Article(id=1228805365521903623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, articleNumber=null, orderNo=null, doi=10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.021, pmid=null, cstr=null, oa=null, hot=null, price=null, onlineType=0, articleFormat=0, articleType=null, articleTypeStr=null, receivedDate=1697990400000, receivedDateStr=2023-10-23, revisedDate=1702828800000, revisedDateStr=2023-12-18, acceptedDate=null, acceptedDateStr=null, onlineDate=1770899629240, onlineDateStr=2026-02-12, pubDate=1749484800000, pubDateStr=2025-06-10, doiRegisterDate=null, doiRegisterDateStr=null, onlineIssueDate=1770899629240, onlineIssueDateStr=2026-02-12, onlineJustAcceptDate=null, onlineJustAcceptDateStr=null, onlineFirstDate=null, onlineFirstDateStr=null, sourceXml=null, magXml=null, createTime=1770899629240, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770899629240, updator=13701087609, issue=Issue{id=1228805359561802007, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, year='2025', volume='38', issue='6', pageStart='1133', pageEnd='1362', issueExtLink='null', onlineDate='null', pubDate='null', beforeIssueId=null, nextIssueId=null, price=null, status=1, issueComplete=1, articleOrder=1, issueType=-1, specialIssue=null, createTime=1770899627819, creator=13701087609, updateTime=1770901542852, updator=13701087609, preIssue=null, nextIssue=null, ext={EN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896476, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=EN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=), CN=IssueExt(id=1228813391846896477, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, issueId=1228805359561802007, language=CN, specialIssueTitle=, coverIllustrator=null, specialIssueEditor=, specialIssueAbout=)}, issueFiles=null}, startPage=1326, endPage=1334, ext={EN=ArticleExt(id=1228805365756784659, articleId=1228805365521903623, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, language=EN, title=Motor current instantaneous frequency polar view and its application in RV gearbox fault diagnosis, columnId=null, journalTitle=Journal of Vibration Engineering, columnName=null, runingTitle=null, highlight=null, articleAbstract=

Motor current monitoring systems have garnered significant attention due to their non-invasive and cost-effective advantages. However, conventional current spectrum analysis is susceptible to inherent harmonic and installation errors, and the high amplitude of the fundamental frequency can obscure fault characteristics. To reveal the frequency modulation patterns in motor current caused by reduced meshing stiffness due to gear faults, a motor current model incorporating faulty gear meshing stiffness is established, and its instantaneous frequency expression is derived. Addressing the limitation of traditional time-frequency analysis methods, which often suffer from low instantaneous frequency estimation accuracy, this paper proposes an instantaneous frequency polar view method based on high-order synchrosqueezing transform (HSST) for extracting gear fault features. This method intuitively demonstrates gearbox faults by detecting frequency modulation characteristics that are synchronized with the meshing period of faulty teeth. The instantaneous frequency polar view effectively avoids interference from inherent harmonics and fundamental frequency, offering a unique representation of gear fault characteristics. Analysis of motor current signals from an RV gearbox test rig validates the accuracy of the proposed motor current model and the distribution patterns of fault characteristics. It also confirms the effectiveness of the instantaneous frequency polar view method based on HSST for gearbox faults diagnosis.

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电机电流监测系统凭借非侵入式、成本低的优势受到了广泛关注,但常用的电流频谱分析容易受到固有谐波以及安装误差的影响,并且高幅值基频会弱化故障特征。为了揭示齿轮故障导致的啮合刚度降低对电机电流频率调制的影响规律,建立了包含故障齿轮啮合刚度的电机电流模型,并推导了瞬时频率表达式。针对传统时频分析方法瞬时频率估计精度低的缺点,提出了基于高阶同步压缩变换(HSST)的瞬时频率极坐标视图方法,用来提取齿轮故障特征。该方法通过检测与故障齿啮合周期同步的频率调制特征来直观地展示齿轮箱故障,避免了固有谐波和基频的干扰,具有齿轮故障特征的唯一性。通过对RV齿轮箱实验台的电机电流信号分析,验证了所提出电机电流模型与故障特征分布规律的准确性,以及基于HSST的瞬时频率极坐标视图的齿轮箱故障诊断方法的有效性。

