疲劳特性则显著依赖于振动载荷激励强度。为辨析高周疲劳与裂纹扩展的关联特性,本文设计并搭建了振动态试验平台,实施加速疲劳试验,重点分析高频载荷作用下叶片裂纹的演化规律与失效特征。本试验通过振动台输出固定频率正弦激励,驱动叶片产生同频受迫振动,试验台结构如图2所示。试验系统由以下模块构成:振动激励单元:包含振动台及专用夹具;用于夹持试件并施加周期性载荷的传感单元:包括叶身表面粘贴的应变片(监测动应力分布)、激光位移传感器(实时获取叶尖位移量)以及加速度传感器(标定振动幅值);数据采集模块:同步记录位移与加速度信号;闭环控制模块:基于反馈信号动态调节振动频率。
在试验过程中,叶片通过专用夹具刚性连接至振动台,形成完整的振动系统。试验方案参考《发动机叶片及材料振动疲劳试验方法》(HB 5277—2021)[20]制定,以确保试验数据的规范性。首先在试验前应对叶片进行检查:对原始状态不清楚的叶片,必须在叶根部位进行硬度检查;对经过试车或服役过的叶片必须进行着色探伤,以检查有无裂纹。具体流程为:首先通过有限元分析计算叶片的固有频率、模态应变及叶尖周向位移,并据此选择叶尖位移测点,通过试验台正弦扫频验证固有频率;然后采用叶尖位移控制进行首件振动疲劳试验,并根据实际循环数调整位移。试验中,每107次循环后重新扫频以判断裂纹是否产生。若未产生,则继续疲劳试验;若产生,则停机进行着色探伤,记录初始裂纹长度。确认裂纹后,调整叶尖位移进行裂纹扩展试验,期间每振动2 min扫频一次,若频率稳定降低则停机检查并记录裂纹长度,直至叶片完全断裂。试验进行过程中叶片的各状态如图3所示。
在实际试验过程中,由于受到试验条件及各种因素限制,叶片上的微小裂纹不便于直接观察。然而,疲劳裂纹的产生与扩展会导致叶片的非线性响应。在相同的激励阶次和转速工况下表现为共振频率下降,共振点发生偏移[21],因此可通过共振频率的变化来反映裂纹的实时状态,试验中裂纹长度与共振频率的关系如图4所示。
本试验叶片材料为Ti-6Al-4V,根据《中国航空材料手册》[22],材料性能如表3所示,Paris公式中的C值和m值分别取为6×10−8和2.85。叶片振动态疲劳测试试验得到的裂纹扩展数据如表4所示,当裂纹长度为7 mm时,着色探伤后发现裂纹,此时重新开始记录循环次数,当前时刻记为0次,表示裂纹正式进入疲劳扩展阶段。
图5展示了本文方法关于航发叶片裂纹扩展寿命的详细预测结果。图5中虚线的左侧表示监测数据,用于训练模型;右侧表示预测数据,用于评估模型性能。本文方法在与两种现有技术的对比中展现出明显优势:一种是基于Paris定律的传统物理模型,另一种是采用增量学习机制的数据驱动方法。具体来说:传统物理模型需要运用多项式拟合的方式,通过对监测到的lg(da/dN)和lg(ΔK)数据进行线性拟合来确定参数Cm;数据驱动方法直接摒弃传统物理方程,完全依靠历史数据训练模型(其算法和参数设置参考了文献[23]的方案)。本文方法在构建物理信息神经网络时,采用典型材料参数作为训练起点,大幅度提升了模型收敛速度。试验结果显示,本文方法的预测精度优于传统物理模型和纯数据驱动方法。该模型的轻便设计和高效计算使其训练速度极快,在配备NVIDIA RTX 4000 GPU的工作站上,完成30000轮次训练仅需约4 min,涵盖数据加载、预处理及GPU/CPU计算等全流程。
疲劳裂纹扩展速率与应力强度因子范围(ΔK)的对数线性关系如图6所示。本文方法与传统物理模型方法的对比研究表明:相较于通过线性拟合监测的lg(da/dN)-lg(ΔK)数据确定参数Cm的物理驱动方法(蓝色线),基于物理信息神经网络的非线性建模方法(绿色线)展现出显著优势。其核心改进体现在两方面:第一,直接基于原始裂纹长度-循环次数(即a-N曲线)数据构建非线性映射,通过自动微分精确计算da/dN,规避了传统方法中数值差分引入的累积误差;第二,针对早期稀疏数据段中lg(da/dN)-lg(ΔK)的高敏感性特征,神经网络通过全局优化有效抑制了局部误差对材料参数辨识的影响。图中结果显示,该方法获得的Paris参数Cm更精确地表征了材料特性,使其能更真实地反映个体特性。
本文采用决定系数R²、均方根误差RMSE、平均绝对百分比误差MAPE和平均绝对误差MAE来评估PINN模型的性能,其计算公式分别如下:
R2=1j=1N(njnj)2j=1N(njn¯)2
RMSE=j=1N(njnj)2N
MAE=j=1N|njnj|N
MAPE=100%Nj=1N|njnj|nj
式中,nj为试验获取的剩余疲劳寿命;nj为由PINN模型预测、传统物理模型计算或数据驱动方法拟合的剩余疲劳寿命;n¯为试验寿命的均值。R²用于衡量模型对因变量异变的解释能力,其值域为[0, 1],R2越接近1,表明拟合效果越优;RMSE用于反映整体误差水平,通过残差平方均值平方根计算,数值趋近于0时,代表预测精度最佳;MAE用于表征平均绝对误差,MAPE则用于量化相对误差百分比,二者值域均为[0, +∞),数值越小,说明模型预测偏差越低。其中,MSE作为RMSE的计算基础,也遵循“数值趋零,精度提升”的准则。以上4个指标的联合分析可全面评估模型的预测偏差分布特征和拟合优度。各方法的评价指标对比如表5所示。