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柳小勤(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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徐凯(1996—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

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徐凯(1996—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

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figureFileSmall=OZ8yfXCwSHH7ex9+XdJFpg==, figureFileBig=a+FOyXTeQ0QymYm9FZGlkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805375022002820, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805365521903623, language=CN, label=图15, caption=正常齿轮的瞬时频率极坐标视图, figureFileSmall=OZ8yfXCwSHH7ex9+XdJFpg==, figureFileBig=a+FOyXTeQ0QymYm9FZGlkw==, tableContent=null), ArticleFig(id=1228805375122666120, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805365521903623, language=EN, label=Tab.1, caption=

Parameters of the experimental bench

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参数数值参数数值
电机功率/kW1太阳轮齿数12
电机极对数5行星轮齿数42
摆臂质量/kg10摆线针轮齿数39
摆臂长度/m0.75针齿轮齿数40
减速比141∶1行星轮个数2
), ArticleFig(id=1228805375206552204, tenantId=1146029695717560320, journalId=1225147924628267009, articleId=1228805365521903623, language=CN, label=表1, caption=

实验台参数

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参数数值参数数值
电机功率/kW1太阳轮齿数12
电机极对数5行星轮齿数42
摆臂质量/kg10摆线针轮齿数39
摆臂长度/m0.75针齿轮齿数40
减速比141∶1行星轮个数2
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电机电流瞬时频率极坐标视图及其在RV齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用
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徐凯 1 , 伍星 1, 2 , 王东晓 1 , 柳小勤 1
振动工程学报 | 2025,38(6): 1326-1334
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振动工程学报 | 2025, 38(6): 1326-1334
电机电流瞬时频率极坐标视图及其在RV齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用
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徐凯1 , 伍星1, 2, 王东晓1, 柳小勤1
作者信息
  • 1.昆明理工大学机电工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
  • 2.云南机电职业技术学院,云南 昆明 650201
  • 徐凯(1996—),男,博士研究生。 E-mail:

通讯作者:

柳小勤(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
Motor current instantaneous frequency polar view and its application in RV gearbox fault diagnosis
Kai XU1 , Xing WU1, 2, Dongxiao WANG1, Xiaoqin LIU1
Affiliations
  • 1.Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming 650500,China
  • 2.Yunnan Vocational College of Mechanical and Electrical Technology,Kunming 650201,China
出版时间: 2025-06-10 doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.021
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电机电流监测系统凭借非侵入式、成本低的优势受到了广泛关注,但常用的电流频谱分析容易受到固有谐波以及安装误差的影响,并且高幅值基频会弱化故障特征。为了揭示齿轮故障导致的啮合刚度降低对电机电流频率调制的影响规律,建立了包含故障齿轮啮合刚度的电机电流模型,并推导了瞬时频率表达式。针对传统时频分析方法瞬时频率估计精度低的缺点,提出了基于高阶同步压缩变换(HSST)的瞬时频率极坐标视图方法,用来提取齿轮故障特征。该方法通过检测与故障齿啮合周期同步的频率调制特征来直观地展示齿轮箱故障,避免了固有谐波和基频的干扰,具有齿轮故障特征的唯一性。通过对RV齿轮箱实验台的电机电流信号分析,验证了所提出电机电流模型与故障特征分布规律的准确性,以及基于HSST的瞬时频率极坐标视图的齿轮箱故障诊断方法的有效性。

故障诊断  /  RV齿轮箱  /  电机电流分析  /  高阶同步压缩变换  /  啮合刚度  /  瞬时频率极坐标视图

Motor current monitoring systems have garnered significant attention due to their non-invasive and cost-effective advantages. However, conventional current spectrum analysis is susceptible to inherent harmonic and installation errors, and the high amplitude of the fundamental frequency can obscure fault characteristics. To reveal the frequency modulation patterns in motor current caused by reduced meshing stiffness due to gear faults, a motor current model incorporating faulty gear meshing stiffness is established, and its instantaneous frequency expression is derived. Addressing the limitation of traditional time-frequency analysis methods, which often suffer from low instantaneous frequency estimation accuracy, this paper proposes an instantaneous frequency polar view method based on high-order synchrosqueezing transform (HSST) for extracting gear fault features. This method intuitively demonstrates gearbox faults by detecting frequency modulation characteristics that are synchronized with the meshing period of faulty teeth. The instantaneous frequency polar view effectively avoids interference from inherent harmonics and fundamental frequency, offering a unique representation of gear fault characteristics. Analysis of motor current signals from an RV gearbox test rig validates the accuracy of the proposed motor current model and the distribution patterns of fault characteristics. It also confirms the effectiveness of the instantaneous frequency polar view method based on HSST for gearbox faults diagnosis.