对比以上3种方法预测的疲劳寿命结果可以得出,本文所提方法在航发叶片上的预测性能最好,误差最小。因此,融合Paris公式的疲劳裂纹扩展PINN模型,能够成功地对剩余疲劳寿命进行建模和预测。本模型的轻量化与鲁棒性,对于仅有少量初期观测数据来预测未来剩余寿命的场景尤为重要。
为了验证所提方法的准确性,利用WU等[24]在2024-T351铝合金CT试样上进行的疲劳裂纹扩展试验得到的数据集进行了分析。该试验从18 mm的裂纹长度开始,持续记录裂纹长度a和疲劳循环次数N,直至试样断裂,共有30件样品参与。该材料的Paris公式参数Cm取值为2.83×10−8和3.73。
图7展示了在CT试验的一个子集中,本文方法与其他两种方法的比较。与先前航发叶片的分析结果类似,随着a的增加,传统物理模型的方法和纯数据驱动的方法的预测误差均随着裂纹扩展而增大。相比之下,PINN方法在整个范围内都能保持精确预测。此外,如图8所示,基于物理模型的方法容易受到数据波动的影响,导致疲劳裂纹扩展速率与ΔK之间的关系出现偏差。但PINN通过非线性拟合进行迭代优化所获得的曲线,更准确地反映了实际的裂纹扩展过程。
图9所示,在预测CT试样的剩余扩展寿命时,基于物理模型的方法误差大多分布在2.5倍离散带内,所提方法对于CT试样的预测误差大多分布在1.5倍离散带内。而且,在配备上述GPU的工作站上,完成30000轮次训练仅需约2 min。说明本文方法实时性极好,具有工程应用潜力。
纯数据驱动方法在外推过程中表现出显著误差,表明了该方法的局限性。尽管基于物理模型的方法在特定方面表现更优,但受限于疲劳裂纹扩展过程的复杂性和数据收集的分散性,导致不同试样的预测结果不稳定。相比之下,本文所提物理信息神经网络方法融合了数据驱动与物理模型的优势。因此,PINN为预测疲劳裂纹剩余寿命提供了一种卓越的数据-物理融合工具,可以显著改善预测效果。
本研究构建了物理信息神经网络(PINN)驱动的疲劳裂纹扩展剩余寿命预测框架,通过建立Paris定律与神经网络梯度的物理约束耦合机制,实现机理模型与数据特征的深度融合。针对航空发动机叶片的疲劳裂纹演化过程开展全周期裂纹产生及扩展监测试验。通过某型叶片试验数据和公开数据集验证了本文所提方法的准确性:
(1)针对航发叶片试验,本文所提出的基于Paris公式的PINN模型方法在有限样本条件下的预测误差较传统物理模型和数据驱动方法分别降低了33.12%和45.69%,有效提升了裂纹扩展行为的个体化适应能力。针对公开的CT试样数据集,本文所提方法的预测误差大多分布在1.5倍离散带内。并且该模型的训练速度极快,两种试验对象的计算全流程均在4 min以内,实时性较好。
(2)当前研究受限于航发叶片的裂纹扩展数据样本量不足,后续将通过补充多源数据进一步提升模型泛化性能。针对更复杂的加载情景、非线性材料等相关参数在下一步工作中予以体现。
(3)本文所提方法兼具物理机理可解释性和数据驱动灵活性,通过动态参数调整机制解决了小样本条件下数据不足导致的预测偏差问题。其计算效率优势可实现叶片裂纹状态的实时监测与寿命预测,在装备健康管理领域具有较高工程应用价值。
  • 国家自然科学基金资助项目(92160203)
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2025年第38卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.007
  • 接收时间:2025-05-06
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2025-05-06
  • 修回日期:2025-06-04
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国家自然科学基金资助项目(92160203)
作者信息
    1.北京化工大学高端压缩机及系统技术全国重点实验室,北京 100029
    2.北京化工大学高端机械装备健康监控与自愈化北京市重点实验室,北京 100029

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王维民(1978—),男,博士,教授。E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

Family
属数
Number of
genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of
total species (%)

Genus
种数
Number of
species
占总种数比例
Percentage of total
species (%)
鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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