fault diagnosis  /  RV gearbox  /  motor current analysis  /  high-order synchrosqueezing transform (HSST)  /  meshing stiffness  /  instantaneous frequency polarview
徐凯, 伍星, 王东晓, 柳小勤. 电机电流瞬时频率极坐标视图及其在RV齿轮箱故障诊断中的应用. 振动工程学报, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1326 -1334 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.021
Kai XU, Xing WU, Dongxiao WANG, Xiaoqin LIU. Motor current instantaneous frequency polar view and its application in RV gearbox fault diagnosis[J]. Journal of Vibration Engineering, 2025 , 38 (6) : 1326 -1334 . DOI: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.021
对机电设备开展状态监测和故障诊断有助于保证其运行的稳定性以及工业生产的高效性[1-2]。针对齿轮箱的监测,振动信号分析是过去几十年中最常用的方法。但是随着机电一体化的发展,设备结构变得复杂且紧凑,导致振动传感器难以安装。再加上振动传感器的投资和维护成本高,削弱了振动监测系统在工业应用中的优势。齿轮箱旋转过程中的啮合刚度变化会导致转矩波动,从而反映在电机电流中[3]。因此,电机电流中含有丰富的齿轮箱运行状态信息,可作为替代振动信号的选择。与振动信号相比,电机电流信号具有非侵入式、频率成分简单以及不受传感器安装位置影响的优点[4]。此外,电机电流监测系统可以嵌入控制器中,并直接利用伺服系统的内部信息。该方法成本低,便于实现大规模设备监测[5-6]
近年来,众多国内外学者对电机电流分析进行了研究。EL HACHEMI BENBOUZID[7]指出电流诊断方法的基本原理是传动系统故障引起电机转矩的变化,从而导致电机电流的幅值和频率调制。BLODT等[8]研究了负载转矩振荡引起的电机电流变化,并指出机械故障会导致电机电流出现正弦形式的频率调制。但在齿轮箱中,故障齿轮啮合刚度的变化并不是正弦波动而是瞬态的冲击。KIA等[9-10]提出电流相位调制模型,根据定子电流谱和相位解调谱诊断齿轮故障。FENG等[11]通过机电耦合分析推导出了电流幅值和频率调制模型,提出了幅值和频率解调分析方法,并总结了齿轮故障特征。上述方法均通过提取电机电流频谱的边带调制特征来诊断齿轮故障,但容易受到固有谐波和噪声的干扰,而且基频的高幅值使得微弱故障边带难以检测。另外,基于电流频谱边带的故障呈现方式并不直观,需要专业知识才能理解。
时频分析方法能够揭示电机电流信号的时变频率特性[12-13]。但传统的时频分析方法,如短时傅里叶变换(short-time Fourier transform, STFT)、连续小波变换(continuous wavelet transform, CWT)等,无法提供高分辨率的时频表示,这可能会导致瞬时频率上的弱故障特征被忽略[14-15]。为了提高时频分析的性能,DAUBECHIES等[16]提出了同步压缩变换(synchro-squeezing transform, SST)。SST通过在估计的瞬时频率处压缩时频系数来提高分辨率,但在时间方向上仍存在能量模糊问题。针对这一问题,HE等[17]通过在时间上重新分配时频系数,提出了时间重分配同步压缩变换(time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform, TSST),但该方法只适用于脉冲类信号分析。YU等[18]在SST的基础上提出多重同步压缩变换(multisynchrosqueezing transform,MSST),通过多次压缩时频系数来减小瞬时频率估计误差。但是由于SST只适合处理频率线性变化的信号,这限制了MSST的应用。PHAM等[19]提出了高阶同步压缩变换(high-order synchrosqueezing transform,HSST),HSST的基本思想是通过对待分析信号相位进行高阶泰勒展开来提高瞬时频率估计的精度,更适用于分析频率快速变化的信号。
本文研究了基于电机电流信号瞬时频率分析的齿轮箱故障诊断方法,建立了包含故障齿轮啮合刚度的电机电流模型,揭示了啮合刚度的降低对电机电流频率调制的影响规律。基于HSST提取了电机电流信号的频率调制特征,并结合电机角度提出了利用瞬时频率极坐标视图来直观地展示故障特征。通过对RV齿轮箱实验台的电流信号分析证明了该方法的有效性。
典型的机电系统由伺服电机、齿轮箱和负载组成。齿轮箱故障特征在电机电流中的分布规律可以通过机电耦合动力学模型来揭示。常用的建模方法是将电机转矩表示为平均转矩和正弦转矩振荡的叠加[8]。然而,故障齿轮的啮合刚度变化是瞬态的,而不是正弦变化的。
本文将机电系统简化为双惯量模型,并利用啮合刚度变化对负载转矩的影响建立电机电流模型,如图1所示。该系统的动力学方程为:
{Jmθ¨m=Te(Ts/i)Jlθ¨l=TsTlTs=KmΔθωm=θ˙mωl=θ˙lΔθ=(θm/i)θlTl=FLcosθl
式中,JmJl分别为电机惯量和负载惯量;TeTsTl分别为电磁转矩、轴系转矩和负载转矩;θmθl分别为电机转角和负载转角;Δθ为轴系的角度差;ωmωl分别为电机转速和负载转速;Km为齿轮啮合刚度;i为减速比;FL分别为负载重量和负载有效长度。
在健康状态下,齿轮啮合刚度表现为矩形波的形式[20-21]。如果存在齿轮故障,则接触损失发生在故障齿啮合的瞬间,导致啮合刚度的周期性降低,如图2所示。
因此,故障齿轮的啮合刚度可视为以齿轮啮合频率为周期的矩形波和以故障齿啮合频率为周期的矩形波的叠加。齿轮啮合刚度可以表示为:
{Km(t)=kr+Kmh(t)+Kmg(t)Kmh(t)={Δkm,z/fm<t(z/fm)+wm0,(z/fm)+wm<t<(z+1)/fmKmg(t)={Δkloss ,m/fg<t(m/fg)+wg0,(m/fg)+wg<t<(m+1)/fg
式中,KmhKmg分别为啮合刚度的健康分量和故障分量;kr为齿轮传动系统的基础刚度;Δkm为健康分量的刚度变化量;Δkloss为故障分量的刚度变化量;wmwg为脉冲宽度; fmfg分别为齿轮啮合频率和故障齿的啮合频率;mzKmgKmh的周期数。
KmgKmh 的傅里叶级数形式为:
{Kmh(t)=Δkmn=1sin(nπfmwm)nπfmwmcos(2nπfmt)Kmg(t)=Δklossn=1sin(nπfgwg)nπfgwgcos(2nπfgt)
根据式(1)~(3),稳态下的电机转速可以表示为:
ωm(t)=0tTe(τ)1i[kr+Kmh(τ)+Kmg(τ)]ΔθJmdτ=0tTe(τ)1ikrΔθJmdτ0t1iΔθ[Kmh(τ)+Kmg(τ)]Jmdτ=ωmr0tΔθ[Kmh(τ)+Kmg(τ)]iJmdτ
式中,ωmr 为电机平均速度。
电机转角可以通过对电机转速积分得到:
θm(t)=ωmrt0t0τΔθ[Kmh(v)+Kmg(v)]iJmdvdτ
在定子参考系中,总磁动势可以表示为:
F(θs,t)=Fs(θs,t)+Fr(θsθm,t)=Fssin(pθs2πfst)+Frsin{pθs2πfst+0t0τpΔθ[Kmh(v)+Kmg(v)]iJmdvdτ}
式中,FsFr 分别为定子磁动势和转子磁动势;fs为电机电流基频;θs为转子角度;p为电机极对数。
根据磁动势和电机电流之间的转换方程[11],电机电流的表达式可以推导为:
I(t)=Is2πfscos(2πfst)+Irsin[0tfF(τ)dτ]
fF(t)=2πfs+pΔθ2iπJm[Δkmfmn=1sin(nπfmwm)n2πfmwmsin(nπfmwm)+Δklossfgn=1sin(nπfgwg)n2πfgwgsin(nπfgwg)]
式中,IrIs分别为有功电流和阻抗电流的幅值;fF(t)为频率调制。
从式(7)和(8)可以看出,电机电流基频是载波频率,健康齿啮合和故障齿啮合都会对电机电流施加频率调制的影响。其中频率调制的形式为周期性矩形波,这意味着当故障齿啮合时,电机电流的瞬时频率会出现瞬态冲击。在健康情况下,Δkloss=0,只存在正常齿轮啮合频率的调制;在齿轮故障的情况下,Δkloss≠0,故障齿啮合频率的调制幅度叠加在正常齿轮啮合频率的调制幅度上。频率调制幅度受齿轮故障程度(即Δkloss值)的影响。
对于一个信号s(t)= A(t)ejφ(t),其STFT可以表示为:
Gs(t,ω)=Rs(τ+t)g(τ)ejωτdτ
式中,Gs(t,ω)为s(t)的时频表示矩阵;A(t)为信号幅值;φ(t)为信号相位;g(τ)为窗函数;R表示积分区间,具体定义为时间t附近的局部窗口范围。
对于Gs(t,ω)≠0的任意(t,ω), 估计的瞬时频率为:
ω^s(t,ω)=[tGs(t,ω)jGs(t,ω)]
式中,表示取实部;t表示关于t的偏导数;j表示虚数单位。
SST通过向估计的瞬时频率处压缩时频系数来提高时频表示的能量集中度,其表达式为:
Ts(t,η)=RGs(t,ω)δ[ηω^s(t,ω)]dω
式中,Ts(t, η)为SST的时频系数矩阵;η表示频率点;δ(·) 为狄克拉分布函数。
然而,SST在处理强调频信号时仍然会产生模糊的时频表示。为了克服这一限制,HSST对待分析信号进行高阶泰勒展开,以估计更精确的瞬时频率。信号幅值和相位的泰勒展开式为:
{ln[A(τ)]n=0N1[ln(A)](n)(t)n!(τt)nφ(τ)n=0N1φ(n)(t)n!(τt)n
式中,[ln(A)](n)(t)和φ(n)(t)分别为幅值和相位在时间t处的n阶导数。
根据式(9)和(10),高阶估计的瞬时频率为:
ω^s(t,ω) = [[ln(A)](t)j+φ(t)+n=2Nqs[n,N]Gstn1(t,ω)Gs(t,ω)]
式中,Gstn1(t,ω)表示在窗为g(t)tn–1时的短时傅里叶变换结果;qs[n,N]为频率调制算子,表达式为:
qs[n,N]=[ln(A)](n)(t)+jφ(n)(t)j(n1)!
从式(13)中可以看出,φ′(t)是信号准确的瞬时频率。但由于频率调制算子的存在,导致了瞬时频率的有偏估计。因此理想的N阶瞬时频率估计为:
ω^s[N](t,ω)=[tGs(t,ω)jGs(t,ω)n=2Nqs[n,N]Gstn1(t,ω)Gs(t,ω)]
HSST的表达式可以定义为:
Ts[N](t,η)=RGs(t,ω)δ[ηω^s[N](t,ω)]dω
式中,Ts[N](t, η)为HSST的时频系数矩阵。
HSST考虑了信号相位的高阶展开项,更适用于瞬时频率快速变化的信号分析。这也使得HSST估计的瞬时频率比SST更精确,能够去除大多数拖尾的时频能量,从而大大提高时频表示的能量浓度。
信号的时频能量集中在瞬时频率位置,可以通过搜索时频系数模极大值的位置来提取瞬时频率。具体步骤如下:
(1)基于HSST获得时频系数矩阵Ts[N](t,η);
(2)设ab分别表示时频系数矩阵的列和行。初始设置a=1,在有限频带内搜索第a列时频系数的极大值。然后设b(a)=ba=a+1,在有限频带内搜索下一列时频系数的极大值;
(3)重复步骤(2),直到找到时频系数矩阵所有列中的模极大值,然后连接全部最大值点以获得瞬时频率曲线。
传统的电流分析方法依赖于频谱分析,但固有谐波、轴不对中以及安装误差等也会导致电流频谱上出现故障相关边带,因此这种检测方法并不可靠。根据前述分析可知,齿轮啮合瞬间的刚度变化会导致电机电流的瞬态冲击,HSST凭借其高分辨率的优势能够提取电机电流瞬时频率的故障特征。
本文通过结合来自伺服控制器的电机转角信号和基于HSST提取的瞬时频率,提出了利用瞬时频率极坐标视图来直观地呈现齿轮故障。该方法通过检测与故障齿啮合周期同步的电机电流瞬时频率变化来诊断齿轮故障,具有齿轮故障特征的唯一性。极坐标视图中的径向幅值代表了电机电流的瞬时频率,根据式(8)可知故障齿啮合会导致瞬时频率出现波动,这将在瞬时频率极坐标视图中表现为突出的幅值变化。故障程度越严重,瞬态波动的幅值越大,瞬时频率极坐标视图的幅值变化越明显。对于齿轮局部故障来说,故障齿的啮合周期为360o或其倍数,因此故障特征会重复出现在瞬时频率极坐标视图的某一确定角度位置。图3给出了瞬时频率极坐标视图绘制示意图,其中直角坐标中的瞬时频率表示为IF(t),齿轮转角表示为θg(t),极坐标中的瞬时频率表示为IF(θg)。绘制瞬时频率极坐标视图的具体流程如下:
(1)采集伺服控制系统的电机电流信号和电机转角信号,根据电机的运动周期截取信号;
(2)对电机电流信号进行HSST处理,得到能量集中、瞬时频率估计精确的时频表示;
(3)通过模极大值方法从时频表示中提取电机电流的瞬时频率;
(4)结合齿轮转角信息在极坐标下绘制瞬时频率,得到瞬时频率极坐标视图,直观地显示齿轮故障。
绘制瞬时频率极坐标视图的一个重要前提是在伺服控制系统中,可以方便地获取和计算准确的齿轮转角信号。在行星轮系传动中,太阳轮旋转角度是电机角度,行星轮旋转角度是通过太阳轮旋转角度乘以它们的齿数比并减去公转角度而获得的。
搭建了RV齿轮箱实验台,如图4所示。实验台由交流伺服电机、RV齿轮箱和摆臂构成,摆臂用于提供时变负载,实验台的具体参数见表1。电机电流信号通过NI9234采集卡采集,电机转角信号通过EtherNet协议与伺服控制器通讯采集。
实验包含3组,分别为太阳轮单齿裂纹故障、行星轮单齿裂纹故障以及正常齿轮。两种齿轮裂纹故障是对齿根进行线切割产生的,具体尺寸为:太阳轮单齿裂纹宽度为0.15 mm,长度为1 mm;行星轮单齿裂纹宽度为0.1 mm,长度为1.8 mm。虽然人工切割裂纹与自然形成的裂纹尺寸和形状存在差异,无法保证故障程度相同。但是从故障机理上来说二者都降低了齿轮的啮合刚度,从而对电机电流产生频率调制,所以实验中的故障齿轮能够验证本文方法的准确性。3组实验的运行工况均为:电机速度在0.5 s内加速到240 r/min,然后保持匀速运行。在匀速阶段,电机转频为4 Hz;电机电流的基频fs为20 Hz;行星齿轮和太阳齿轮的啮合频率fm为48 Hz;由于太阳轮旋转一圈与两个行星轮啮合,因此太阳轮故障齿的啮合频率fsun为8 Hz;行星轮故障齿的啮合频率fplan为1.14 Hz。设置8 s为一个采样周期,实验过程中采集的电机转角信号如图5所示。
3种实验条件下的电机电流如图6(a)、(c)和(e)所示。由于运行过程中重力负载的变化,导致了电机电流的幅值时变。图6(b)、(d)和(f)显示了匀速下的电机电流频谱。可以看到,在两种齿轮故障情况下,频谱中出现了与太阳轮故障齿和行星轮故障齿的啮合频率相关的边带(fsfsunfs+0.5fsunfs+fsun)、 (fs−2fplanfs +2fplan)。然而,电机电流基频的高幅值使得检测这些边带存在困难,尤其是在行星齿轮故障的频谱中。此外,健康齿轮的电流频谱中也能观察到故障相关边带(fs +2fplanfs +2fsun),与行星齿轮故障的频谱相比,其边带更多、幅值更大,这种现象可能是在实验台拆卸安装过程中出现轴不对中、负载分布不均以及连接松动等误差导致的。因此,电机电流频谱的边带受到多种因素的影响,并不具有唯一性,直接对电机电流进行频谱分析并不可靠。
齿轮啮合刚度的时变特性代表了齿轮箱的运行状态,故障齿啮合会引起啮合刚度的瞬态变化,从而对电机电流产生频率调制。因此提取电机电流中的瞬时频率调制特征可以直观、准确地诊断齿轮箱的健康状况。
分别利用SST和4阶HSST对太阳轮单齿裂纹的电机电流信号进行了分析,所得到的时频表示如图7(a)和(c)所示。由图7(b)和(d)的局部放大图可知,虽然SST方法也提取出了电机电流的频率调制特征,但是存在着能量发散的问题。4阶HSST获得了能量更集中的时频表示,而且频率调制细节更丰富。因此,通过模极大值方法提取的瞬时频率会比SST更准确。
基于图7(d)提取的电机电流瞬时频率如图8所示。故障齿啮合瞬间会导致啮合刚度降低,从而产生转矩波动。电机电流瞬时频率的波动周期与太阳轮故障齿的啮合周期1/fsun一致,这意味着电机电流受到啮合刚度故障分量的调频。
结合电机转角绘制的瞬时频率极坐标视图如图9所示。可以观察到电机每转一圈都会在两个固定的角度位置(S1、S2)产生高幅值冲击,且两个位置的角度差为180o。由于太阳轮旋转一周,故障齿分别与两个行星轮各啮合一次,啮合间隔为180 o,所以瞬时频率极坐标视图上的S1和S2代表着太阳轮故障齿的啮合位置。
在行星轮单齿裂纹状态下,使用SST和4阶HSST对电机电流信号的分析结果如图10所示。在局部放大图中可以看到,虽然两种方法都揭示了频率调制现象,但是4阶HSST的瞬时频率分辨率更高而且时频能量更集中。
基于图10(d)提取的电机电流瞬时频率如图11所示。提取的电机电流瞬时频率也存在波动,且周期与行星轮故障齿的啮合周期1/fplan一致,这说明可能存在行星轮故障。以行星轮旋转角度为基准,绘制的瞬时频率极坐标视图如图12所示。可以看到每一圈都在S3位置处产生了高幅值的瞬态冲击,这表明了行星轮故障齿的啮合位置。虽然在S3位置旁边也出现了一个幅值相当的频率波动,但是只在某一次旋转周期内出现,因此可以视为噪声干扰。
为了验证所提方法在区分正常和故障状态方面的有效性,对正常状态的电机电流信号进行了分析,时频分析结果如图13所示。同样的,4阶HSST获得了更好的时频分析结果。
基于4阶HSST提取的瞬时频率如图14所示,虽然可以观察到一些频率波动,但是与两种故障状态相比,其波动幅值较低并且不存在固定的周期。这可能是由于正常齿轮啮合或噪声干扰造成的。
正常状态下的瞬时频率极坐标视图如图15所示。可以看到图中虽然出现了多个位置的频率波动,但是并没有在某一位置的重复出现高幅值冲击,并且所产生的频率波动均低于两种故障状态。因此,可以判断并没有故障发生。
上述实验分析结果表明,基于HSST提取的电机电流瞬时频率包含丰富而显著的故障特征,而瞬时频率极坐标视图能以直观的方式展示齿轮故障特征。与频谱检测方法相比,本文所提方法基于齿轮啮合特点诊断故障,避免了固有谐波以及齿轮安装等误差的干扰。除了齿轮裂纹,本文所提方法也适用于诊断点蚀剥落、断齿、磨损等典型齿轮故障。因为无论存在任何类型的齿轮故障,故障齿啮合的瞬间都会产生接触力损失,导致齿轮啮合刚度周期性降低,从而影响电机电流的瞬时频率。但是实际诊断结果会受到故障程度以及时频分辨率极限的影响,未来需要进一步研究高分辨率的时频分析方法以提取不同程度的故障特征。
(1) 建立了包含齿轮故障的电机电流模型,推导了电流瞬时频率表达式,说明了故障齿轮啮合会对电机电流的瞬时频率产生瞬态冲击。
(2)应用HSST对电机电流进行时频分析,通过与SST结果的对比,证明了HSST能够实现高分辨率的瞬时频率提取,突出故障特征。
(3)基于电机转角和电流瞬时频率提出了瞬时频率极坐标视图,通过检测与故障齿啮合周期一致的瞬态波动诊断齿轮故障。在RV齿轮箱实验台上进行了实验验证,实验结果比频谱分析更加可靠、直观,成功诊断了太阳轮和行星轮齿根裂纹故障。
(4) 瞬时频率极坐标视图不仅可用于RV齿轮箱的故障诊断,还可扩展到其他具有圆周刚度变化的传动系统,例如直齿轮和皮带传动等。
  • 国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFB1306103)
  • 云南省重大科技专项计划资助项目(202002AC080001)
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2025年第38卷第6期
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doi: 10.16385/j.cnki.issn.1004-4523.2025.06.021
  • 接收时间:2023-10-23
  • 首发时间:2026-02-12
  • 出版时间:2025-06-10
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  • 收稿日期:2023-10-23
  • 修回日期:2023-12-18
基金
国家重点研发计划资助项目(2018YFB1306103)
云南省重大科技专项计划资助项目(202002AC080001)
作者信息
    1.昆明理工大学机电工程学院,云南 昆明 650500
    2.云南机电职业技术学院,云南 昆明 650201

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柳小勤(1981—),男,博士,教授。 E-mail:
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2种不同金属材料的力学参数

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鹅膏菌科Amanitaceae 2 11 5.26 鹅膏菌属 Amanita 10 4.78
小菇科 Mycenaceae 2 12 5.74 丝盖伞属 Inocybe 5 2.39
多孔菌科 Polyporaceae 8 14 6.70 蜡蘑属 Laccaria 5 2.39
红菇科 Russulaceae 3 23 11.00 小皮伞属 Marasmius 6 2.87
小菇属 Mycena 11 5.26
光柄菇属 Pluteus 5 2.39
红菇属 Russula 17 8.13
栓菌属 Trametes 5 2.39
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